Hainish Cycle

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The Hainish Cycle consists of a number of science fiction novels and stories by Ursula K. Le Guin. It is set in a future history in which civilizations of human beings on planets orbiting a number of nearby stars, including Terra ("Earth"), are contacting each other for the first time and establishing diplomatic relations, and setting up a confederacy under the guidance of the oldest of the human worlds, peaceful Hain. In this history, human beings did not evolve on Earth but were the result of interstellar colonies planted by Hain long ago, which was followed by a long period when interstellar travel ceased. Some of the races have new genetic traits, a result of ancient Hainish experiments in genetic engineering, including people who can dream while awake, and a world of hermaphroditic people who only come into active sexuality once a month, not knowing which sex will manifest in them. In keeping with Le Guin's style, she uses varied social and environmental settings to explore the anthropological and sociological outcomes of human evolution in those diverse environments.

Contents

The Hainish novels The Left Hand of Darkness (1969) and The Dispossessed (1974) have won literary awards, as have the novella The Word for World Is Forest (1972) and the short stories "The Day Before the Revolution" (1974) and "The Matter of Seggri" (1994).

Le Guin herself often discounted the characterization of a "Hainish Cycle", writing on her website that "The thing is, they aren't a cycle or a saga. They do not form a coherent history. There are some clear connections among them, yes, but also some extremely murky ones." [1] [2]

Sequence of writing versus story chronology

In the first three novels— Rocannon's World (1966), Planet of Exile (1966), and City of Illusions (1967)—there is a League of All Worlds. By City of Illusions, the League seems to have been conquered or fragmented by an alien race, the Shing, from beyond the League.

In the fourth, The Left Hand of Darkness (1969), it seems that the planets of the former League have reunited as the Ekumen, which was founded by the Hainish people.

In the fifth, The Word for World Is Forest (1972), the League of All Worlds and the ansible are new creations, and the term "Ekumen" is not used; it is set before any of the first four books. It was part of the anthology Again, Dangerous Visions , and only published as a separate book in 1976.

The sixth, The Dispossessed (1974), is the earliest novel chronologically in the Hainish Cycle. The Cetians have been visited by people from other planets, including Terra (Earth) and Hain. The various planets are separate, though there is some talk of a union. The idea of the ansible is known but none yet exists.

The seventh and final novel, The Telling (2000), and later short stories speak only of the Ekumen—which now includes the Gethenians, who were the subject of The Left Hand of Darkness —and not of the League.

Le Guin offers the following thoughts on the order in which readers should approach the series:

Rocannon's World , Planet of Exile, City of Illusions : where they fit in the "Hainish cycle" is anybody’s guess, but I’d read them first because they were written first. In them there is a "League of Worlds," but the Ekumen does not yet exist.

Then you could read The Word for World is Forest , The Left Hand of Darkness, [and] The Dispossessed, in any order. In Dispossessed, the ansible gets invented; but they’re using it in Left Hand, which was written fifteen years earlier. Please do not try to explain this to me. I will not understand.

Then in the collection of stories A Fisherman of the Inland Sea , the three last stories are Ekumenical, and we even finally find out a little about Hain, where it all began. The story suite Four Ways to Forgiveness is part of that universe, and so is the novel The Telling. But I have to warn you that the planet Werel in Four Ways is not the planet Werel in Planet of Exile . In between novels, I forget planets. Sorry.

The Eye of the Heron may or may not be set in the Hainish universe; it really doesn’t matter. As for The Lathe of Heaven and Always Coming Home , my Terran science fiction novels, they definitely don’t exist in the same universe as the Hainish or Ekumenical books. [3]

  1. ↑ Le Guin, Ursula K. (2007). "Answers to a Questionnaire (FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions)". ursulakleguin.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-16. Retrieved 2013-05-24.
  2. ↑ Le Guin, Ursula K. (2007). "FAQ: In what order should I read the Ekumen, Earthsea, and Catwings books?". ursulakleguin.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-28. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
  3. ↑ Le Guin, Ursula K. "A Note from Ursula". The Ursula K. Le Guin Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2024.

