Hong Kong Island (1998 constituency)

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Hong Kong Island
Former Geographical constituency
for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
HongKongIslandConstituency.svg
Boundary of Hong Kong Islandin Hong Kong
District Central and Western District
Wan Chai District
Eastern District
Southern District
Region Hong Kong Island
Population1,232,700 (2020) [1]
Electorate707,277 (2020) [2]
Former constituency
Created 1998
Abolished 2021
Number of membersFour (1998–2000)
Five (2000–2004)
Six (2004–2012)
Seven (2012–2016)
Six (2016–2021)
Created from Hong Kong Island Central,
Hong Kong Island West (1995),
Hong Kong Island South,
Hong Kong Island East (1995)
Replaced by Hong Kong Island West (2021),
Hong Kong Island East (2021)

The Hong Kong Island geographical constituency was one of the five geographical constituencies in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1998 to 2021. It was established in 1998 for the first SAR Legislative Council election and was abolished under the 2021 overhaul of the Hong Kong electoral system. In the 2016 Legislative Council election, it elected six members of the Legislative Council using the Hare quota of party-list proportional representation. The constituency covered all the four districts on the Hong Kong Island, namely, Central and Western, Eastern, Southern and Wan Chai. In 2020, it had 707,277 registered voters.

Contents

History

The single-constituency single-vote system was replaced by the party-list proportional representation system for the first SAR Legislative Council election designed by Beijing to reward the weaker pro-Beijing candidates and dilute the electoral strength of the majority pro-democrats. [3] Four seats were allocated to Hong Kong Island consisting the districts of Central and Western, Wan Chai, Eastern and Southern in 1998. The pro-Beijing Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) managed to win a seat with nearly 30 per cent of the total votes as a result, while the rest were taken by the pro-democrats.

In the 2000 Legislative Council election, the DAB gained one more seat with Choy So-yuk who had a strong base in the Hokkien community in North Point when an extra seat was added to the constituency, while Cyd Ho who ran in the New Territories East replaced Christine Loh who retired. However, DAB candidate Cheng Kai-nam soon gave up his seat after the election due to corruption allegations. [4] The vacancy was taken up by pro-democracy nonpartisan barrister Audrey Eu in the 2000 Hong Kong Island by-election.

In the 2004 Legislative Council election, Legislative Council President Rita Fan ran in Hong Kong Island when the number of the seats in the constituency increased to six seats and the Election Committee constituency was abolished. The pro-democrats launched the "1+1=4" strategy, aiming at winning two seats with each of the two tickets. However, the last minute emergency call by Martin Lee proved to a miscalculation, with his Democratic Party ticket receiving more votes than he needed, at the expense of the Eu–Ho ticket where Cyd Ho narrowly defeated by DAB's Choy So-yuk with 815 votes, less than 0.5 per cent of the vote share [5]

DAB chairman Ma Lik's death in 2007 triggered the 2007 Hong Kong Island by-election, where the pro-democracy and pro-Beijing camps each fielded former senior government officials against each other. Former Chief Secretary for Administration Anson Chan won the crowded-fielded pro-democracy primary, while former Secretary for Security Regina Ip who was the face of the 2003 Basic Law Article 23 legislation was supported by the pro-Beijing parties. Receiving wide attention, Anson Chan eventually beat Regina Ip with 55–43 vote share. [6]

The 2008 Legislative Council election saw veteran Democrats Martin Lee and Yeung Sum both stepping down from their offices, and were succeeded by veteran District Councillor Kam Nai-wai. The Democrats' dominance was eclipsed by the newly established Civic Party with Audrey Eu and Tanya Chan ticket who topped the popular votes. Former DAB chairman Jasper Tsang also switched from Kowloon West to Hong Kong Island and was later on elected the Legislative Council President, succeeding retiring Rita Fan. Regina Ip who was defeated less than a year ago also won a seat, while Cyd Ho made a comeback by regaining a seat. Over the 2012 constitutional reform package, the Civic Party launched the "Five Constituencies Referendum" and which each legislator of the five geographical constituencies resigned to trigger a de facto referendum on the reform proposal. Tanya Chan resigned from the office in January 2010 and re-elected in the May by-election with a low turnout due to the government and pro-Beijing boycott of the poll. [7]

