Gypsum Cave

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Gypsum Cave
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Coordinates 36°13′28″N114°15′37″W / 36.22444°N 114.26028°W / 36.22444; -114.26028 Coordinates: 36°13′28″N114°15′37″W / 36.22444°N 114.26028°W / 36.22444; -114.26028
NRHP reference # 10000443 [1]
MARKER # 103
Added to NRHP July 8, 2010

Gypsum Cave is a cave located east of Las Vegas. It contains six rooms and is measured at 320 feet long by 120 feet wide. The cave was first documented by Mark Raymond Harrington in a 1930 edition of Scientific American . [2] [3] Up until about 11,000 BC (11,000 radiocarbon years ago), [4] Gypsum Cave was inhabited by the Shasta ground sloth. [5]

Las Vegas City in Nevada

Las Vegas, officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas, is the 28th-most populated city in the United States, the most populated city in the state of Nevada, and the county seat of Clark County. The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city, known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment, and nightlife. The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center for Nevada.

Mark Raymond Harrington was curator of archaeology at the Southwest Museum 1928-1964 and discoverer of ancient Pueblo structures near Overton, Nevada and Little Lake, California.

<i>Scientific American</i> American popular science magazine

Scientific American is an American popular science magazine. Many famous scientists, including Albert Einstein, have contributed articles to it. It is the oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the United States.

History

Human habitation of the cave dates to around 3000 BC. Harrington provided the first documentation of the contents of the cave following excavation in 1930-1931. [3] Human habitation was at the same time as at other local sites like Tule Springs, Lake Mojave and the Pinto Basin. [6]

Tule Springs

Tule Springs in Las Vegas, Nevada, is one of the larger urban retreats in the Las Vegas Valley. It is a significant desert ecosystem consisting of a series of small lakes that formed an oasis in this area of the Mojave Desert. Both the springs and the ranch are located within the Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs which is operated by the City of Las Vegas.

Lake Mojave is an ancient former lake fed by the Mojave River that, through the Holocene, occupied the Silver Lake and Soda Lake basins in the Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County, California. Its outlet may have ultimately emptied into the Colorado River north of Blythe.

The skull of the ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis Sinclair was found in Room 3 by the archaeologist Bertha Parker, who was Harrington's niece and served as expedition secretary. [7] Excavators also found the dung, backbone, claws and reddish-brown hair of the now-extinct ground sloth. Through radiocarbon dating, it was found that the sloth remains date back to 11,000 BC and earlier. [4] The dung has given information about what the environment and vegetation of the area was because the sloth was a herbivore. This ancient plant eater survived on capers, mustards, grasses, agave, yucca, phacelia, borages, mints, grape, globemallow, saltbushes and ephedra. [5] Most of these are still found in the area today, but the agave, yucca and grapes are only found at elevations 800 m and more higher, and close to water in the case of grapes. However, during the ice age, the climate was cooler and wetter. The geology of the area shows that the closest likely water supply was between 6–12 miles (9.7–19.3 km) away. [5]

Ground sloth Animal belonging to a group of extinct sloth species

Ground sloths are a diverse group of extinct sloths, in the mammalian superorder Xenarthra. The term is used as a reference for all extinct sloths because of the large size of the earliest forms discovered, as opposed to existing tree sloths. The Caribbean ground sloths, the most recent survivors, lived in the Antilles, possibly until 1550 BC. However, radiocarbon dating suggests an age of between 2819 and 2660 BC for the last occurrence of Megalocnus in Cuba. Ground sloths had been extinct on the mainland of North and South America for 10,000 years or more. Their later survival in the Caribbean correlates with the later colonization of this area by humans. Some island populations persisted 5,000–6,000 years longer than their continental relatives.

Bertha Parker Pallan archaeologist

Bertha Pallan Thurston Cody was an American archaeologist.