Universe of the stories

Backstory

Hundreds of thousands of years ago, the people of Hain colonized a large number of worlds, including Earth, known as Terra. Most of these were similar enough that humans from one world can pass as natives of another, but on some the old Hainish 'colonisers' used genetic engineering. At least one of the various species of Rocannon's World are the product of genetic engineering, as are the "hilfs" ("highly intelligent life forms") [1] of Planet S [2] (whose story has not been told), and probably the androgynous humans of Gethen in The Left Hand of Darkness. The Ekumen do not know whether the colonisers sought to adapt humans to varied worlds, were conducting various experiments, or had other reasons.

Hainish civilization subsequently collapsed, and the colony planets (including Earth) forgot that other human worlds existed. The Ekumen stories tell of the efforts to re-establish a civilization on a galactic scale through NAFAL (Nearly As Fast As Light) interstellar travel taking years to travel between stars (although only weeks or months from the viewpoint of the traveler because of time dilation), and through instantaneous interstellar communication using the ansible.

This seems to have happened in two phases: First, the League of All Worlds was formed, as an alliance of planets, mostly descended from colonization efforts from the planet Hain, uniting the "nine known worlds" [3] — presumably along with new colonies. By the time of Rocannon's World it has grown but is also under threat from a distant enemy. In City of Illusions it is recalled as having been a league of some 80 worlds at the time it was destroyed by aliens called the Shing, who are uniquely able to lie in mindspeech. After the apparent overthrow of the Shing by the descendants of marooned Terrans and the inhabitants of Alterra / Werel who have succeeded in interbreeding (as related in Planet of Exile) and are capable of detecting Shing lies, the alliance is eventually reconstructed.

A second phase begins with The Left Hand of Darkness. The 80 plus planets seem to have reunited as the Ekumen – a name derived from the Greek "oikoumene", meaning "the inhabited world", although characters occasionally refer to it as "the Household", [4] which is in turn a reference to the Greek "oikos", a word which developed from the same root as "oikoumene". Unexplained references are made by the protagonist from Terra in The Left Hand of Darkness to a long-past "Age of the Enemy", which presumably refers to the time that the Shing controlled Terra, portrayed in City of Illusions.

Planets

The Ekumen (or the League of All Worlds, though that is also believed to be the previous planetary coalition, before some sort of galactic crisis) contains a very large number of planets and is continually exploring new ones. Genly Ai in The Left Hand of Darkness explains that there are 83 planets in the Ekumen, with Gethen a candidate for becoming the 84th. The process of reaching out to potential civilizations is a tedious and sometimes dangerous one.

Technology

Societies tend to use sophisticated but unobtrusive technologies. Most notable is the ansible, an instant-communication device that keeps worlds in touch with each other.

Physical communication is by NAFAL (Nearly As Fast As Light) ships. The physics is never explained; the ship vanishes from where it was and reappears somewhere else many years later. [5] The trip takes slightly longer than it would to cross the same distance at the speed of light, but ship-time is just a few hours for those on board. It cannot be used for trips within a solar system. [4] Trips can begin or end close to a planet, but if used without a "retemporalizer", there are drastic physical effects at the end of long trips, at least according to the Shing, whose information may be suspect. [6] It is also lethal if the traveler is pregnant. [7]

City of Illusions mentions automatic death-machines that work on the same principle as the ansible and can strike instantly at distant worlds. Such a device is clearly used in the events of Rocannon's World. The weapons are not mentioned again in later books.

Churten theory, as developed by the physicists of Anarres, should allow people to go instantly from solar system to solar system. It is a development of the work of Shevek, whose tale is told in The Dispossessed. Shevek's work made the ansible possible—it is mentioned in his tale that engineers decided they could build it once the correct theory was found. Churten theory offers a way to move people and spacecraft instantaneously, but there are side effects. These are described in three short stories, "The Shobies' Story," "Dancing to Ganam", and "Another Story, or, A Fisherman of the Inland Sea," all collected in A Fisherman of the Inland Sea (1994).

