Coccinellidae

Last updated

Ladybird, ladybug, lady beetle
Temporal range: Eocene—Present
Coccinella-septempunctata-15-fws.jpg
Coccinella septempunctata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Suborder: Polyphaga
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Superfamily: Coccinelloidea
Family: Coccinellidae
Latreille, 1807 [1]
Subfamilies [1]

(traditional, but see below):

Synonyms
  • Cerasommatidiidae
  • Epilachnidae

Coccinellidae ( /ˌkɒksɪˈnɛlɪdiː/ ) [3] is a widespread family of small beetles. They are commonly known as ladybugs in North America and ladybirds in the United Kingdom; "lady" refers to mother Mary. Entomologists use the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles to avoid confusion with true bugs. The more than 6,000 described species have a global distribution and are found in a variety of habitats. They are oval beetles with a domed back and flat underside. Many of the species have conspicuous aposematic (warning) colours and patterns, such as red with black spots, that warn potential predators that they taste bad.

Contents

Most coccinellid species are carnivorous predators, preying on insects such as aphids and scale insects. Other species are known to consume non-animal matter, including plants and fungi. They are promiscuous breeders, reproducing in spring and summer in temperate regions and during the wet season in tropical regions. Many predatory species lay their eggs near colonies of prey, providing their larvae with a food source. Like most insects, they develop from larva to pupa to adult. Temperate species hibernate and diapause during the winter; tropical species are dormant during the dry season. Coccinellids migrate between dormancy and breeding sites.

Species that prey on agricultural pests are considered beneficial insects. Several species have been introduced outside their range as biological control agents, with varying degrees of success. Some species are pests themselves and attack agricultural crops, or can infest people's homes, particularly in winter. Invasive species like Harmonia axyridis can pose an ecological threat to native coccinellid species. Other threats to coccinellids include climate change and habitat destruction. These insects have played roles in folklore, religion and poetry, and are particularly popular in nursery rhymes.

Etymology

The name Coccinellidae, created by Pierre André Latreille in 1807, [4] is derived from the Latin word coccineus meaning 'scarlet'. [5] The common English name ladybird originated in Britain where the insects became known as "Our Lady's birds". [6] [7] Mary ("Our Lady") was often depicted wearing a red cloak in early art, and the seven spots of the species Coccinella septempunctata (the most common in Europe) were said to represent her seven joys and seven sorrows. [8] In the United States, the name was popularly adapted to ladybug. [9] Entomologists prefer the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles to avoid confusion with true bugs. [9] [10] [11] [12] Names in some other countries may be similar; for example, in Germany they are known as Marienkäfer meaning 'Marybeetle' or 'ladybeetle'. [9]

Description

Coccinellids range in size from 0.8 to 18 mm (0.03–0.7 in). [13] They are sexually dimorphic; adult females tend to be slightly larger than males. [14] They are generally oval with domed backs and flattened undersides. [7] They have large compound eyes and clubbed antennae with seven to eleven segments. The powerful mandibles (equivalent to jaws) typically have pairs of "teeth" which face each other. [15] The coccinellid prothorax (front of thorax) is broad and convex, and can cover the back of the head. [16] [17] Being beetles, they have hardened, non-overlapping forewings, known as elytra, which cover up the more fragile hindwings when the insects are not in flight. Their legs are relatively short, [16] with a tarsal formula of 4-4-4 (may appear 3-3-3 because the third segment of each tarsus is reduced). [18] [19] The tarsus (end of leg) has two claws at the tip. [16]

As adults, these beetles differ from their closest relatives with the following morphological characteristics: [20]

Coccinellids are often distinctively coloured and patterned. The elytron may be light with dark spots or dark with light spots. Light areas are typically yellow, red, orange or brown, and the spots vary in size and shape and numbers. Some species have striped or checkered patterns. The pigment carotene creates the lighter colours, and melanins create darker colours. Other parts of the body also vary in colouration. [7] [21] These colour patterns typically serve as warning colouration, but some can act as camouflage, attract mates or even regulate heat. [7] [22] Several individual species may display polymorphism and even change colour between seasons. [7]