The deal on the modified constitutional reform proposal struck by the moderate democrats and the Beijing authorities expanded the number of the geographical constituency seats from 30 to 35, where the seats in Hong Kong Island were increased to seven. To win an extra seat, the DAB launched an offensive strategy by splitting its ticket into two, led by Jasper Tsang and Christopher Cheung respectively. While its sister organisation Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) also fielded its ticket for the first time, led by veteran legislator Wong Kwok-hing. Civic Party's strategy of fielding a ticket consisting of Chan Ka-lok and Tanya Chan, hoping to win two seats with one ticket with Tanya Chan boosting the vote as a second candidate eventually failed, which split the pro-democracy votes with the radical People Power and benefited Wong Kwok-hing, while former legislator Sin Chung-kai retained a seat for the Democrats. The pro-Beijing camp as a result gained the majority of the seats for the first time with four seats against pro-democrats' three.

The constituency was reduced to six seats in the 2016 Legislative Council election due to the reapportionment. The seats were even split between the pro-democracy and pro-Beijing camps. Localist camp Demosistō chairman Nathan Law which gained his fame in the 2014 Occupy protests was elected alongside Tanya Chan of the Civic Party and Hui Chi-fung of the Democratic Party. While veteran Regina Ip of the New People's Party was re-elected with newly elected DAB's Horace Cheung and FTU's Kwok Wai-keung. Nathan Law was later disqualified from the office in July 2017 over this oath-taking manner. The vacancy was narrowly won by former Democrat Au Nok-hin in the 2018 Hong Kong Island by-election after Demosistō's Agnes Chow was barred from running. Au was later unseated by the court in December 2019, as the court viewed Chow's disqualification was unlawful. [8]

Return members

Below are all the members since the creation of the Hong Kong Island constituency. The number of seats allocated to Hong Kong Island has been increased from four to six between 1998 and 2016 due to the enlargement.

LegCo members for Hong Kong Island, 1998–2021
TermElectionMemberMemberMemberMemberMemberMemberMember
1st 1998 Martin Lee
(DP)
Cheng Kai-nam
(DAB)
Yeung Sum
(DP)
Christine Loh
(CP)
2nd 2000 Cyd Ho
(TF)
Choy So-yuk
(DAB)
2000 (b) Audrey Eu
(IndA45CP)
3rd 2004 Ma Lik
(DAB)
Rita Fan
(Ind)
2007 (b) Anson Chan
(Ind)
4th 2008 Tanya Chan
(CP)
Kam Nai-wai
(DP)
Cyd Ho
(CAULab/CAU)
Jasper Tsang
(DAB)
Regina Ip
(IndNPP)
Vacant
2010 (b) Tanya Chan
(CP)
5th 2012 Chan Ka-lok
(CP)
Christopher Chung
(DAB)
Sin Chung-kai
(DP)
Wong Kwok-hing
(FTU)
6th 2016 Tanya Chan
(CPInd)
Horace Cheung
(DAB)
Hui Chi-fung
(DP)
Nathan Law
(Demosistō)
Kwok Wai-keung
(FTU)
Seat
abolished
2018 (b) Au Nok-hin
(Ind)
Vacant
Vacant
Vacant

Summary of seats won

TermElectionDistribution
1st 1998
31
2nd 2000
32
3rd 2004
33
4th 2008
42
5th 2012
34
6th 2016
33
199820002004200820122016
Democratic 222111
DAB 122121
Citizens 1
Frontier 1
Civic 211
Civic Act-up 1
Labour 1
NPP 11
FTU 11
Demosisto 1
Independent 21
Pro-democracy333433
Pro-Beijing123243
Seats456676

Vote share summary

199820002004200820122016
Democratic 46.835.337.212.712.311.3
DAB 29.327.821.119.321.310.9
Citizens 12.8
Liberal 2.40.75.4
Frontier 10.010.4
New Forum 5.5
Civic 26.421.39.4
Civic Act-up 9.9
LSD 3.31.0
Labour 9.55.2
NPP 9.216.1
FTU 8.312.2
People Power 5.61.9
Demosisto 13.5
Civic Passion 6.0
Path of Democracy 2.6
Independent 8.721.431.327.96.210.8
Pro-democracy59.549.159.660.149.848.1
Pro-Beijing36.238.939.639.545.040.0

Election results

The constituency was set up in 1998 election when the largest remainder method (with Hare quota) of the proportional representative electoral system was introduced, replacing four single-member constituencies of the 1995 election. 4, 5, 6, and 7 members were returned from this constituency in the 1998, 2000, 2004 and 2012 elections respectively. No change of boundary had been made throughout since 1998.