The ansible has been adopted by other science fiction and fantasy authors, such as Orson Scott Card, [8] Elizabeth Moon, [9] and Vernor Vinge. [10]

Post-technological worlds

The ideas of post-technological societies and social and ecological collapse are in several of the stories. These are portrayed as the end result of the wrong kind of civilizations, i.e., competitive, capitalist, patriarchal, "dynamic, aggressive, ecology-breaking cultures," while successful societies are close to the land, peaceful, non-authoritarian, non-competitive, static, communitarian, with the holistic outlook of Eastern religions. The Earth, called "Terra" in the Cycle, is mentioned as one of the failed civilizations.

Biology

Most of the people in the tales have a common descent from the planet Hain, whose people settled many worlds. Some of them are genetically similar enough to produce children together. The unusual hairiness of the Cetians is mentioned in The Word for World Is Forest and The Dispossessed. The Telling includes the detail that the people of Chiffewar are all bald.

There are some cases of ancient biological manipulation:

Hainish Cycle bibliography

Novels and short story collections

Hainish novels and short story collections
TitleDatePublisherNotes
Rocannon's World 1966 Ace Books
Planet of Exile 1966Ace Books
City of Illusions 1967Ace Books
The Left Hand of Darkness 1969Ace BooksNebula Award winner, 1969; [12] Hugo Award winner, 1970 [13]
The Word for World is Forest 1972 (anthology); 1976 (book) Doubleday; Berkley/Putnam Hugo Award winner for Best Novella, 1973; [14] Nebula Award nominee for Best Novella, 1973; [14] Locus Award nominee for Best Novella, 1973 [14]
The Dispossessed: An Ambiguous Utopia 1974 Harper & Row Hugo Award winner, 1975; [15] Nebula Award winner, 1974; [16] Locus Award winner for Best SF Novel, 1975 [15]
Three Hainish Novels1978 Nelson Doubleday Omnibus of Rocannon's World , Planet of Exile and City of Illusions ; republished in 1996 as Worlds of Exile and Illusion
Five Complete Novels1985 Avenel Books Omnibus of Rocannon's World , Planet of Exile , City of Illusions , The Left Hand of Darkness and The Word for World is Forest
Four Ways to Forgiveness 1995 HarperCollins Prometheus award nominated, 1996 [17]
The Telling 2000 Harcourt Brace & Company Locus SF Award winner, 2001; [18] Endeavour Award winner [19]
The Hainish Novels & Stories2017 Library of America Collection of all Hainish novels and stories in two volumes.
Five Ways to Forgiveness2017 Library of America Collection of the four stories in Four Ways to Forgiveness with the addition of the story "Old Music and the Slave Women"

Short stories

Hainish short stories
TitleDateOriginal PublicationNotes
"The Dowry of Angyar"1964 Amazing Stories September 1964 appears as "Semley's Necklace" in The Wind's Twelve Quarters ; also used as the first chapter of Rocannon's World , where it is titled "Prologue: The Necklace".
"Winter's King"1969 Orbit 5 [20] collected in The Wind's Twelve Quarters
"Vaster than Empires and More Slow"1971 New Dimensions 1: Fourteen Original Science Fiction Stories collected in The Wind's Twelve Quarters, and The Found and the Lost
"The Day Before the Revolution"1974 Galaxy Science Fiction August 1974 collected in The Wind's Twelve Quarters ; winner of the Nebula Award [21] and Locus Award [22]
"The Shobies' Story"1990 Universe 1 [23] collected in A Fisherman of the Inland Sea
"Dancing to Ganam"1993 Amazing Stories September 1993 collected in A Fisherman of the Inland Sea
"Another Story or a Fisherman of the Inland Sea"1994 Harper Prism collected in A Fisherman of the Inland Sea, and The Found and the Lost
"The Matter of Seggri"1994Crank! #3, Spring 1994 [24] collected in The Birthday of the World, and The Found and the Lost; winner of the James Tiptree Jr. Award, 1995 [14]
"Unchosen Love"1994Amazing Stories Fall 1994collected in The Birthday of the World
"Solitude"1994 The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction December 1994 collected in The Birthday of the World; winner of the Nebula Award, 1996
"Coming of Age in Karhide"1995New Legends [25] collected in The Birthday of the World
"Mountain Ways"1996 Asimov's Science Fiction August 1996 collected in The Birthday of the World; winner of the James Tiptree Jr. Award
"Old Music and the Slave Women"1999 Far Horizons 1999 collected in The Birthday of the World, The Found and the Lost, and Five Ways to Forgiveness