Coccinellid larvae are elongated with square heads. [23] They are covered in hairs or setae, the abdominal segments, in particular, each having six divided into pairs, and one to three segmented antennae. [20] [7] Their colouration varies from grey, blue-grey, grey-brown or brown and spotted with white, yellow, red or orange. They tend to brighten as they get closer to adulthood. [24]

Evolution

Fossil history

Over 6,000 living species of Coccinellidae have been described. [13] They are sparsely preserved in the fossil record. [25] Although molecular clock estimates have placed their origin in the Cretaceous, the oldest fossils of the group are known from the Oise amber of France, dating to the Early Eocene (Ypresian) around 53 million years ago, which belong to the extant genera Rhyzobius and Nephus . [26] The greatest number of fossils comes from the younger Eocene Baltic amber, including members of the extant genera Serangium [27] and Rhyzobius as well as extinct genera belonging to the tribes Microweiseini (Baltosidis) [28] and Sticholotidini (Electrolotis). [25]

Phylogeny

The Coccinellidae are within the superfamily Coccinelloidea, which in turn is part of the infraorder Cucujiformia, a group containing most of the plant-eating beetles. The ladybirds form the majority of the species in the Coccinelloidea; many of the rest are fungus-feeding beetles or scavengers. [29]

Cucujiformia

Coccinellidae have historically been divided into up seven subfamilies (Chilocorinae, Coccidulinae, Coccinellinae, Epilachninae, Microweiseinae, Scymninae and Sticholotidinae) and 35 tribes based on morphology. However, genetics studies have called into question the monophyly (single ancestry) of most of these subfamilies. The monophyly of Coccinellinae has the most support. [30] [31]

A 2021 genetic study sampling many species, identified three subfamilies, Microweiseinae (with three tribes), Coccinellinae (26 tribes) and a newly identified group, the Monocoryninae (one tribe). All three subfamilies were strongly supported, but the study noted that although the tribes are mostly monophyletic, their relationships are only weakly supported. The study suggests that the crown group appeared some 143 Mya in the Early Cretaceous, and that the group diversified rapidly during the Late Cretaceous, perhaps because the growth in diversity of angiosperm plants then encouraged the radiation of insects of the clade Sternorrhyncha such as aphids, on which ladybirds could feed. [32]

Coccinellidae

An earlier 2009 study concluded that consumption of scale insects is the most basal diet of Coccinellidae. Aphid-eating evolved three separate times and leaf-eating evolved twice, one of which evolved from a clade that contains both aphid-eating and pollen-eating. The fungi-eating also evolved from aphid-eating. [30]

Biology and ecology

Flight

Coccinellids mostly fly during the day. [33] Springy, cylindrical veins in the hindwings stiffen when in flight and bend when folding. Folding of the wings is further aided by creases in the membrane. [34] These beetles may migrate long distances to hibernation and breeding sites, and areas with more food. They appear to be drawn to recognisable landmarks. [35] The more crowded an area is, the more individuals leave, but will remain if there are enough prey species to feed on. [36] "Trivial flights" refer to flying while foraging or when finding a place to lay eggs. [35] One study of species in Britain found that coccinellids can fly as far as 120 km (75 mi). They flew at speeds of 30 km/h (19 mph) and could reach altitudes close to 1,100 m (3,600 ft). [37]

Life cycle

In temperate climates, coccinellids typically breed from late spring to early summer. In warmer temperate regions, reproduction may occur in spring, fall and winter; tropical species reproduce during the wet season. [7] [38] Mating is promiscuous. In some species, females appear to be selective in their partners, preferring males of a certain size and colour. Males produce sperm packets each with 14,000 sperm, and insert three of them into the female, even though she can only hold 18,000 sperm. This is likely a form of sperm competition. [7] [39] Like other insects, coccinellids develop from egg, to larva, to pupa and finally adult. Eggs tend to be bright yellow, and the females lay them close together, standing upright and near where they can access food. [7] The number of eggs in a cluster can vary depending on the species; it is typically in the double digits but some species can lay over a thousand eggs in their lifetime. [40]

