History of Native Americans in Washington, D.C.

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1929 photo of Native Americans at the White House, Washington, D.C. Native Americans at White House, Washington, D.C. LCCN2016889212.jpg
1929 photo of Native Americans at the White House, Washington, D.C.

The local history of Native Americans in Washington, D.C., dates back at least 4,000 years. [1]

Contents

Washington, D.C. is a central location for regulatory agencies, and advocacy organizations. Consequently, in recent history it has also become a central location for political protests related to Native Americans in the United States. [2]

Demographics

According to 2019 US Census Bureau estimates, D.C.'s population was 0.3% Native American and Alaskan Native. [3] Today, approximately 4,000 indigenous people live in Washington, D.C. [4] [5]

Early history

John Smith's 1624 map with a red circle to indicate the location of the Nacotchtank tribe, as indicated by Smith. Nacotchtank Location on John Smith's 1624 Map of Virginia.jpg
John Smith's 1624 map with a red circle to indicate the location of the Nacotchtank tribe, as indicated by Smith.

Archaeological evidence indicates that American Indians settled in the Washington, D.C., area at least 4,000 years ago, close to the Anacostia River. [2] Native inhabitants within the present-day District of Columbia included the Nacotchtank, at Anacostia, who were affiliated with the Conoy. [6]

Another village was located between Little Falls and Georgetown, [1] and there was a Nacotchtank village called Tohoga on the site of present-day Georgetown. [7]

The Nacotchtank were a trading people as they were established on fertile land with nearby rivers. [8] During his 1608 expedition, English explorer John Smith noted the prosperous Nacotchtank and their great supply of various resources. [9] The Nacotchtank were closely associated with the larger Piscataway Chiefdom of Maryland, whose Tayac (grand chief) ruled over a confederacy of area tribes. [10]

In 1650s, the Province of Maryland began to experience an economic boom with the great popularity and demand of one of its cash crops, tobacco. [11] This expansion necessitated vast areas of land being turned into tobacco plantations as the demand was exceedingly high. [11]

Anacostine Island, which has since been renamed to "Theodore Roosevelt Island" Marsh area, Theodore Roosevelt Island.jpg
Anacostine Island, which has since been renamed to "Theodore Roosevelt Island"

In 1663, Cecil Calvert, the second Lord of Baltimore, granted Thomas Dent an 850-acre tract of land named Gisborough on the Potomac River, which bordered the principal Nacotchtank village. [12] The colony, in such close proximity to the Nacotchtank, now had the leverage to begin encroaching on Nacotchtank territory. [11] Additionally, with the two groups now close to one another and in constant contact, the Europeans from Maryland introduced to the area a number of Eurasian infectious diseases to which the Nacotchtank had no immunity, including measles, cholera, and smallpox. [13] As a result, the Nacotchtank suffered a large population loss. [8]

In 1668, the Nacotchtank tribe, depopulated from Eurasian diseases, collectively relocated to Anacostine Island, which has since been renamed to "Theodore Roosevelt Island." [8] By this period, the population of local American Indians was only one-quarter of those that lived in the region prior to 1608. [14]

By the late 1690s, the population of Native Americans in the region had significantly reduced. [1]

Modern history

Today, approximately 4,000 indigenous people live in Washington, D.C. [4] [5] In recent years there have been efforts to bolster awareness, understanding, and education around the local history of indigenous peoples. The DC Native History Project was established to work with local tribe members to gain further understanding and recognition of the Anacostan heritage of the region, and to create an interactive map of Washington, D.C., with identified original village sites and the locations of artifact excavations. [15] [16]

In an effort to teach locals about their history and culture related to indigenous people, communities like the Rappahannock tribe host annual celebrations in the national parks. There are also a variety of cultural educational programs offered in the D.C. area regarding indigenous history. The DC Public Library curates a special collection pertaining to D.C.'s local tribal history and heritage. [16]

In 2019, the Council of the District of Columbia voted to replace Columbus Day with Indigenous Peoples' Day. [17] [18]

1923 photo of Calvin Coolidge with a Native American group at the White House Calvin Coolidge with Native American group at White House, Washington, D.C. LCCN2016892933.jpg
1923 photo of Calvin Coolidge with a Native American group at the White House