<i>Agave</i> A genus of flowering plants closely related to Yucca (e.g. Joshua tree). Both Agave and Yucca belong to the subfamily Agavoideae.

Agave is a genus of monocots native to the hot and arid regions of Mexico and the Southwestern United States. Some Agave species are also native to tropical areas of South America. The genus Agave is primarily known for its succulent and xerophytic species that typically form large rosettes of strong, fleshy leaves. Plants in this genus may be considered perennial, because they require several to many years to mature and flower. However, most Agave species are more accurately described as monocarpic rosettes or multiannuals, since each individual rosette flowers only once and then dies ; a small number of Agave species are polycarpic.

The bones found in the cave are held by the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. [8]

Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Natural history museum in Los Angeles, California

The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County is the largest natural and historical museum in the western United States. Its collections include nearly 35 million specimens and artifacts and cover 4.5 billion years of history. This large collection is comprised not only of specimens for exhibition, but also of vast research collections housed on and offsite.

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<i>Mylodon</i> An extinct genus of mammals related to sloths, anteaters, and armadillos

Mylodon is an extinct genus of ground sloths that lived in South America; Patagonia until roughly 5,000 years ago and was possibly the last ever ground sloth species to go extinct.

<i>Yucca brevifolia</i> species of plant

Yucca brevifolia is a plant species belonging to the genus Yucca. It is tree-like in habit, which is reflected in its common names: Joshua tree, yucca palm, tree yucca, and palm tree yucca.

Mylodontidae family of mammals

Mylodontidae is a family of extinct mammals within the order of Pilosa and suborder Folivora living from around 23 million years ago (Mya) to 11,000 years ago, existing for roughly 23 million years. This family of ground sloths is related to the other families of extinct ground sloths, Megatheriidae and Nothrotheriidae. The only extant families of the suborder Folivora are Bradypodidae and Megalonychidae. Phylogenetic analyses using homologous sequences from all extant xenarthran groups indicate that the Mylodontidae were more closely related to the Megalonychidae than to the Bradypodidae.

<i>Megalonyx</i> Extinct genus of ground sloth

Megalonyx is an extinct genus of ground sloths of the family Megalonychidae, which was endemic to North America from the Hemphillian of the Late Miocene through to the Rancholabrean of the Pleistocene, living from ~10.3 Mya—11,000 years ago, existing for approximately 10.289 million years. The type species, M. jeffersonii, measured about 3 meters (9.8 ft) and weighed up to 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb).

Cueva del Milodón Natural Monument protected area in Chile

Cueva del Milodón Natural Monument is a Natural Monument located in the Chilean Patagonia, 24 km (15 mi) northwest of Puerto Natales and 270 km (168 mi) north of Punta Arenas.

Corn Creek Campsite place in Nevada listed on National Register of Historic Places

Corn Creek Campsite is located in the Desert National Wildlife Range and was used from around 1900–1924 for ranching and is listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. Nearby is Mormon Well Spring another listed historic place.

Acratocnus is an extinct genus of ground sloth found in Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.

<i>Nothrotheriops</i> An extinct genus of mammals related to sloths, anteaters, and armadillos

Nothrotheriops is a genus of Pleistocene ground sloth found in North America, from what is now central Mexico to the southern United States. This genus of bear-sized xenarthran was related to the much larger, and far more famous Megatherium, although it has recently been placed in a different family, Nothrotheriidae. The most well known species, N. shastensis, is also called the Shasta ground sloth.

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<i>Nothrotherium</i> An extinct genus of mammals related to sloths, anteaters, and armadillos

Nothrotherium is an extinct genus of medium-sized ground sloth from South America. It differs from Nothrotheriops in smaller size and differences in skull and hind leg bones, but both genera can be traced back to Hapalops, the genus which both evolved from in different ecological conditions. This genus formerly included the species Nothrotheriops shastensis, which was later moved to Nothrotheriops. These browsing ground sloths consumed roots, stems, seeds, and leaves of various desert plants, such as the yucca and agave.