After hatching, the larvae will begin eating, including the other eggs in their clutch. [7] Certain species lay extra infertile trophic eggs with the fertile eggs, providing a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases with scarcity of food at the time of egg laying. [41] Larvae typically have four instar stages with three moults between them. [42] The larva eventually transitions into a pupa; which involves the development of a hunch, the fusion of the legs to the body, and the attachment of the posterior to the surface. [7] [20] [42]

Pupae may be uncovered, partially covered or fully covered by larval skin depending on the species. The pupa is mostly immobile, but the head can move in response to irritation. When the adult emerges, it has its hindwings, while the elytron starts out softer and lighter in colour, with no patterns. [43] The length of each development stage varies based on climate and between species. For Adalia bipunctata , eggs hatch after four to eight days, the larva stage lasts around three weeks and the pupa lasts seven to ten days. [7] Adult coccinellids develop much of their final colouration within hours, but may not fully darken for weeks or months. [44] The lifespan of an adult reaches up to a year. [7]

In temperate areas, coccinellids may hibernate or enter diapause during the winter. Individuals during this period gather in clumps, large or small depending on the species. Overwintering insects can be found both in lowland areas, aggregating under dead vegetation, and at the tops of hills, hibernating under rocks and on grass tussocks. [45] In areas with particularly hot summers, the insects experience summer dormancy or aestivation; in the tropics, coccinellids enter dormancy during the dry season. [7]

Trophic roles

Coccinellids act both as predators, prey and parasitic hosts in food webs. [46] The majority of coccinellids are carnivorous and predatory, typically preying on Sternorrhyncha insects like aphids, scale insects, whiteflies, psyllids and adelgids. Some species feed on the larvae of moths and other beetles, as well as mites. Since much of their prey are agricultural pests, coccinellids are considered to be beneficial insects. [47] [48] [49] A 2009 metastudy by Hodek and Honěk found that aphid-eaters constituted around 68 percent of species that live in temperate areas but only 20 percent of species worldwide. Around 36 percent of total species mostly feed on scale insects. [49] Larvae and adults eat the same foods, unlike in other insect groups. [7]

Ladybird species vary in dietary specificity. An example of a specialist species is those of the genus Stethorus , which feed on spider mites. Aphid-eaters tend to be generalist; they have a high voracity and can multiply quickly in response to outbreaks, and switch to other prey when the ephemeral aphids become scarce. Predators of scale insects tend to be less voracious and are slower breeders and developers; matching their prey. [50] Under pressure from coccinellid predation, aphid species have evolved to become more toxic, forcing coccinellids to develop immunities. [51] Coccinellid predators of aphids need to defend themselves against ants that tend and defend aphids for their honeydew, [52] and coccinellid eggs laid near aphids are disposed of. [46] Some species including Coccinella magnifica and Diomus have adapted to grow within ant nests as larvae, and some like Diomus thoracicus are predators of the brood of the ant Wasmannia auropunctata . [53] [54]

Cannibalism has been recorded in several species; which includes larvae eating eggs or other larvae, and adults feeding on individuals of any life stage. [55] Some coccinellids are mostly non-predatory, such as some species in the genera Epilachna and Henosepilachna . [56] [57] The majority of predatory species may also supplement their diet with other sources of food both in their larval and adult stages. [58] Non-animal matter consumed include leaves, pollen, nectar, sap, fungi, and honeydew. [47] [58] [59] Members of the tribe Halyziini of the subfamily Coccinellinae are obligate fungus feeders. [60]

