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Hiram Bingham III (November 19,1875 –June 6,1956) was an American academic,explorer and politician. In 1911,he publicized the existence of the Inca citadel of Machu Picchu which he rediscovered with the guidance of local indigenous farmers. Later,Bingham served as the 69th Governor of Connecticut for a single day in 1925—the shortest term in history. He had been elected in 1924 as governor,but was also elected to the Senate and chose that position. He served as a member of the United States Senate until 1933.
In his first academic position,he taught history and politics at Harvard. He next served as preceptor (teacher) under Woodrow Wilson at Princeton University. Princeton "did not much favor Latin American history." But in 1907,when Yale sought a replacement for Bourne,who had died an early death,it appointed Bingham as a lecturer in South American history.[3] He became one of the pioneers in the U.S. of teaching and research on Latin American history. In 1908,he published an assessment of the field's prospects,"The Possibilities of South American History and Politics as a Field for Research," in which he surveyed library and archival resources in the U.S. as well as in South America.[4] From 1924,he was a member of the Acorn Club.
Explorer
Bingham (upper right) with a local guide on a jungle bridge at Espiritu Pampa in Peru,hand-colored glass slide,1911
Bingham was not a trained archaeologist. But while he served at Yale as a lecturer and professor in South American history at Yale,he journeyed to South America and rediscovered the largely forgotten Inca city of Machu Picchu. In 1908 he had served as a delegate to the First Pan American Scientific Congress at Santiago,Chile. On his way home via Peru,a local prefect convinced him to visit the pre-Columbian city of Choquequirao. Bingham published an account of this trip in Across South America;an account of a journey from Buenos Aires to Lima by way of Potosí,with notes on Brazil,Argentina,Bolivia,Chile,and Peru (1911).[5]
Bingham was thrilled by the prospect of unexplored Inca cities,and organized the 1911 Yale Peruvian Expedition,[6] one of the objectives of which was to search for the last capital of the Incas. Guided by locals,he rediscovered and correctly identified both Vitcos (then called Rosaspata) and Vilcabamba (then called Espíritu Pampa),which he named "Eromboni Pampa".[6] He did not correctly recognize Vilcabamba as the last capital,instead continuing onward and misidentifying Machu Picchu as the "Lost City of the Incas". Decades later,Bingham's oversight was rectified by the Andean explorer Vince Lee,whose detailed researches proved that Vilcabamba was indeed the Incas' last capital.
On July 24,1911,Melchor Arteaga led Bingham to Machu Picchu,which had been largely forgotten by everybody except the small number of people living in the immediately neighboring valley. In addition,Cusco explorers Enrique Palma,Gabino Sanchez,and Agustín Lizárraga are said to have reached the site in 1901. Two local missionaries,Thomas Payne and Stuart McNairn,are credited by descendants with having climbed to the ruins in 1906.[citation needed]
Bingham returned to Peru in 1912,1914,and 1915 with the support of Yale and the National Geographic Society. In Lost City of the Incas (1948),Bingham related how he came to believe that Machu Picchu housed a major religious shrine and served as a training center for religious leaders. Modern archaeological research has since determined that the site was not a religious center but a royal estate to which Inca leaders and their entourage repaired during the Andean summer.[7]
A key element of the expeditions' legacy are the collections of exotic animals,antiquities,and human skeletal remains. These objects introduced the modern world to a new view of ancient Peru and allowed 20th-century interpreters to interpret Machu Picchu as a "lost city" that Bingham "scientifically discovered". Bingham merged his reliance on prospecting by local huaqueros with the notion that science had a sovereign claim on all artifacts that might contribute to the accumulation of knowledge.[8]
Machu Picchu has become one of the major tourist attractions in South America. Bingham is recognized as the man who brought the site to world attention,although many others helped. The switchback-filled road that carries tourist buses to the site from the Urubamba River is called Carretera Hiram Bingham (the Hiram Bingham Highway).[9]
Bingham's book Lost City of the Incas became a bestseller upon its publication in 1948.[10]
Bingham has been cited as a possible inspiration for the film character Harry Steele,played by Charlton Heston in the 1954 film Secret of the Incas,which is about a fictional archaeological dig at Machu Picchu,and shot on location. The Steele character,and some scenarios in that film,subsequently inspired the film character Indiana Jones,and the 'Map room' scenario in Raiders of the Lost Ark.