2010s

2018 Hong Kong Island by-election [9]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Independent Au Nok-hin 137,181 50.70
NPP Judy Kapui Chan 127,63447.17
Nonpartisan Edward Yum Liang-hsien 3,5801.32
Nonpartisan Ng Dick-hay2,2020.81
Majority9,5473.53
Total valid votes270,597100.00
Rejected ballots2,377
Turnout 272,97443.80
Registered electors 623,273
Independent gain from Demosisto Swing
2016 LegCo Election Hong Kong Islan.svg
111111

Vote share

   NPP (16.13%)
   Demosisto (13.49%)
   FTU (12.20%)
   Democratic (11.29%)
   DAB (10.93%)
   Civic (9.40%)
   Civic Passion (5.99%)
   Labour (5.15%)
   Path of Democracy (2.66%)
   People Power (1.93%)
  Other (10.83%)
2016 Legislative Council election: Hong Kong Island
ListCandidatesVotesOf total (%)± from prev.
Quota 62,76316.67
NPP Regina Ip Lau Suk-yee
Judy Chan Ka-pui, Joey Lee Man-lung, Marcus Tse Tsz-kei, Larry Hung Lung-chuen, Gigi Wong Ching-chi
60,76016.13+6.97
Demosisto Nathan Law Kwun-chung 50,81813.49N/A
FTU Kwok Wai-keung
Ng Chau-pei, Stanely Ho Ngai-kam, Lui Hung-pan, Chan Wing-yan
45,92512.20+3.94
Democratic Hui Chi-fung
Sin Chung-kai
42,49911.29–0.97
DAB Cheung Kwok-kwan
Christopher Chung Shu-kun, Jacqueline Chung Ka-man, Ada Mak Tse How-ling, Eddie Ting Kong-ho, Dominic Wong Chi-chung
41,15210.93–11.66
Civic Tanya Chan
Cheng Tat-hung
35,4049.40–11.91
Nonpartisan Ricky Wong Wai-kay 33,3238.85N/A
Civic Passion Cheng Kam-mun, Bonix Chung Yuen-wun22,5555.99N/A
Labour Cyd Ho Sau-lan, Mak Tak-ching, Cheng Sze-lut19,3765.15–4.38
PoD Gary Wong Chi-him10,0282.66N/A
People Power Christopher Lau Gar-hung, Erica Yuen Mi-ming 7,2761.93–3.71
Nonpartisan Chim Pui-chung 2,5870.69N/A
Ind. democrat Paulus Johannes Zimmerman 2,5500.68N/A
Nonpartisan Shum Chee-chiu1,6540.44N/A
Nonpartisan Chui Chi-kin 6700.18N/A
Total valid votes376,577100.00
Rejected ballots4,753
Turnout 381,33060.74+5.61
Registered electors 627,804
2012 LegCo Election Hong Kong Island.svg
111121