Coccinellids of any lifestage are preyed on by predators such as birds, spiders, ants and lacewings. [61] They are also hosts for parasites, including some flies, ticks, mites, hymenopterans and nematodes, and pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [46] [62] Wolbachia bacteria infects eggs and kills male zygotes. [63] The promiscuity of Coccinellids has led to their being affected by sexually transmitted infections. [64]

Defense

Coccinella septempunctata reflex bleeding Coccinella septempunctata Reflexbluten (cropped).jpg
Coccinella septempunctata reflex bleeding

The bright warning colouration of many coccinellids discourage potential predators, warning of their toxicity. A 2015 study of five ladybird species found that their colouration honestly signalled their toxicity, implying the warning is genuine. Species with more contrast with the background environment tended to be more toxic. [65] Coccinellid haemolymph (blood) contains toxic alkaloids, azamacrolides and polyamines, as well as foul-smelling pyrazines. [66] Coccinellids can produce at least 50 types of alkaloids. When disturbed, ladybirds further defend themselves with reflex bleeding, exuding drops from their tibio-femoral (knee) joints, effectively presenting predators with a sample of their toxic and bitter body fluid. [61] Predator-deterring poisons are particularly important for the immobile pupa. [67] Access to food can affect the concentration of both pigments and toxins. [68]

The similarity of coccinellid patterning in red and orange with black markings has led to suggestions that they and some species of chrysomelids [69] form Müllerian mimicry rings [70] particularly to defend them from birds. [71] Despite their chemical defenses, coccinellids are preyed on by some clerid beetles in the genus Enoclerus , several species of which are brightly coloured in red and black, and which possibly sequester the toxins of the prey to defend themselves against other predators. [72]

As an anti-predator defense, spiders of the genus Eresus , known as ladybird spiders, have evolved to replicate the patterns of coccinellids. This is a form of Batesian mimicry, as the spiders lack the chemicals. This resemblance is limited to adult male spiders which are actively searching for females and exposed – unlike the females and young, which remain sheltered in burrows. [73]

Distribution and status

The widespread and invasive Harmonia axyridis Harmonia axyridis (50764146481).jpg
The widespread and invasive Harmonia axyridis

Coccinellidae are found on every continent except Antarctica. [74] Asian and African species are less studied than others. [75] Coccinellids can be found in a variety of habitats, both on the ground and in the trees. They may specialise using certain plants. Some species can live in extreme environments such as high mountains, arid deserts and cold regions. [76] Several of the most famous species have wide ranges, but others are more endemic and possibly threatened. [75]

Threats to coccinellids include climate change, agriculture, urbanisation, and invasive species. Coccinellid biodiversity will likely be affected by the rising of both average temperatures and heat fluctuations. Climate change may lead to smaller larvae, as well as increase energy and metabolic needs and interspecific predation. Agriculture and urbanisation threatens these insects though habitat destruction and homogenisation and the use of pesticides. Invasive threats include other coccinellids, particularly C. septempunctata in North America and H. axyridis globally. [75] These invaders outcompete the native species as well as eat their eggs. [75] [77]

As of 2022, the IUCN Red List does not list the conservation status for any coccinellid, though there is an IUCN SSC Ladybird Specialist Group. Conservationists have suggested several measures for protecting the insects, including citizen science and education programs, habitat preservation and restoration, prevention of the spread of invasive species and a global monitoring program. [75]

Relationship to humans

Biological control

Biological control: larval Novius cardinalis feeding on Icerya purchasi Larvas Rodolia cardinalis.JPG
Biological control: larval Novius cardinalis feeding on Icerya purchasi

Coccinellids have been valued in biological pest control, as they prey on agricultural pests such as aphids and scale insects. Their importance in controlling pests was noted as far back as 1814 in England. [7] Their efficiency can vary: sometimes they have a relatively small effect on aphid populations; at others they cause significant seasonal declines. [78]