Related Research Articles

An ansible is a category of fictional devices or technology capable of near-instantaneous or faster-than-light communication. It can send and receive messages to and from a corresponding device over any distance or obstacle whatsoever with no delay, even between star systems. As a name for such a device, the word "ansible" first appeared in a 1966 novel by Ursula K. Le Guin. Since that time, the term has been broadly used in the works of numerous science fiction authors, across a variety of settings and continuities. A related term is ultrawave.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ursula K. Le Guin</span> American fantasy and science fiction author (1929–2018)

Ursula Kroeber Le Guin was an American author best known for her works of speculative fiction, including science fiction works set in her Hainish universe, and the Earthsea fantasy series. She was first published in 1959, and her literary career spanned nearly sixty years, producing more than twenty novels and over a hundred short stories, in addition to poetry, literary criticism, translations, and children's books. Frequently described as an author of science fiction, Le Guin has also been called a "major voice in American Letters". Le Guin said she would prefer to be known as an "American novelist".

<i>The Dispossessed</i> 1974 science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin

The Dispossessed is a 1974 utopian science fiction novel by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin, one of her seven Hainish Cycle novels. It is one of a small number of books to win all three Hugo, Locus and Nebula Awards for Best Novel. It achieved a degree of literary recognition unusual for science fiction due to its exploration of themes such as anarchism and revolutionary societies, capitalism, utopia, individualism, and collectivism.

<i>Rocannons World</i> 1966 science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin

Rocannon's World is a science fiction novel by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin, her literary debut. It was published in 1966 as an Ace Double, along with Avram Davidson's The Kar-Chee Reign, following the tête-bêche format. Though it is one of Le Guin's many works set in the universe of the technological Hainish Cycle, the story itself has many elements of heroic fantasy. The hero Gaveral Rocannon encounters lords who live in castles and wield swords, and other races much like fairies and gnomes, in his travels on a backward planet.

<i>Planet of Exile</i> 1966 science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin

Planet of Exile is a 1966 science fiction novel by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin, part of her Hainish Cycle. It was first published as an Ace Double following the tête-bêche format, bundled with Mankind Under the Leash by Thomas M. Disch. In 2017, the rights for a movie were acquired by Los Angeles Media Fund.

<i>City of Illusions</i> 1967 science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin

City of Illusions is a 1967 science fiction novel by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. It is set on Earth in the distant future, and is part of her Hainish Cycle. City of Illusions lays the foundation for the Hainish cycle which is a fictional universe in which the majority of Ursula K. Le Guin's science fiction novels take place.

<i>Four Ways to Forgiveness</i> 1995 collection of short stories and novellas by Ursula K. Le Guin

Four Ways to Forgiveness is a collection of four short stories and novellas by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. All four stories are set in the future and deal with the planets Yeowe and Werel, both members of the Ekumen, a collective of planets used by Le Guin as part of the background for many novels and short stories in her Hainish Cycle. In 2017 it was reissued in the second volume of Hainish Novels & Stories and as an e-book, augmented with a fifth related story by Le Guin, as Five Ways to Forgiveness.

<i>The Birthday of the World and Other Stories</i> 2002 collection of short fiction by Ursula K. Le Guin

The Birthday of the World and Other Stories is a collection of short fiction by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin, first published in March, 2002, by HarperCollins. All of the stories, except "Paradises Lost", were previously published individually elsewhere. The story which lends its name to the title of the collection was the most recent publication, in 2000. Only these two stories are not set on planets of the Ekumen.

<i>The Word for World Is Forest</i> 1976 novella by Ursula K. Le Guin

The Word for World Is Forest is a science fiction novella by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin, first published in the United States in 1972 as a part of the anthology Again, Dangerous Visions, and published as a separate book in 1976 by Berkley Books. It is part of Le Guin's Hainish Cycle.