Vote share

   Civic (21.31%)
   DAB (21.29%)
   Democratic (12.26%)
   Labour (9.53%)
   NPP (9.16%)
   FTU (8.26%)
   People Power (5.64%)
   Liberal (5.35%)
   LSD (0.96%)
  Other (6.24%)
2012 Legislative Council election: Hong Kong Island
ListCandidatesVotesOf total (%)± from prev.
Quota 47,25214.29
Civic Chan Ka-lok
Tanya Chan
70,47521.31
(14.29+7.02)
−5.09
Democratic Sin Chung-kai
Yeung Sum, Chai Man-hon, Cheng Lai-king, Leung Suk-ching, Hui Chi-fung
40,55812.26−0.44
DAB Jasper Tsang Yok-sing 36,51711.04−8.26
DAB Christopher Chung Shu-kun
Eddie Ting Kong-ho, Jennifer Chow Kit-bing, Kung Pak-cheung, Ngan Chun-lim, Kenny Lee Kwun-yee, Cheng Chi-sing
33,90110.25N/A
Labour Cyd Ho Sau-lan
Cheng Sze-lut, Chung Chung-fai
31,5239.53−0.37
NPP Regina Ip Lau Suk-yee
Wong Chor-fung, Tse Tsz-kei
30,2899.16−10.34
FTU Wong Kwok-hing
Pan Pey-chyou, Chu Ting-lok, Stanley Ho Ngai-kam, Chan Chi-hang
27,3368.26N/A
People Power Christopher Lau Gar-hung, Shiu Yeuk-yuen, Jeff Au Yeung Ying-kit18,6675.64N/A
Liberal Miriam Lau Kin-yee, Shiu Ka-fai, Lee Chun-keung17,6865.35+4.65
Independent Lo Wing-lok 16,9005.11−1.39
LSD Avery Ng Man-yuen 3,1690.96−2.34
Nonpartisan Hui Ching-on2,9800.90N/A
Independent Ng Wing-chun4220.13N/A
Nonpartisan Ho Kar-tai3430.10N/A
Total valid votes330,766100.00
Rejected ballots3,666
Turnout 334,43255.13+9.12
Registered electors 606,678
2010 Hong Kong Island by-election [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Civic Tanya Chan 103,564 94.97
Nonpartisan Tai Cheuk-yin 3,1442.88
Tertiary 2012 Leung Wing-ho2,7152.49
Nonpartisan Lee Chun-hung1,5421.41
Nonpartisan Wong Hing7990.73
Majority100,42092.09
Total valid votes111,764100.00
Rejected ballots3,409
Turnout 115,17318.49
Registered electors 622,756
Civic hold Swing

2000s

2008 LegCo Election Hong Kong Island.svg
12111

Vote share

   Civic (26.4%)
   DAB (19.3%)
   Democratic (12.7%)
   Civic Act-up (9.9%)
   LSD (3.3%)
   Liberal (0.7%)
  Other (27.7%)
2008 Legislative Council election: Hong Kong Island [11]
ListCandidatesVotesOf total (%)± from prev.
Quota 52,23816.67
Civic Tanya Chan, Audrey Eu Yuet-mee
Amy Yung Wing-sheung
82,60026.35
(16.67+9.68)
N/A
Independent Regina Ip Lau Suk-yee
Louis Shih Tai-cho, Wong Kin-hing, Ronald Chan Ngok-pang
61,07319.48
(16.67+2.82)
N/A
DAB Jasper Tsang Yok-sing
Choy So-yuk, Christopher Chung Shu-kun, Cheung Kwok-kwan, Chan Hok-fung, Kwok Wai-keung
60,41719.28
(16.67+2.61)
−1.80
Democratic Kam Nai-wai
Yeung Sum, Tsui Yuen-wa
39,80812.70−24.52
Civic Act-up Cyd Ho Sau-lan 30,8879.85N/A
Independent Lo Wing-lok 20,5236.55N/A
LSD Tsang Kin-shing 10,2023.25+1.75
Ind. democrat Joseph Lai Chi-keong 3,9551.26N/A
Liberal Lam Chui-lin, Wong Kam-chuen, Ngan Choi-chik2,1660.69N/A
Nonpartisan Myra Sophia Siu Man-wa1,7980.57N/A
Total valid votes313,429100.00
Rejected ballots1,441
Turnout 314,87050.17−7.45
Registered electors 627,657
2007 Hong Kong Island by-election [12]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Nonpartisan Anson Chan Fang 175,874 54.84
Nonpartisan Regina Ip Lau Suk-yee 137,55042.89
Nonpartisan Tandon Lai Chiang3,5181.10
Nonpartisan Ho Loy1,5930.50
Nonpartisan Ling Wai-wan8220.19
Nonpartisan Siu See-kong6130.19
Nonpartisan Lee Wing-kin4010.12
Nonpartisan Lau Yuk-shing3440.11
Majority38,32411.95
Total valid votes320,715100.00
Rejected ballots1,223
Turnout 321,93852.06
Registered electors 618,398
Nonpartisan gain from DAB Swing
2004 LegCo Election Hong Kong Island.svg
222