Several species have been introduced to areas outside their native range; the first being the vedalia beetle, Novius cardinalis . [7] The larva of the species was introduced to California in 1887 from Australia, to protect citrus trees from cottony cushion scale. The project was markedly successful, costing $1,500 in 1889, [79] making it "a textbook example of the great potential of classical biological control as a tactic for suppressing invasive pests." The beetle was then used in 29 countries, again with success; reasons for this include its high prey specificity, fast development, multiple generations each year, efficient discovery of host patches, and larval development completed on a single host insect. [80]

There have been many further attempts to use ladybird species against pests, with varying degrees of success. [81] [7] Scale insect-eating coccinellids have been more successfully used than aphid predators. [7] Out of 155 deliberate introductions meant to control aphids by the year 2000, only one was deemed to be "substantially successful". This is due to aphid-eating species being fast-breeding, generalist and voracious, and thus difficult to control. [82]

As pests

Cluster of invasive Asian lady beetles inside a farm building after the fall harvest in South Dakota Asian Lady Beetle Cluster.jpg
Cluster of invasive Asian lady beetles inside a farm building after the fall harvest in South Dakota

Coccinellids can also act as pests. Harmonia axyridis is native to East Asia, but has been introduced to the Americas, Europe and Africa. [75] In North America, this species begins to appear indoors in the autumn when they leave their summer feeding sites to search out places to stay for winter. Typically, when temperatures warm to the mid-60s °F (around 18 °C) in the late afternoon, they swarm onto or into buildings illuminated by the sun from nearby fields and forests. [83] [84] After an abnormally long period of hot, dry weather in the summer of 1976 in the UK, a marked increase in the aphid population was followed by a "plague" of the native Coccinella septempunctata; there were many reports of people being bitten as the supply of aphids dwindled. [85] [86] [87]

H. axyridis, C. septempunctata and Hippodamia convergens are the most common causes of ladybird taint in wine. As few as 1.3 to 1.5 coccinellids per 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of grapes can affect wine quality when they are present during the wine-making process. [88] The Mexican bean beetle is an agricultural pest as it primarily feeds on plants, especially legumes, instead of insects. [89]

In culture

Coccinellids have had important roles in culture and religion, being associated with luck, love, fertility and prophecy. "Ladybird" is an affectionate term for someone, such as a loved one. In European folklore, an insect acts as a matchmaker, crawling on a woman and then flying to their true love. Coccinellids have been said to predict the future, particularly weather conditions and how well the crops will grow. [90] [91]

In Christianity, coccinellids have been seen as the literal gatekeepers of Heaven. A Swedish name for the insects, Himmelska nycla, means "Keys of Heaven". Jews have referred to the insects as the "Cow of Moses our Teacher". The Cherokee have revered them as the "Great Beloved Woman"; this was used as a title for the highest-ranking woman in the government, who would be painted in the colours and patterns of the insect during ceremonies. [92]

Coccinellids have been popularly featured in poems and nursery rhymes, the most famous being Ladybird! Ladybird! . This has come in several forms, including: [93]

Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home,
Thy house is on fire, thy children all roam,
Except little Nan, who sits on her pan,
Weaving gold laces as fast as she can.


Related Research Articles

<i>Harmonia axyridis</i> Species of beetle

Harmonia axyridis is a large lady beetle or ladybug species that is most commonly known as the harlequin, Asian, or multicoloured Asian lady beetle. This is one of the most variable species in the world, with an exceptionally wide range of colour forms. It is native to eastern Asia, but has been artificially introduced to North America and Europe to control aphids and scale insects. It is now common, well known, and spreading in those regions, and has also established in Africa and widely across South America. This species is conspicuous in North America, where it may locally be known as the Halloween beetle, as it often invades homes during October to overwinter.

<i>Hippodamia convergens</i> Species of beetle

Hippodamia convergens, commonly known as the convergent lady beetle, is one of the most common lady beetles in North America and is found throughout the continent. They tend to live a variety of habitats, including grasslands and forests.