<i>The Telling</i> 2000 novel by Ursula K. Le Guin

The Telling is a 2000 science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin set in her fictional universe of Hainish Cycle. The Telling is Le Guin's first follow-up novel set in the Hainish Cycle since her 1974 novel The Dispossessed. It tells the story of Sutty, a Terran sent to be an Ekumen observer, on the planet Aka, and her experiences of political and religious conflicts between a corporatist government and the indigenous resistance, which is centered on the traditions of storytelling, locally referred to as "the Telling".

"A Man of the People" is one of four connected short stories in Ursula K. Le Guin's Four Ways to Forgiveness. It details the early life, training with the Ekumenical Envoy service, and activities on Yeowe and Werel of Mattinyehedarheddyuragamuruskets Havzhiva, nicknamed "Zhiv", a native of the planet Hain. It contains Le Guin's most extensive description of Hain's environment and culture in her work.

"Winter's King" is a science fiction short story by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin, originally published in the September 1969 issue of Orbit, a fiction anthology. The story is part of the Hainish Cycle and explores topics such as the human effect of space travel at nearly the speed of light, as well as religious and political topics such as feudalism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Shobies' Story</span> Short story by Ursula K. Le Guin

"The Shobies' Story" is a 1990 science fiction novella by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin, describing the story of the first human crew to participate in a newly invented faster-than-light mode of space travel. It was first published in the anthology Universe 1 and subsequently appeared in A Fisherman of the Inland Sea published by Harper Prism in 1994.

<i>The Left Hand of Darkness</i> 1969 science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin

The Left Hand of Darkness is a science fiction novel by the American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. Published in 1969, it became immensely popular, and established Le Guin's status as a major author of science fiction. The novel is set in the fictional Hainish universe as part of the Hainish Cycle, a series of novels and short stories by Le Guin, which she introduced in the 1964 short story "The Dowry of Angyar". It was fourth in sequence of writing among the Hainish novels, preceded by City of Illusions, and followed by The Word for World Is Forest.

The anthropologist Leon E. Stover says of science fiction's relationship to anthropology: "Anthropological science fiction enjoys the philosophical luxury of providing answers to the question "What is man?" while anthropology the science is still learning how to frame it". The editors of a collection of anthropological SF stories observed:

Anthropology is the science of man. It tells the story from ape-man to spaceman, attempting to describe in detail all the epochs of this continuing history. Writers of fiction, and in particular science fiction, peer over the anthropologists' shoulders as the discoveries are made, then utilize the material in fictional works. Where the scientist must speculate reservedly from known fact and make a small leap into the unknown, the writer is free to soar high on the wings of fancy.

"The Matter of Seggri" is a science fiction novelette by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. It was first published in 1994 in the third issue of Crank!, a science fiction – fantasy anthology, and has since been printed in number of other publications. In 2002, it was published in Le Guin's collection of short stories The Birthday of the World: and Other Stories. "The Matter of Seggri" won the Otherwise Award in 1994 for exploring "gender-bending" and has been nominated for other honors including the Nebula Award.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coming of Age in Karhide</span> Science fiction novelette by Ursula K. Le Guin, 1995 in New Legends

"Coming of Age in Karhide" is a science fiction short story by Ursula K. Le Guin, first published in 1995. The story is set on the fictional planet of Gethen, the same as Le Guin's 1969 novel The Left Hand of Darkness, and is a part of Le Guin's Hainish cycle. The story explores themes of growing into adulthood on a planet where individuals have no fixed gender identity. Reviewers stated that the story went further than Left Hand in its exploration of gender and sexuality, and was a "quietly feminist" work. It was also described as lacking the "dizzying impact" of Left Hand. In 2002, it was anthologized in the volume The Birthday of the World, along with many other stories exploring marriage and sexual relationships.

"Vaster than Empires and More Slow" is a science fiction story by American author Ursula K. Le Guin, first published in the collection New Dimensions 1, edited by Robert Silverberg. It is set in the fictional Hainish universe, where Earth is a member of an interstellar "League of Worlds". The anthology was released in United States in 1971, by Doubleday Books.