Vote share

   Democratic (37.2%)
   DAB (21.1%)
  Other (41.7%)
2004 Legislative Council election: Hong Kong Island [13]
ListCandidatesVotesOf total (%)± from prev.
Quota 59,01616.67
Democratic Yeung Sum, Martin Lee Chu-ming
Joseph Lai Chi-keong
131,78837.22
(16.67+16.67+3.88)
+1.91
DAB Ma Lik, Choy So-yuk
Christopher Chung Shu-kun, Yeung Wai-foon, Lee Yuen-kwong, Cheung Kwok-kwan
74,65921.08
(16.67+4.42)
−6.77
Independent (Frontier) Audrey Eu Yuet-mee
Cyd Ho Sau-lan
73,84420.85
(16.67+4.15)
N/A
Nonpartisan Rita Fan Hsu Lai-tai 65,66118.54N/A
Grass-root pro-democrats Tsang Kin-shing, Chung Chung-fai, Tang Chui-chung5,3131.50−2.29
Nonpartisan Kelvin Wong Kam-fai2,8300.80N/A
Total valid votes354,095100.00
Rejected ballots2,270
Turnout 356,36557.62+15.59
Registered electors 618,451
2000 Hong Kong Island by-election [14]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Independent Audrey Eu Yuet-mee 108,401 52.11
DAB Christopher Chung Shu-kun 78,28237.23
Independent Jennifer Chow Kit-bing 13,7176.59
Independent Paul Tse Wai-chun 5,0760.50
Independent Simon Lo Ching-cheung1,3170.25
Independent Shi Kai-biu1,2310.19
Majority30,11917.61
Total valid votes208,024100.00
Rejected ballots648
Turnout 208,67233.27
Registered electors 627,208
Independent gain from DAB Swing
122

Vote share

   Democratic (35.3%)
   DAB (27.8%)
   Frontier (10.0%)
   New Forum (5.5%)
  Other (21.4%)
2000 Legislative Council election: Hong Kong Island [15]
ListCandidatesVotesOf total (%)± from prev.
Quota 52,15820.00
Democratic Martin Lee Chu-ming, Yeung Sum
Kam Nai-wai, Joseph Lai Chi-keong, Cheng Lai-king
92,07435.31
(20.00+15.31)
−11.46
DAB Cheng Kai-nam, Choy So-yuk
Suen Kai-cheong, Christopher Chung Shu-kun, Yeung Wai-foon
72,61727.85
(20.00+7.85)
−1.52
Frontier Cyd Ho Sau-lan 25,9889.97N/A
Nonpartisan Fung Leung-lo15,4195.91N/A
Nonpartisan Jennifer Chow Kit-bing 14,5345.57+2.04
New Forum David Lan Hong-tsung, Fung Ho-keung, Chan Choi-hi, Regina Yeung Sum-yu14,3295.49N/A
Ind. democrat Tsang Kin-shing, Manuel Chan Tim-shing, Steve Chan Kwok-leung9,8963.79N/A
Nonpartisan Angel Leung On-kay6,9672.67N/A
Nonpartisan Paul Tse Wai-chun 6,3982.45N/A
Nonpartisan Allen Yung Chan-lung1,4340.55N/A
Nonpartisan Andrew Shuen Pak-man1,1320.43N/A
Total valid votes260,788100.00
Rejected ballots2,776
Turnout 263,56442.03−9.93
Registered electors 618,451

1990s

121

Vote share

   Democratic (46.8%)
   DAB (29.3%)
   Citizens (12.8%)
   Liberal (2.4%)
  Other (8.7%)
1998 Legislative Council election: Hong Kong Island [16]
ListCandidatesVotesOf total (%)± from prev.
Quota 76,90325.00
Democratic Martin Lee Chu-ming, Yeung Sum
Yuen Bun-keung, Chan Kwok-leung
143,84346.76
(25.00+21.76)
DAB Cheng Kai-nam
Ip Kwok-him, Suen Kai-cheong, Christopher Chung Shu-kun
90,18229.32
(25.00+4.32)
Citizens Christine Loh Kung-wai 39,25112.76
Independent Chong Chan-yau12,3774.02
Nonpartisan Jennifer Chow Kit-bing 10,9503.56
Liberal Ada Wong Ying-kay, Alice Tso Shing-yuk, Alice Lam Chui-lin7,8452.43
Nonpartisan Louis Leung Wing-on2,5880.84
Independent Li Hung9350.30
Total valid votes307,611100.00
Rejected ballots2,203
Turnout 309,81451.96
Registered electors 596,245