Coccinella novemnotata, the nine-spotted ladybug or nine-spotted lady beetle or C9, is a species of ladybug in the family Coccinellidae native to North America. This beetle was once ubiquitous across the continent but it experienced a sharp and drastic decline around the 1960’s. As a rare species, the nine-spotted ladybug has received much attention from researchers who wish to understand the causes of its decline and restore the population of this charismatic beetle to benefit from their aphidophagous nature as biocontrol agents in agriculture.

<i>Coccinella septempunctata</i> Species of beetle

Coccinella septempunctata, the common ladybug, the seven-spot ladybird, is a carnivorous beetle native to the Old World and is the most common ladybird in Europe. The beetle is also found in North America, Central and Eastern Asia and regions with a temperate climate. Its elytra are of a red colour, but each punctuated with three black spots, with one further spot being spread over the junction of the two, making a total of seven spots, from which the species derives both its common and scientific names.

<i>Coccinella undecimpunctata</i> Species of beetle

Coccinella undecimpunctata, the eleven-spot ladybird or eleven-spotted lady beetle, it is native to central Asia, though commonly found in Europe, and formerly North America as its populations are decreasing. It is of the family Coccinellidae, commonly referred to as ladybugs or lady beetles.

<i>Cryptolaemus montrouzieri</i> Beetle that eats pest mealybugs

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, common name mealybug ladybird or mealybug destroyer, is a species of ladybird beetle native to eastern Australia. The beetle feeds on mealybugs and other scale insects, and is used to control those pests on citrus orchards worldwide.

<i>Coccinella leonina</i> Species of ladybird native to New Zealand

Coccinella leonina, common name orange-spotted ladybird, is a species of ladybird native to New Zealand. It is black with orange spots. A predator species, it is present in a variety of habitats.

<i>Calvia quatuordecimguttata</i> Species of beetle

Calvia quatuordecimguttata, the cream-spot ladybird, is a species of ladybird in the family Coccinellidae. Its distribution is holarctic, it being found in Europe and through the East Palearctic to Japan. It is introduced to North America. This ladybird is generally 4 to 5 millimetres in length and varies in appearance depending on the geographical location. It usually lives in hedgerows and deciduous trees.

<i>Coleomegilla maculata</i> Species of beetle

Coleomegilla maculata, commonly known as the spotted lady beetle, pink spotted lady beetle or twelve-spotted lady beetle, is a large coccinellid beetle native to North America. The adults and larvae feed primarily on aphids and the species has been used as a biological control agent. Based on name connotation and to avoid confusion with other species also called "spotted ladybeetle", spotted pink ladybeetle is probably the most appropriate common name for this species.

<i>Cycloneda sanguinea</i> Species of beetle

Cycloneda sanguinea, also known as the spotless lady beetle, is a widespread species of ladybird beetle in the Americas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Epilachninae</span> Subfamily of beetles

The Epilachninae are a subfamily of the family of lady beetles, the Coccinellidae, in the order Coleoptera. Superficially, they look much like other ladybirds in the larger subfamily Coccinellinae, but they differ importantly in their biology, in that the members of the subfamily are largely or completely leaf-feeding herbivores rather than being predators. Accordingly, several members of the subfamily are crop pests, and sometimes cause locally serious crop losses.

<i>Anatis ocellata</i> Species of beetle

Anatis ocellata, commonly known as the eyed ladybug, is a species of ladybug in the family Coccinellidae. It has black spots on a red background, with each spot surrounded by a yellowish halo. In one color variation, a specimen found in Scotland was reported having the spots fused to form longitudinal lines. Sometimes can also be found variation where black spots are absent.