Yucca Flat

Yucca Flat is a closed desert drainage basin, one of four major nuclear test regions within the Nevada Test Site (NTS), and is divided into nine test sections: Areas 1 through 4 and 6 through 10. Yucca Flat is located at the eastern edge of NTS, about ten miles (16 km) north of Frenchman Flat, and 65 miles (105 km) from Las Vegas, Nevada. Yucca Flat was the site for 739 nuclear tests – nearly four of every five tests carried out at the NTS.

Tule Springs Archaeological Site is an archeological site listed on the National Register of Historic Places that is located in the Las Vegas Valley of Nevada, United States. It is one of a few sites in the United States where humans were once thought to have lived alongside, and potentially hunted, extinct Ice Age megafauna, although this view is not supported by the available scientific data and is no longer generally accepted.

Harringtons mountain goat species of mammal (fossil)

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Nothrotheriidae family of mammals (fossil)

Nothrotheriidae is a family of extinct ground sloths that lived from approximately 11.6 mya—11,000 years ago, existing for approximately 11.49 million years. The nothrotheres have recently been moved from the tribe Nothrotheriini or subfamily Nothrotheriinae within Megatheriidae to their own family, Nothrotheriidae. Nothrotheriids appeared in the Tortonian, some 11.6 million years ago, in South America. The group includes the comparatively slightly built Nothrotheriops, which reached a length of about 2.75 metres (9.0 ft). While nothrotheriids were small compared to some of their megatheriid relatives, their claws provided an effective defense against predators, like those of larger anteaters today.

Bridge Canyon Wilderness

The Bridge Canyon Wilderness is a small wilderness area located in the Newberry Mountains in southern Nevada, United States. The rock outcrops and caves make this area very striking. Stands of cottonwood trees can be found along the Grapevine Wash and Sacatone Wash water courses. Canyon grape, cattails and rushes grow in Grapevine Canyon. Discover the petroglyphs of early Native Americans in the canyon. Reptiles include the Western chuckwalla, side-blotched lizard, and Gila monster.

Bechan Cave Rock shelter in the United States

Bechan Cave is a single-room sandstone rock shelter located at an elevation of 1,280 metres (4,200 ft) along Bowns Canyon Creek, a tributary of the Glen Canyon segment of the Colorado River, in Kane County in southeastern Utah in the United States. The cave is roughly 31 metres (100 ft) wide, 9 metres (30 ft) high and 52 metres (170 ft) deep. It has a single entrance that faces southwest and is well-lit during the daytime.

References

  1. "Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 7/06/10 through 7/09/10". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 16, 2010. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
  2. "Gypsum Cave". StoppingPoints.com. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
  3. 1 2 "Gypsum Cave". Nevada State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
  4. 1 2 Martin, P. S. (2005). "Chapter 4. Ground Sloths at Home". Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America. University of California Press. pp. 118–128. ISBN   0-520-23141-4. OCLC   58055404 . Retrieved 2017-07-08.
  5. 1 2 3 Poinar, H. N.; Hofreiter, M.; Spaulding, W. G.; Martin, P. S.; Stankiewicz, B. A.; Bland, H.; Evershed, R. P.; Possnert, G.; Pääbo, S. (1998). "Molecular Coproscopy: Dung and Diet of the Extinct Ground Sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis". Science. 281 (5375): 402–406. doi:10.1126/science.281.5375.402.
  6. Land, Barbara; Land, Myrick. A short history of Las Vegas. p. 6. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
  7. Harrington, M.R. (April 1940). "Man and Beast in Gypsum Cave" (PDF). Desert Magazine: 3–5. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22.
  8. Elizabeth Glowiak, Gypsum cave revisited; A faunal and taphonomic analysis of a Rancholabrean-to-Holocene fauna in Southern Nevada, Confex.com, 19 March 2008