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The Fourth Legislative Council of Hong Kong was the fourth meeting of the legislative branch of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. The membership of the LegCo is based on the 2008 election. The term of the session is from 1 October 2008 to 30 September 2012, during the second half of the Donald Tsang's administration and first two months of the Leung Chun-ying's term in office. The meeting place was moved from the Legislative Council Building to the new built Legislative Council Complex in 2011. The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong remained the largest party with 10 seats. Notable newcomers to the Legislative Council included Regina Ip, Priscilla Leung, Wong Yuk-man, Tanya Chan, and Paul Tse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Hong Kong legislative election</span> Election in Hong Kong

The 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 4 September 2016 for the 6th Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo). A total of 70 members, 35 from geographical constituencies (GCs) and 35 from functional constituencies (FCs), were returned. The election came after the rejection of the 2016/2017 constitutional reform proposals which suggested the electoral method for the 2016 Legislative Council remains unchanged.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Hong Kong local elections</span>

The 2015 Hong Kong District Council elections were held on 22 November 2015. Elections were held to all 18 District Councils with returning 431 members from directly elected constituencies after all appointed seats had been abolished.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">November 2018 Kowloon West by-election</span>

The 2018 Kowloon West by-election was held on 25 November 2018 after the incumbent pro-democracy Legislative Councillor Lau Siu-lai of Kowloon West was disqualified from the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) after the oath-taking controversy resulted in the disqualifications of the six pro-democracy and localist legislators. It followed the by-election of four other vacated seats on 11 March 2018. Chan Hoi-yan, a nonpartisan backed by the pro-Beijing camp won over veteran democrat Lee Cheuk-yan of the Labour Party, a backup candidate for the pro-democracy camp after Lau's candidacy was disqualified.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">March 2018 Hong Kong by-elections</span>

The 2018 Hong Kong Legislative Council by-election was held on 11 March 2018 for four of the six vacancies in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) - the Hong Kong Island, Kowloon West and New Territories East geographical constituencies and the Architectural, Surveying, Planning and Landscape functional constituency - resulting from the disqualification of six pro-democrat and localist camp Legislative Council members over the 2016 oath-taking controversy. The by-election for the two other seats was not held due to pending legal appeals by the two disqualified legislators.

References

  1. "Number of Seats for the Geographical Constituencies" (PDF). Electoral Affairs Commission.
  2. "Voter Registration Statistics: Geographical Constituency". Registration and Electoral Office.
  3. Diamond, Larry; Myers, Ramon H. (2001). Elections and Democracy in Greater China. OUP Oxford. pp. 1985–6.
  4. "ICAC arrests Gary Cheng". South China Morning Post. 31 January 2001.
  5. "South China Morning Post, 14 September 2004". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  6. "Legislative Council HK Island Geographical Constituency By-election". Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007.
  7. "2010 LegCo By-election". Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  8. "Pro-democracy lawmakers Au Nok-hin and Gary Fan lose seats as Hong Kong's top court rejects election petition appeals". Hong Kong Free Press. 17 December 2019.
  9. "Election Result – Hong Kong Island". Electoral Affairs Commission.
  10. "2010 LegCo By-election". Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  11. "2008 Legislative Election". Electoral Affairs Commission. 8 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  12. "Legislative Council HK Island Geographical Constituency By-election". Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007.
  13. "2004 Legislative Election". Electoral Affairs Commission. 15 December 2004. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  14. "Legislative Council Hong Kong Island By-election". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  15. "Legislative Council Elections Results". Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  16. "Legco election overall result". Electoral Affairs Commission.

22°15′52″N114°11′14″E / 22.26444°N 114.18722°E / 22.26444; 114.18722