Several Washington, D.C., institutions include a land acknowledgement which states that they are located on the ancestral lands of the Nacotchtank (Anacostans) which is also close to the ancestral lands of the neighboring Piscataway and Pamunkey peoples. [5] [19] [20]

At a national scale, Washington, D.C., has become a central location for regulatory authorities, advocacy and interest groups, and political protests related to Native Americans in the United States. [21]

Since the early 1800s, Washington, D.C., has served as a significant focal point for indigenous peoples seeking to petition the government and enact legislative change at the federal level. [22] [23] D.C. has also hosted tribal nation leader delegations to the U.S. Congress and the White House. In recent years, the White House has also regularly hosted a White House Tribal Nations Summit and a Tribal Youth Summit. [24] [25]

Excavations in Washington, D.C.

Various excavations have been performed throughout Washington D.C., and identified specific sites in the area once inhabited by the Nacotchtank people. [11] [26]

President Gerald Ford surveying the construction site of the new White House Swimming Pool, c. 1975 President Ford Surveying the Construction Site of the New White House Swimming Pool - NARA - 12082683.jpg
President Gerald Ford surveying the construction site of the new White House Swimming Pool, c. 1975

Although the proximity of rivers was integral for the Nacotchtank, there is evidence of the Nacotchtank existence further inland. [26] During the 1975 construction of the White House swimming pool, analysis of the terrain that was dug up proved indigenous existence on the site, with findings such as quartzite points, a broken biface (hand axe), and fragments of broken pottery. [27] [28] [11]

In 1997, an excavation near the Whitehurst Freeway, which runs parallel to the Potomac River in Georgetown, gathered findings of a "hair comb, hammer stone, and pendants." [26] This land, upon which modern-day Georgetown is established, has been identified as the site for the Tohoga village. [29] [30] Tohoga was a trading village, with it being located along the river bank of the Potomac and thus permitting easy access for traders. [31]

The Nacotchtank had another village north of Garfield Park on what is now Capitol Hill. [26] The tribe used this land, which now houses the Supreme Court and Library of Congress, for agriculture, growing corn, beans, and squash. [26] [32] The Nacotchtank settled on this specific area as it was flat and much more suitable for agriculture than the uneven land bordering the rivers on which they were initially established. [32] The smooth terrain allowed the Nacotchtank to grow the large stores of corn that were appealing to European colonists. [9] [32]

Native American regulatory agencies based in Washington, D.C.

Native American advocacy organizations based in Washington, D.C.

Native American monuments and museums in Washington, D.C.

Sculpture of Kicking Bear by Glenn Brown, on Dumbarton Bridge Detail of Indian sculpted by A. Phimster Proctor from life mask of Chief Kicking Bear - Q Street Bridge, Spanning Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, Washington, DC.tiff
Sculpture of Kicking Bear by Glenn Brown, on Dumbarton Bridge

Though the Nacotchtank were absorbed by the Piscataway and relocated north, some aspects of Washington, D.C., are named after them. The river surrounding the eastern border of the city and the neighborhood in southeast D.C. are named "Anacostia" after the Latinized version of Nacotchtank. [45]

Built in 1910, the architecture of the Dumbarton Bridge pays "homage" to the indigenous people who once inhabited the Washington, D.C., area. Lining the bridge's sides are 56 busts of Tribal leader Kicking Bear, a long-time advocate for his people who served as a warrior, spiritual leader, and delegate elected by his community to represent tribal interests in D.C. [46] [47]

Chief Washakie (National Statuary Hall Collection statue) Chief Washakie1.JPG
Chief Washakie (National Statuary Hall Collection statue)

The United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., contains paintings, sculptures, and murals featuring various scenes of Indian history. Among the most notable of these are the statues of Native American historical leaders in the National Statuary Hall Collection. The statues in Emancipation Hall include: [48]

Established in 2004, the National Museum of the American Indian is a museum in Washington, D.C., devoted to the culture of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. It is part of the Smithsonian Institution group of museums and research centers. [49]

In 2020, The National Native American Veterans Memorial was opened on the grounds of the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. The memorial recognizes the "enduring and distinguished service of Native Americans in every branch of the US military." [50]

