Gyalectales

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Gyalectales
Gyalecta jenensis, Apothecien.jpg
Apothecia of Gyalecta jenensis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Subclass: Ostropomycetidae
Order: Gyalectales
Henssen ex D.Hawksw. & O.E.Erikss. (1986)
Families

Phlyctidaceae
Gyalectaceae
Sagiolechiaceae
Coenogoniaceae
Trichotheliaceae

Contents

Gyalectales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 5 families, 15 genera and about 550 species.

Taxonomy

The Gyalectales were introduced in a 1974 publication by Aino Henssen and Martin Jahns, [1] but not formally published until 1986 by David Hawksworth and Ove Eriksson. [2]

Phylogeny

An early (2002) phylogenetics study showed that the order Ostropales, as was then circumscribed, was paraphyletic, and proposed that the Ostropales sensu lato included the Gyalectales and Trapeliaceae. [3] Although they had traditionally been considered to be only distantly related, molecular studies suggested a much closer phylogenetic relationship. [4] [5] As a result, of the molecular data, Kauff and Lutzoni subsumed the Gyalectales into the Ostropales, as the latter name was published earlier (1932 vs. 1986). [3]

In 2018, Kraichak and colleagues used a recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks. Based on this approach, clades that share a common ancestor between 176 and 194 Mya and a time window of 111–135 Mya correspond to order-level and family-level, respectively. The Gyalectales clade, consisting of the families Trichotheliaceae, Coenogoniaceae, Sagiolechiaceae, Gyalectaceae and Phlyctidaceae, has a crown node that falls within the temporal band for orders. For this reason the name Gyalectales was resurrected to represent the monophyletic clade. [6] Gyalectales itself is placed in Ostropomycetidae, one of two major subclasses in the Lecanoromycetes.

This proposed classification has been accepted in a later review of the temporal banding method for fungus systematics, [7] as well a 2020 update on ascomycete classification. [8]

Families and genera

This is a list of the families and genera contained within the Gyalectales, based on a 2020 review and summary of ascomycete classification. [8] Following the taxon name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and (for genera) the number of species:

Coenogonium Ehrenb. ex Nees – ca. 91 spp.
Gyalecta Ach. – 50 spp.
Ramonia Stizenb. – 24 spp.
Semigyalecta Vain. – 1 sp.
Phlyctis (Wallr.) Flot. – 20 spp.
Psathyrophlyctis Brusse – 1 sp.
Rhexophiale Th.Fr. – 1 sp.
Sagiolechia A.Massal. – 3 spp.
Clathroporina Müll.Arg – ca. 25 spp.
Myeloconis P.M.McCarthy & Elix – 4 spp.
Porina Müll.Arg. – ca. 145 spp.
Pseudosagedia (Müll.Arg.) Choisy – 80 spp.
Segestria Fr. – 70 spp.
Trichothelium Müll.Arg. – 40 spp.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parmeliaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: Xanthoparmelia, Usnea, Parmotrema, and Hypotrachyna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acarosporales</span> Order of fungi

The Acarosporales are an order of fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. Phylogenetic analyses conducted using the sequences of both the protein-coding gene RPB2 as well as nuclear ribosomal genes place this order within the subclass Acarosporomycetidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ostropomycetidae</span> Subclass of fungi

The Ostropomycetidae are a subclass of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. The subclass was circumscribed in 2004 by Catherine Reeb, François M. Lutzoni, and Claude Roux. It contains ten orders and 36 families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teloschistales</span> Order of lichen-forming fungi

The Teloschistales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. According to one 2008 estimate, the order contains 5 families, 66 genera, and 1954 species. The predominant photobiont partners for the Teloschistales are green algae from the genera Trebouxia and Asterochloris.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lichinales</span> Order of fungi

Lichinales is the sole order of ascomycete fungi in the class Lichinomycetes. It contains three families: Gloeoheppiaceae, Lichinaceae, and Peltulaceae. Most species are lichenized. Lichinales was proposed in 1986 by German lichenologists Aino Henssen and Burkhard Büdel. The class Lichinomycetes was created by Valérie Reeb, François Lutzoni and Claude Roux in 2004.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lichinaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Lichinaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi. Most species are lichenized with cyanobacteria, and have a distribution largely in temperate regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baeomycetales</span> Order of fungi

The Baeomycetales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Ostropomycetidae, in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 8 families, 33 genera and about 170 species. As a result of molecular phylogenetics research published in the late 2010s, several orders were folded into the Baeomycetales, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of taxa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphidaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gyalectaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Gyalectaceae are a family of fungi in the order Gyalectales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Verrucariaceae</span> Family of mostly lichenised fungi

Verrucariaceae is a family of lichens and a few non-lichenised fungi in the order Verrucariales. The lichens have a wide variety of thallus forms, from crustose (crust-like) to foliose (bushy) and squamulose (scaly). Most of them grow on land, some in freshwater and a few in the sea. Many are free-living but there are some species that are parasites on other lichens, while one marine species always lives together with a leafy green alga.