<i>Eriopis connexa</i> Species of beetle

Eriopis connexa is a species of ladybird beetle that is native to South America. Both males and females mate multiple times with different individuals of the opposite sex, like most members of the family Coccinellidae. This promiscuous behavior leads to unique reproductive adaptations, such as sperm mixing. Females lay unfertilized eggs which their offspring consume upon hatching, thereby boosting offspring nutrition and reducing sibling cannibalism,. This predatory beetle species feeds primarily on aphids and is widespread throughout many agroecosystems, such as cotton, maize, sorghum, soybean, and wheat. Due to aphids being extremely damaging agricultural pests, E. connexa has been introduced to the United States for biological pest management. Recent studies on pyrethroid insecticide resistance in E. connexa have led to research by applied entomologists on the species' potential role in integrated pest management schemes in crop fields that rely on lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT), a common pyrethroid insecticide that is ineffective against aphid population control. The potential efficacy and success of the utilization of E. connexa in these programs is widely debated and is the focus of much recent research due to the lack of understanding regarding the effects of pyrethroid resistance on the behavior of this species.

<i>Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata</i> Species of beetle

Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata is a beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is the only member of the genus Subcoccinella. It has the typical, almost semi-spherical, ladybird shape and is patterned with spots. However it differs from many of the well-known ladybirds in being neither smooth and shiny nor an eater of aphids: the wing-cases look velvety and it eats fungal moulds on plants.

<i>Aiolocaria</i> Genus of beetles

Aiolocaria hexaspilota is a beetle species from the lady beetle family (Coccinellidae); adults can be as large as 13mm long. The species’ scientific name was first given in an 1831 publication by Frederick William Hope. Unaware of its previous identification, Victor Motschulsky was later to call the same species as Aiolocaria mirabilis. In most cases of such synonymy, according to the Encyclopedia of Life, “the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name.”

<i>Brumoides suturalis</i> Species of beetle

Brumoides suturalis, the three-striped lady-beetle, is a species of ladybird described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1789. It is found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea.

<i>Olla v-nigrum</i> Species of beetle

Olla v-nigrum is a species in the family Coccinellidae, in the suborder Polyphaga. The species is known generally as the ashy gray lady beetle. The distribution range of Olla v-nigrum includes Central America, North America, and Oceania. It is usually gray or pale tan with small black spots on its elytra and thorax. However, a variation can resemble Chilocorus orbus, another species of lady beetle. This form is black with two red spots on the wing covers and has white on the edge of the prothorax.

<i>Chilocorus nigritus</i> Species of beetle

Chilocorus nigritus, sometimes referred to as the Malaysian ladybird beetle, is a species of lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is native to SE Asia, but has been introduced for use in biological pest control in Hawaii and many parts of the world, including Europe.

<i>Cheilomenes sexmaculata</i> Species of beetle

Cheilomenes sexmaculata is a species of ladybird. Although sometimes known by the common name of six-spotted zigzag ladybird, this is misleading as there are several colour morphs and some colour morphs of the species can be confused with Micraspis discolor and Chilocorus nigrita. The species has a wide distribution range within the Asian tropics and subtropical zones from India to Japan and parts of the Australian region. They have been introduced into the Caribbean islands as a biocontrol agent and their spread to South America was noted in 2019. It is well known as a predator of aphids and other small insects.

<i>Propylea dissecta</i> Species of beetle

Propylea dissecta, is a species of lady beetle native to India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal.

References

  1. 1 2 "Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  2. ↑ "Wikispecies: Microweiseinae". 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  3. ↑ "coccinellid". The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Clarendon Press. 1998. p. 351. ISBN   0-19-861263-X. coccinellid /,kɒksɪ'nɛlɪd/ noun a beetle of a family (coccinelidae) that includes the ladybirds
  4. ↑ Latreille, Pierre A. (1807). Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem. Vol. 3. Amand Koenig. pp. 70–75.
  5. ↑ Brown, L., ed. (2007). Shorter Oxford English Dictionary . Vol. 1 (6 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 441. ISBN   978-0199231768.
  6. ↑ Majerus 2016, p. 2.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Majerus, Michael E. N. (2003). "Ladybugs". In Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. pp. 618–622. ISBN   0-12-586990-8.
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