D.C. Native American protests

Native American March, June 27, 2003, Washington, D.C Million Native American March, June 27, 2003, Washington, D.C LCCN2011634006.tif
Native American March, June 27, 2003, Washington, D.C

1972 occupation of BIA headquarters

On November 3, 1972, a group of around 500 American Indians took over the BIA building, the culmination of their Trail of Broken Treaties walk. They intended to bring attention to American Indian issues, including their demands for renewed negotiation of treaties, enforcement of treaty rights and improvement in living standards. They occupied the Department of Interior headquarters from November 3 to 9, 1972. [51]

Longest Walk movement

Thousands of Native Americans have taken a 8,200 miles long walk from San Francisco, rallying at the National Mall for religious freedom for traditional American Indians and against laws considered anti-Indian by the native community.

Front of Indigenous Peoples Marchprocession, 2019 Front of march procession.jpg
Front of Indigenous Peoples March procession, 2019

Indigenous Peoples March

In 2019, the Indigenous Peoples Movement led the Indigenous Peoples March in Washington, D.C. The event included speeches, prayers, songs, and dance. Its goal was to draw attention to global injustices against indigenous peoples. [52]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Humphrey, Robert L.; Chambers, Mary Elizabeth (1977). Ancient Washington: American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley. George Washington University.
  2. 1 2 MacCord, Howard A. (1957). "Archeology of the Anacostia Valley of Washington, D.C. and Maryland". Journal of Washington Academy of Sciences. 47 (12).
  3. ↑ "Washington, D.C. Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
  4. 1 2 "QuickFacts: District of Columbia". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2017. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 Swearer, Mira. "Land Acknowledgment". Association of Research Libraries. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  6. ↑ McAtee, Waldo Lee (April 6, 2018). "A Sketch of the Natural History of the District of Columbia Together with an Indexed Edition of the U.S. Geological Survey's 1917 Map of Washington and Vicinity". Press of H.L. & J.B. McQueen, Incorporated. Retrieved April 6, 2018– via Google Books.
  7. ↑ Delany, Kevin (1971). A Walk Through Georgetown. Kevin Delany Publications.
  8. 1 2 3 Navarro, Meghan A. "Early Indian Life on Analostan Island | National Postal Museum". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
  9. 1 2 Mooney, James (1889). "Indian Tribes of the District of Columbia". American Anthropologist. The Aborigines of the District of Columbia and the Lower Potomac – A Symposium, under the Direction of the Vice President of Section D. 2 (3): 259. ISSN   0002-7294. JSTOR   658373 . Retrieved October 11, 2020.
  10. ↑ Herman, Doug (July 4, 2018). "American Indians of Washington, D.C., and the Chesapeake". American Association of Geographers. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "Before the White House". The White House Historical Association. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
  12. ↑ Castle, Guy (1953). "Gisborough as a Land Grant, Manor and Residence of the Dents, Addisons, Shaaffs and Youngs". Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. 53: 282–292. ISSN   0897-9049. JSTOR   40067680 . Retrieved October 18, 2020– via JSTOR.
  13. ↑ Tayac, Gabrielle; Schupman, Edwin. We Have a Story to Tell: Native Peoples of the Chesapeake Region (PDF). Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  14. ↑ "Native Peoples of Washington, DC (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
  15. ↑ "Once As It Once Was map of Washington, DC". onceasitwasdc.org. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  16. 1 2 "Native American Heritage Month". District of Columbia Public Library. October 28, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  17. ↑ "DC Council approves 'emergency' bill to rename Columbus Day 'Indigenous Peoples' Day'". Fox News. October 10, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  18. ↑ Elassar, Alaa (October 9, 2019). "DC Council votes to replace Columbus Day with Indigenous Peoples' Day". CNN. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  19. ↑ "Native American Land Acknowledgement". www.americanbar.org. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  20. ↑ "Land Acknowledgment | dcarts". dcarts.dc.gov. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  21. ↑ "Indigenous Tribes of Washington, D.C." About ALA. April 17, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  22. ↑ Steinhauer, Jason (March 27, 2015). "The Indians' Capital City: Native Histories of Washington, D.C. | Insights: Scholarly Work at the John W. Kluge Center". blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  23. ↑ McLaurin, Stewart D. "Trail of Tears to a Tribal Nations Summit: The White House's role in Native American history". USA TODAY. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  24. ↑ "White House Tribal Nations Summit | IGA". The White House. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  25. ↑ Pool, Press. "Announcing White House Tribal Youth Summit". ICT. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Hedgpeth, Dana. "A Native American tribe once called D.C. home. It's had no living members for centuries". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved October 11, 2020.
