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Trichosanthes dioicaRoxb., also known as pointed gourd, is a tropical perennial cucurbit plant with its origin in the Indian subcontinent. It is also known as parwal, palwal, potol, or parmalin in different parts of India and Bangladesh. The plant propagated vegetatively and grows with training on a support system as pencil-thick vines (creepers) with dark-green cordate (heart-shaped) simple leaves. It is a well-developed dioecious plants having distinct male and female flowers on staminate and pistillate plants, respectively. The fruits are green with white or no stripes' and have unpalatable seeds. Size can vary from small and round to thick and long — 2 to 6 inches. It thrives well under a hot to moderately warm and humid climate. The plant remains dormant during the winter season and prefers fertile, well-drained sandy loam soil due to its susceptibility to water-logging.
Trichosanthes cucumerina is a tropical or subtropical vine. Its variety T. cucumerina var. anguina raised for its strikingly long fruit. In Asia, it is eaten immature as a vegetable much like the summer squash and in Africa, the reddish pulp of mature snake gourd is used as an economical substitute for tomato. Common names for the cultivated variety include snake gourd, serpent gourd, chichindapadwal and Snake Tomato.
The Mexican bean beetle is a species of lady beetle that can be an agricultural pest. It is one of the few North American lady beetles that feed on plants rather than other insects. It is found throughout Mexico and the eastern United States, and is abundant in the wetter and more heavily irrigated areas west of the Rocky Mountains. It does not tolerate extremely dry areas.
Coccinellidae is a widespread family of small beetles. They are commonly known as ladybugs in North America and ladybirds in the United Kingdom; "lady" refers to mother Mary. Entomologists use the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles to avoid confusion with true bugs. The more than 6,000 described species have a global distribution and are found in a variety of habitats. They are oval beetles with a domed back and flat underside. They are sexually dimorphic; adult females are larger than males. Many of the species have conspicuous aposematic (warning) colours and patterns, such as red with black spots, that warn potential predators that they taste bad.
Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata is a species of beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is commonly known as the 28-spotted potato ladybird or the Hadda beetle. It feeds on the foliage of potatoes and other solanaceous crops. It was previously called Epilachna vigintioctopunctata and is a cryptic species complex. It is very often confused with a closely related species, Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata, which occurs in Russia, China, Japan, and Korea, and is given the same "common name".
Coleomegilla maculata, commonly known as the spotted lady beetle, pink spotted lady beetle or twelve-spotted lady beetle, is a large coccinellid beetle native to North America. The adults and larvae feed primarily on aphids and the species has been used as a biological control agent. Based on name connotation and to avoid confusion with other species also called "spotted ladybeetle", spotted pink ladybeetle is probably the most appropriate common name for this species.
The Epilachninae are a subfamily of the family of lady beetles, the Coccinellidae, in the order Coleoptera. Superficially, they look much like other ladybirds in the larger subfamily Coccinellinae, but they differ importantly in their biology, in that the members of the subfamily are largely or completely leaf-feeding herbivores rather than being predators. Accordingly, several members of the subfamily are crop pests, and sometimes cause locally serious crop losses.
Pediobius foveolatus (Crawford), is a tiny exotic parasitoid wasp that is used for biological control of Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis, an important insect pest of snap beans, lima beans, and sometimes soybeans mainly found at economic levels in the eastern United States. Pediobius foveolatus is in the family Eulophidae, and is the most successful biological control agent for Mexican bean beetle. This wasp only attacks beetle larvae, not eggs or adults. It is commonly used by smaller, organic growers; but is also mass released throughout the state of New Jersey, by their state department of agriculture.
Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata is a species of beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is commonly known as the 28-spotted potato ladybird, a name also used for the closely related species, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata.
Henosepilachna is a genus of beetle in the family Coccinellidae, including several pest species, such as the 28-spotted potato ladybird.
Harmonia octomaculata is a species of ladybird of the family Coccinellidae. It is found throughout India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Micronesia, and Australia.
Henosepilachna argus, common name bryony ladybird, is a species of beetle in the family Coccinellidae.
Afidenta misera, is a species of lady beetle widespread in the Oriental region.
Illeis cincta, is a species of lady beetle native to India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia.
Scymnus (Pullus) latemaculatus, is a species of lady beetle found in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Taiwan.
Scymnus (Scymnus) nubilus, is a species of lady beetle found in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, China, and Asia Minor.
Epilachna decemmaculata, is a species of lady beetle found in India, Bhutan, China (Tibet), Taiwan, Sri Lanka and Myanmar.
Scymnus (Neopullus) fuscatus, is a species of lady beetle found in Japan, Formosa, China, Philippines, Sunda Islands, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Australia.
Aulacophora foveicollis, the red pumpkin beetle, is a species of beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is a foliar pest of members of the Cucurbitaceae, particularly the pumpkin. It is also a pest of millets in India.
Adira is a genus of beetles in the family Coccinellidae. It was first described by Gordon & Almeida, 1986
References
- 1 2 Naz, F.; Inayatullah, M. (2013). "Henosepilachna septima dieke (Coccinellidae; Coleoptera); a new record for Pakistan along with notes on its taxonomy, host plants and distribution". Sarhad Journal of Agriculture (Pakistan). Retrieved 2021-09-12.
- ↑ "Incidence pattern and biology of epilachna beetle, Henosepilachna septima Dieke on bottle gourd in Gangetic new alluvial zone of West Bengal". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2021-09-12.
- ↑ Ganga, G.; Sulochana Chetty, J.; Senthamil Selvi, R.; Manoharan, T. (1985-04-01). "Influence of food plants on the food utilization and chemical composition ofHenosepilachna septima (Coleoptera: coccinellidae)". Proceedings: Animal Sciences. 94 (2): 161–167. doi:10.1007/BF03186341. S2CID 84236694 . Retrieved 2021-09-12.
- ↑ "Seasonal incidence of Epilachna beetle (Henosepilachna septima Dieke) in relation to weather parameters on pointed gourd (Tricosanthes dioica Roxb.)" (PDF). Journal of Crop and Weed. 10 (2): 430–432. 2014. Retrieved 2021-09-12.
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