| Holothuria flavomaculata | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Holothuroidea |
| Order: | Holothuriida |
| Family: | Holothuriidae |
| Genus: | Holothuria |
| Species: | H. flavomaculata |
| Binomial name | |
| Holothuria flavomaculata Semper, 1868 | |
Holothuriaflavomaculata, also known as the red snakefish, is a species of sea cucumber in the family Holothuriidae. The cucumber is found in the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and the South Pacific. [1]
The entire body is dark grey, bluish-black, brownish-red to black, with notable pinkish, orangy, or reddish tips to the many big papillae and yellowish tentacles—an elongated sea cucumber, rather huge. [2]
Holothuria flavomaculata were only seen at night, in contrast to other sea cucumbers found during the day or both during the night—average length: 35 cm; maximum length: 60 cm. [3] Most Holothuria genus have different eating period, although H.flavomaculata are continuously eating. [4] Promoting and creating sustainable management and conservation programs for Pohnpei State's natural resources has fallen to the recently founded non-governmental organization, the Conservation Society of Pohnpei (CSP). One of CSP's ongoing projects is creating a management plan and marine conservation area for Lenger Island. The development and implementation of a sustainable aquatic resource management plan, a sustainable terrestrial management plan, community-based management structures, alternative income-generating activities, public awareness, training, and education programs, and steps to increase community capacity to manage a conservation area are the objectives of the Lenger Island conservation program. The study involved the observation of fifteen different species of sea cucumbers, including Bohadschia argus, Stichopus chloronotus , Holothuria nobilis , H. horrens, Holothuria edulis , Holothuria fuscopunctata , H. flavomaculata, Thelenota ananas, Stichopus , Actinopyga palauensis , and Actinopyga miliaris. Their population density suggests that, at least on the reefs under study, previous commercial harvesting has not significantly depleted population stocks. It should be mentioned that most commercially essential species prefer environments absent from Pohnpei's coastal islands. [5]
They usually live in places covered in muck, sand, or coral debris and exist in water depths of 1 to 40 meters. [6]
This species is harvested commercially in Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu in the western central Pacific. [7]
The western central Pacific and the Indian Ocean, reported from the Federated States of Micronesia, New Caledonia, Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands, the Red Sea, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, China, the Philippines, Australia, and Clipperton Island to French Polynesia. [8]
Sea cucumbers are echinoderms from the class Holothuroidea. They are marine animals with a leathery skin and an elongated body containing a single, branched gonad. They are found on the sea floor worldwide. The number of known holothurian species worldwide is about 1,786, with the greatest number being in the Asia-Pacific region. Many of these are gathered for human consumption and some species are cultivated in aquaculture systems. The harvested product is variously referred to as trepang, namako, bêche-de-mer, or balate. Sea cucumbers serve a useful role in the marine ecosystem as they help recycle nutrients, breaking down detritus and other organic matter, after which bacteria can continue the decomposition process.
Isostichopus badionotus, also known as the chocolate chip cucumber or the cookie dough sea cucumber, is a species of sea cucumber in the family Stichopodidae. This common species is found in warm parts of the Atlantic Ocean.
Sea cucumbers are marine animals of the class Holothuroidea. They can be used as food, in fresh or dried form, in various cuisines. In some cultural contexts the sea cucumber is thought to have medicinal value.
Holothuriidae is a family of sea cucumbers, a type of echinoderm.
Holothuria mexicana, the donkey dung sea cucumber, is commonly found in the Caribbean and the Azores. It is a commercially important aspidochirote sea cucumber that can reach a total length of 50 cm (20 in).
Stichopus chloronotus is a species of sea cucumber. Common names include the greenfish sea cucumber, the spiky sea cucumber and the black knobby sea cucumber. It is native to the Indo-Pacific region. It has a wide range and is abundant and the IUCN lists it as being of "Least Concern".
Holothuria scabra, or sandfish, is a species of sea cucumber in the family Holothuriidae. It was placed in the subgenus Metriatyla by Rowe in 1969 and is the type species of the subgenus. Sandfish are harvested and processed into "beche-de-mer" and eaten in China and other Pacific coastal communities.
Sea cucumber stocks have been overexploited in the wild, resulting in incentives to grow them by aquaculture. Aquaculture means the sea cucumbers are farmed in contained areas where they can be cultured in a controlled manner. In China, sea cucumbers are cultured, along with prawns and some fish species, in integrated multi-trophic systems. In these systems, the sea cucumbers feed on the waste and feces from the other species. In this manner, what would otherwise be polluting byproducts from the culture of the other species become a valuable resource that is turned into a marketable product.
Chantal Conand is a French marine biologist and oceanographer.
Actinopyga echinites, commonly known as the brownfish or deep water redfish, is a species of sea cucumber in the family Holothuriidae. It is native to the tropical Indo-Pacific region and is harvested for food.
Actinopyga caerulea, the blue sea cucumber, is a species of sea cucumber in the family Holothuriidae. It is native to the tropical Western Indo-Pacific region and is harvested for food.
Actinopyga miliaris, commonly known as the hairy blackfish, is a species of sea cucumber in the family Holothuriidae. It is native to the tropical West Indo-Pacific region and is harvested for food.
Holothuria grisea, the gray sea cucumber, is a mid-sized coastal species of sea cucumber found in shallow tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Southern Brazil and West Africa. They have a variety in color and can range from red to more yellowish with brown markings. They are also a food source for local and international markets with the majority of harvesting taking place in Brazil. This species is currently not over-fished and is not endangered or threatened.
Thelenota anax is a species of sea cucumber mostly found in the tropical, South Pacific Ocean. It is also commonly known as the amber fish. Some other names for T. anax are black teatfish, blackfish, brownfish, chief sea cucumber, curryfish, elephant trunk cucumber, lollyfish, tripang, and white-teat sea cucumber. T. anax is found on sandy ocean bottoms and often have ectocommensal relationships. They are commonly fished commercially and exported because of their medicinal properties and large size.
Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis, the black teatfish, is a species of sea cucumber in the genus Holothuria. The cucumber is found in the tropical waters of the Indo-pacific ocean. It was first described by Emil Selenka in 1867.
Holothuria lessoni, the golden sandfish, is a species of sea cucumber in the genus Holothuria, subgenus Metriatyla. This sea cucumber inhabits the shallow waters of the Indo-Pacific Ocean, where it is found near islands and reef flats. It is highly sought after in commercial and subsistence fishing and the species threatened by overfishing.
Actinopyga varians, the Pacific white-spotted sea cucumber or Hawaiian sea cucumber, is a species of sea cucumber in the family Holothuriidae. It is found in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii and also in the Indo-Pacific Ocean.
Stichopus naso is a species of sea cucumber from the family Stichopodidae
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