"The Dowry of Angyar" is a science fiction short story by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin, first published in 1964. It is the first work of the Hainish Cycle. The story is set on a fictional planet of the star Fomalhaut, and follows a highborn woman as she tries to track down a family heirloom. It was framed by commentary from ethnologists studying the intelligent life-forms of the Fomalhaut system. The story drew from Norse mythology, including the legend of the Brísingamen, and explored the concept of time dilation. "The Dowry of Angyar" drew comments for its stylistic devices, while a review praised Le Guin's writing as "crystalline prose". It was later used as the prologue to Le Guin's 1966 novel Rocannon's World. In later publications, including in the 1975 anthology The Wind's Twelve Quarters, the story was given the title "Semley's Necklace".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Music and the Slave Women</span> Short story by Ursula K. Le Guin

"Old Music and the Slave Women" is a science fiction story by Ursula K. Le Guin. It was first published in the 1999 collection Far Horizons, edited by Robert Silverberg, and anthologized multiple times in collections of Le Guin's works. The story is set on the planet of Werel in the fictional Hainish universe, created by Le Guin. That planetary system is also the setting for Le Guin's 1995 story suite Four Ways to Forgiveness. The economy of Werel is based on slavery, and during the period in which the stories are set, the society is experiencing upheaval and revolution.

References

  1. 1 2 "'Hilf' (a generic acronym for "highly intelligent life form")". Hainish Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
  2. ↑ Le Guin, Ursula K. (2004), The Left Hand of Darkness, Barnes & Noble ch. 7, p. 89.
  3. ↑ The Dispossessed
  4. 1 2 Le Guin, Ursula K. (2004), The Left Hand of Darkness, Barnes & Noble, ch. 10, p. 133.
  5. ↑ "Vaster than Empires and More Slow"
  6. ↑ City of Illusions
  7. ↑ "The Shobies' Story"
  8. ↑ Card, Orson Scott (1994). Ender's Game . New York: Tor Books. p. 249. ISBN   0-8125-5070-6. What matters is we built the ansible. The official name is Philotic Parallax Instantaneous Communicator, but somebody dredged the name ansible out of an old book somewhere and it caught on.
  9. ↑ Moon, Elizabeth (1995). Winning Colors. Riverdale, NY: Baen. p. 89. ISBN   0-671-87677-5. ...when I was commissioned, we didn't have FTL communications except from planetary platforms. I was on Boarhound when they mounted the first shipboard ansible, and at first it was only one-way, from the planet to us.
  10. ↑ Vinge, Vernor (1988). "The Blabber". Threats & Other Promises. Riverdale, NY: Baen. p. 254. ISBN   0-671-69790-0. 'It's an ansible.' 'Surely they don't call it that!' 'No. But that's what it is.'
  11. ↑ "A Man of the People (Hain)"
  12. ↑ "1969 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End.
  13. ↑ "1970 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Index of Literary Nominees". Archived from the original on 2015-09-12.
  15. 1 2 "1975 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End.
  16. ↑ "1974 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End.
  17. ↑ "1996 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End.
  18. ↑ "2001 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End.
  19. ↑ "Endeavour Award: History". www.osfci.org.
  20. ↑ Knight, Damon, ed. (1969). Orbit 5 . G. P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC   2915003.
  21. ↑ "The Locus Index to SF Awards: 1975 Nebula Awards". www.locusmag.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
  22. ↑ "The Locus Index to SF Awards: 1975 Locus Awards". www.locusmag.com. Archived from the original on 2015-05-10. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
  23. ↑ Silverberg, Robert; Haber, Karen, eds. (1990). Universe 1. Doubleday Foundation. pp.  35. ISBN   978-0-385-26771-7.
  24. ↑ Le Guin, Ursula K. (1994). Cholfin, Bryan (ed.). "The Matter of Seggri". Crank!. Broken Mirrors Press (3).
  25. ↑ Bear, Greg; Greenberg, Martin H., eds. (1995). New Legends. Legend. ISBN   9780099318811.

Further reading

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