  27. ↑ Chambers, Mary Elizabeth; Humphrey, Robert L. (1985). "Ancient Washington: American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley". GW Washington Studies. 6: 31.
  28. ↑ Proudfit, Samuel Vincent (1889). "Ancient Village Sites and Aboriginal Workshops in the District of Columbia". American Anthropologist. The Aborigines of the District of Columbia and the Lower Potomac – A Symposium, under the Direction of the Vice President of Section D. 2 (3): 243. ISSN   0002-7294. JSTOR   658373 . Retrieved October 11, 2020– via JSTOR.
  29. ↑ Neill, Edward Duffield; Fleet, Henry (1871). The English colonization of America during the seventeenth century. London: Strahan. p. 227. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  30. ↑ Carr, Martha (1950). The District of Columbia; its rocks and their geologic history. Bulletin. p. 10. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Washington, D.C. – Foggy Bottom". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
  32. 1 2 3 Proudfit, Samuel Vincent (1889). "Ancient Village Sites and Aboriginal Workshops in the District of Columbia". American Anthropologist. The Aborigines of the District of Columbia and the Lower Potomac – A Symposium, under the Direction of the Vice President of Section D. 2 (3): 242. ISSN   0002-7294. JSTOR   658373 . Retrieved October 11, 2020– via JSTOR.
  33. ↑ Waldman, Carl; Braun, Molly (2009). Atlas of the North American Indian . Infobase Publishing. p.  236. ISBN   978-0-8160-6858-6. in 1806, an Office of Indian Trade was created within the War Department
  34. 1 2 "About Us | Indian Affairs". www.bia.gov. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  35. ↑ United States Statutes at Large, XVI, 40.
  36. ↑ "FG 173 (National Council on Indian Opportunity)". Archived from the original on March 31, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  37. ↑ Britten, Thomas A. (2014). The National Council on Indian Opportunity: Quiet Champion of Self-Determination. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN   9780826355003.
  38. ↑ "Embassy of Tribal Nations | NCAI". www.ncai.org. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  39. ↑ The Papers of the Society of American Indians. Edited by John W. Larner Jr. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1987. Ten reels of microfilm accompanied by a printed guide.
  40. ↑ Cowger, Thomas W. The National Congress of American Indians: The Founding Years. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
  41. ↑ "Mission & History | NCAI".
  42. ↑ "NABA-DC – Native American Bar Association D.C." Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  43. ↑ "Tribal Supreme Court Project Home." Archived November 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (retrieved on February 13, 2010)
  44. ↑ "History". Center for Native American Youth. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  45. ↑ Burr, Charles R. (1920). "A Brief History of Anacostia, Its Name, Origin and Progress". Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. 23: 168. ISSN   0897-9049. JSTOR   40067143 . Retrieved October 11, 2020– via JSTOR.
  46. ↑ Boucher, Jack E. (1993), 6. Southeast Elevation, Looking West — Q Street Bridge, Spanning Rock Creek & Potomac Parkway, Washington, District of Columbia, DC (photograph), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
  47. ↑ National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. "Historic American Engineering Record—Q Street Bridge (Dumbarton Bridge)—HAER No. DC-38" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
  48. ↑ "Native Americans in Art | Architect of the Capitol". www.aoc.gov. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  49. ↑ "Mission Statement | National Museum of the American Indian". nmai.si.edu. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  50. ↑ "National Native American Veterans Memorial". National Museum of the American Indian. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  51. ↑ Paul Smith and Robert Warrior, Like a Hurricane: The Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee, New York: The New Press, 1996.
  52. ↑ Massimo, Rick (January 16, 2019). "The Indigenous People's March: What you need to know". WTOP. Retrieved January 19, 2019.

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