Haplogroup R-L21

Last updated
Haplogroup R-L21
DF13 EUROPE.png
Distribution of major subclade R-DF13 across western Europe
Possible time of origin2,600 BC
Possible place of origin South-west Britain
Ancestor R1b (R-M343)
* R-M269
** R-L151
*** R-P312
**** R-Z290
DescendantsR-A5846
R-S552
* R-DF63
* R-DF13
Highest frequencies Irish
Scottish
Welsh
Bretons
English

R-L21 or R1b1a2a1a2c, also known as R-M529 or R-S145, is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is often linked to the Insular Celts. [1] One subclade, R-DF13 comprises over 99% of bearers. It is dominant among males in Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Brittany, present in high frequencies in England and western France and present also to a lesser extent in Iberia, Scandinavia and the Low Countries. [2]

Contents

History

This haplogroup first emerges in the Early Bronze Age in Britain and Ireland, where the earliest samples begin to appear. Its introduction was part of a large genetic transformation associated with the Bell Beaker culture, wherein steppe descended peoples largely replaced Britain's earlier Neolithic population. The lineage reached a frequency of 90% in early Bronze Age Britain (being nearly absent in contemporary samples from the continent), it gradually declined through the Middle Bronze Age to 70% by the Iron Age (due to continental migrations which also increased the levels of EEF admixture among Britons). [note 1] It later fell to its modern levels in Britain after the Anglo-Saxon invasions. However, it still remains the dominant lineage in Ireland, Scotland, Brittany and Wales. Its origin is possibly around south west Britain as Cornwall is where the highest persistence of R-DF63 descended subclades are found, the sibling of the extremely dominant R-DF13 subclade. [note 2]

Archaeological testing

Prominent members of R-L21

Below are listed some theorized lineages of prominent families. Some of these relationships are confirmed by Y-DNA testing of verified descendants, but others are not. In particular, Fehér (2023) is poorly sourced, does not cite confirmatory testing for most identifications, and is highly suspect.

Notes

  1. See Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age Figure 5
  2. See Flood page 2
  3. Sample ID: I5379, See Supplementary Tables, Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
  4. Sample ID: KD070
  5. Sample ID: I27380, See Supplementary Tables, Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
  6. Sample ID: I2565
  7. Sample ID: I14200
  8. Sample ID: I2417
  9. See Supplementary Tables, Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
  10. Study ID: Pollnagollum911
  11. Study ID: Treanmacmurtagh116
  12. Sample ID: I6774, See Supplementary Tables, Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
  13. See High Resolution Paternal Genetic History of Ireland... page 105

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References

  1. The phylogenealogy of R-L21:four and a half millennia of expansion and redistribution, Joe Flood Archive
  2. Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades - 2018, International Society of Genetic Genealogy
  3. Ancient DNA at the edge of the world: Continental immigration and the persistence of Neolithic male lineages in Bronze Age Orkney, Dulias et al., February 2022, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119(8):e2108001119, DOI:10.1073/pnas.2108001119, LicenseCC BY 4.0 Archive (ISOGG nomenclature)
  4. The Amesbury Archer, Wessex Archaeology, accessed 20 Oct 2023 Archive
  5. Family ties: deciphering the DNA of the Amesbury Archer and the Companion, The Past, JANUARY 31, 2022, Archive
  6. Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age, 22 Dec 2021, Nature volume 601, pages 588–594 (2022), Archive, Supplementary Information, Sections in supplementary material concering Amesbury Archer also reproduced on pg. 5 & 97
  7. A Genomic Compendium of an Island - Documenting Continuity and Change across Irish Human Prehistory, Lara M. Cassidy, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, October 2017 Archive PDF
  8. Cassidy, Lara M.; Martiniano, Rui; Murphy, Eileen M.; Teasdale, Matthew D.; Mallory, James; Hartwell, Barrie; Bradley, Daniel G. (2016). "Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (2): 368–373. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113..368C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1518445113 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   4720318 . PMID   26712024., Archive
  9. PHYLOGENETIC ALIGNMENTS WITH GENEALOGIES OF DESCENT FROM AILILL ÓLOM, Nigel McCarthy, 2021 Archive
  10. O'Neill DNA Project, accessed 20 Oct 2023 Archive
  11. Sons of Aodh DNA Project, accessed 20 Oct 2023 Archive
  12. High Resolution Paternal Genetic History of Ireland and its Implications for Demographic History, Tibor Feher, 2023, EMANIA — Bulletin of the Navan Research Group, No. 26, page 103 Archive
  13. Forensic identification of skeletal remains from members of Ernesto Che Guevara's guerrillas in Bolivia based on DNA typing, February 2000International Journal of Legal Medicine 113(2):98-101, DOI:10.1007/PL00007716, Reference made to the identification in this paper

Further reading