Peru has long sought the return of the estimated 40,000 artifacts,including mummies,ceramics,and bones,that Bingham excavated and exported from Machu Picchu. He had been given permission through a decree by the Peruvian government. Peru had since argued that the objects were only loaned to Yale,not given.[11] On September 14,2007,an agreement was made between Yale University and the Peruvian government for the objects' return. On April 12,2008,the Peruvian government said it had revised previous estimates of 4,000 pieces up to 40,000.[12] In 2012 Yale University began returning thousands of these objects to Peru.[11]
An 1874 map shows the site of Machu Picchu.[14] Soon after Bingham announced the existence of Machu Picchu,others came forward claiming to have seen the city first,such as British missionary Thomas Payne and German engineer named J. M. von Hassel.[15] Recent discoveries have put forth a new claimant,a German named Augusto Berns[de] who bought land opposite the Machu Picchu mountain in the 1860s and tried to raise money from investors to plunder nearby Incan ruins.[citation needed]
Temple of the Three Windows,once featuring the inscription "A. Lizárraga 1902" left by Lizárraga,later erased by Bingham
In 1911,Bingham found the name Agustín Lizárraga and the date 1902 written in charcoal on one of the walls of the Temple of the Three Windows. Initially disappointed,he documented in his journal:"Agustín Lizárraga is discoverer of Machu Picchu and lives at San Miguel Bridge just before passing".[16]
Prior to the 19th and 20th centuries at least one conquistador,Baltasar de Ocampo,was known to have visited the site in the late 16th century. Ocampo left detailed notes on the richly carved and finely dressed stone lintels,among other notable features of the mountaintop palace.[17]
Marriage and family
Hiram Bingham painted by Mary Foote,sister of Harry Ward Foote,the Yale chemistry professor who was Bingham's companion on his trips to Peru
Bingham married Alfreda Mitchell,granddaughter of Charles L. Tiffany and his wife,on November 20,1900. They had seven sons together:Woodbridge (1901–1986) (professor),Hiram Bingham IV (1903–1988) (diplomat and World War II hero),Alfred Mitchell Bingham (1905–1998) (lawyer and author),Charles Tiffany (1906–1993) (physician),Brewster (1908–1995) (minister),Mitchell (1910–1994) (artist),and Jonathan Brewster Bingham (1914–1986) (Democratic Congressman).[18]
After a divorce he married Suzanne Carroll Hill in June 1937. His former wife,Alfreda Mitchell,married pianist Henry Gregor in August 1937.[19]
In 1982 Temple University Press published Char Miller's doctoral dissertation on the Bingham family titled Fathers and sons:The Bingham family and the American mission.
Military
Bingham achieved the rank of captain of the Connecticut National Guard in 1916. In 1917,he became an aviator and organized the United States Schools of Military Aeronautics at eight universities to provide ground school training for aviation cadets. He served the Aviation Section,U.S. Signal Corps and the Air Service,attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel. In Issoudun,France,Bingham commanded the Third Aviation Instruction Center,the Air Service's largest primary instruction and pursuit training school.[20] He became a supporter of the Air Service in their post-war quest for independence from the Army and supported that effort,in part,with the publication of his wartime experiences titled,An Explorer in the Air Service published in 1920 by Yale University Press.[21]
Politics
Hiram Bingham III at his desk in 1917
In 1922,Bingham was elected lieutenant governor of Connecticut,an office he held until 1924. In November 1924,he was elected governor.
On December 16,1924,Bingham was also elected as a Republican to serve in the United States Senate to fill a vacancy created by the suicide of Frank Bosworth Brandegee. Bingham defeated noted educator Hamilton Holt by a handy margin. Now both governor-elect and senator-elect,Bingham served as governor for one day (January 7–8,1925),the shortest term of any Connecticut governor,before resigning to take his Senate seat.[22]
Bingham was reelected to a full six-year Senate term in 1926.
He was Chairman of the Committee on Printing and then Chairman of the Committee on Territories and Insular Possessions. President Calvin Coolidge appointed Bingham to the President's Aircraft Board during his first term in the Senate;the press quickly dubbed the ex-explorer "The Flying Senator".
Bingham failed in his second reelection effort in the wake of the 1932 Democratic landslide following the start of the Great Depression. He left the Senate at the end of his second term in 1933.[23]
During World War II,Bingham lectured at several United States Navy training schools. In 1951 he was appointed Chairman of the Civil Service Commission Loyalty Review Board,an assignment he kept through 1953.
Censure in the Senate
The Senate Judiciary Subcommittee investigated an arrangement between Bingham,his clerk,and a lobbyist who agreed to pass information on to Bingham's office after executing a plan that was irregular "even by the standards of his day." Bingham took his clerk off duty,and paid his salary to the lobbyist,thus allowing him to attend as a Senate staffer to closed meetings of the Finance Committee's deliberations on tariff legislation.
The Judiciary Subcommittee initially condemned Bingham's scheme but recommended no formal Senate action. Subsequently,Bingham decided to label the subcommittee's inquiry a partisan witch hunt,provoking further Senate interest. Eventually the Senate passed a resolution of censure on November 4,1929,by a vote of 54 to 22.[24]
↑ Howard F. Cline, "Latin American History: Development of Its Study and Teaching in the United States Since 1898," in Latin American History: Essays on Its Study and Teaching, 1898–1965. Austin: University of Texas Press 1967, vol. 1, pp. 7–8.
↑ Hiram Bingham, "The Possibilities of South American History and Politics as a Field for Research", reprinted in Latin American History: Essays in Its Study and Teaching, section III "Pioneers, 1900–1918." Austin: University of Texas Press 1967, vol. 1, pp. 58–65.
Balm, Roger. "Discovery as autobiography: the Machu Picchu case." Terrae Incognitae 40.1 (2008): 102–113.
Bingham, Alfred M. "Raiders of the Lost City" American Heritage (1987) 38#5 pp 54–63.
Bingham, Alfred Mitchell. Explorer of Machu Picchu: Portrait of Hiram Bingham (Triune Books, 1989).
Gade, Daniel W. "Urubamba Ramble: Hiram Bingham (1875–1956) and His Artful Encounter with Machu Picchu." in Gade, "Spell of the Urubamba: Anthropogeographical Essays on an Andean Valley in Space and Time" (Springer, 2016) pp.239–272.
Hall, Amy Cox. "Collecting a “Lost City” for Science: Huaquero Vision and the Yale Peruvian Expeditions to Machu Picchu, 1911, 1912, and 1914–15." Ethnohistory 59.2 (2012): 293–321. online[dead link]
Rice, Mark. Making Machu Picchu: The Politics of Tourism in Twentieth-Century Peru (U of North Carolina Press, 2018). Online review.
Salvatore, Ricardo D. Disciplinary Conquest: US Scholars in South America, 1900–1945 (Duke University Press, 2016).
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