<i>Psilolechia</i> Genus of fungi

Psilolechia is a genus of four species of crustose lichens. It is the only member of Psilolechiaceae, a family that was created in 2014 to contain this genus.

Sagiolechia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Sagiolechiaceae. The genus was circumscribed by lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1854, who assigned Sagiolechia protuberans as the type species. The family Sagiolechiaceae was proposed in 2010 to contain Sagiolechia as the type genus, and genus Rhexophiale; molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that these two genera formed a distinct clade in the Ostropales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arctomiaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Arctomiaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota, class Baeomycetales. The family was named by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1861, with Arctomia as the type genus. Species in this family are found in arctic and subarctic habitats, usually associated with bryophytes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trichotheliaceae</span> Family of fungi

Trichotheliaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Gyalectales. The family was circumscribed by Friedrich von Schilling and Friedrich August Georg Bitter in 1927.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trapeliaceae</span> Family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales

Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leprocaulaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

Leprocaulaceae is a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi. It is the single family in the monotypic order Leprocaulales. Leprocaulaceae contains three genera and about 33 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhizocarpales</span> Order of fungi

Rhizocarpales are an order of lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Lecanoromycetidae of the class Lecanoromycetes. It has two families, Rhizocarpaceae and Sporastatiaceae, which contain mostly crustose lichens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarrameanaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

Sarrameanaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the monotypic order Sarrameanales. It contains two genera, Loxospora, and Sarrameana, the type genus. The family was circumscribed by Josef Hafellner in 1984. The order Sarrameanales was proposed by Brendan Hodkinson and James Lendemer in 2011, as they had noted that previously published large-scale molecular phylogenetic studies had shown that the group of species contained in the family Sarrameanaceae were distinct and separate from the clade containing all of the other orders of the Ostropomycetidae. However, the name Sarrameanales was not validly published according to the rules of botanical nomenclature, because it was not accompanied by a suitable description. Despite this, the order continues to be used in lichenological literature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thelenellaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

Thelenellaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi. It is the sole family in the monotypic order Thelenellales, and contains three genera and about 50 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphidales</span> Order of lichen-forming fungi

Graphidales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 6 families, about 81 genera and about 2,228 species. Family Graphidaceae are the largest crustose family within Graphidales order comprising more than 2000 species, which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

References

  1. Henssen, Aino; Jahns, H. Martin (1974). Lichenes. Eine Einfuhrung in die Flechtenkunde (in German). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.
  2. Hawksworth, D.L.; Eriksson, O.E. (1986). "The names of accepted orders of ascomycetes". Systema Ascomycetum. 5: 175–184.
  3. 1 2 Kauff, Frank; Lutzoni, François (2002). "Phylogeny of the Gyalectales and Ostropales (Ascomycota, Fungi): among and within order relationships based on nuclear ribosomal RNA small and large subunits". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 25 (1): 138–156. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00214-2. PMID   12383757.
  4. Bhattacharya, Debashish; Lutzoni, François; Reeb, Valérie; Simon, Dawn; Nason, John; Fernandez, Fernando (2000). "Widespread occurrence of spliceosomal introns in the rDNA genes of ascomycetes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 17 (12): 1971–1984. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026298 . PMID   11110913.
  5. Lutzoni, François; Pagel, Mark; Reeb, Valérie (2001). "Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic ancestors". Nature. 411 (6840): 937–940. doi:10.1038/35082053. PMID   11418855. S2CID   4414913.
  6. Kraichak, Ekaphan; Huang, Jen-Pan; Nelsen, Matthew; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2018). "A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 188 (3): 233–249. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy060.
  7. Lücking, Robert (2019). "Stop the Abuse of Time! Strict Temporal Banding is not the Future of Rank-Based Classifications in Fungi (Including Lichens) and Other Organisms". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 38 (3): 199–253. doi:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517. S2CID   202859785.
  8. 1 2 Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .