Related Research Articles
Martin David Kruskal was an American mathematician and physicist. He made fundamental contributions in many areas of mathematics and science, ranging from plasma physics to general relativity and from nonlinear analysis to asymptotic analysis. His most celebrated contribution was in the theory of solitons.
A field-reversed configuration (FRC) is a type of plasma device studied as a means of producing nuclear fusion. It confines a plasma on closed magnetic field lines without a central penetration. In an FRC, the plasma has the form of a self-stable torus, similar to a smoke ring.
Nicholas Constantine Christofilos was a Greek physicist. The Christofilos effect, a type of electromagnetic shielding, is named after him.
Hartland Sweet Snyder was an American physicist who, together with J. Robert Oppenheimer, showed how large stars would collapse to form black holes. This work modeled the gravitational collapse of a pressure-free homogeneous fluid sphere and found that it would be unable to communicate with the rest of the universe. This discovery was depicted in the movie Oppenheimer, where Snyder was portrayed by actor Rory Keane. Historian of physics David C. Cassidy assessed that this prediction of black holes might have won a Nobel Prize in Physics had the authors been alive in the 1990s when evidence was available.
A double layer is a structure in a plasma consisting of two parallel layers of opposite electrical charge. The sheets of charge, which are not necessarily planar, produce localised excursions of electric potential, resulting in a relatively strong electric field between the layers and weaker but more extensive compensating fields outside, which restore the global potential. Ions and electrons within the double layer are accelerated, decelerated, or deflected by the electric field, depending on their direction of motion.
John Myrick Dawson was an American computational physicist and the father of plasma-based acceleration techniques. Dawson earned his degrees in physics from the University of Maryland, College Park: a B.S. in 1952 and Ph.D. in 1957. His thesis "Distortion of Atoms and Molecules in Dense Media" was prepared under the guidance of Zaka Slawsky.
Padma Kant Shukla was a distinguished Professor and first International Chair of the Physics and Astronomy Department of Ruhr-University Bochum in Germany. He was also the director of the International Centre for Advanced Studies in Physical Sciences at Ruhr-University Bochum. He held a PhD in physics from Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, India and a second doctorate in Theoretical Plasma Physics from Umeå University in Sweden.
John Morgan Greene was an American theoretical physicist and applied mathematician, known for his work on solitons and plasma physics.
David Joseph Singh is a theoretical physicist who is a curators' professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. He was previously a corporate fellow at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).
Norman Rostoker was a Canadian plasma physicist known for being a pioneer in developing clean plasma-based fusion energy. He co-founded TAE Technologies in 1998 and held 27 U.S. Patents on plasma-based fusion accelerators.
Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal modes are nonlinear electrostatic waves that propagate in a collisionless plasma. They are nonlinear solutions to the Vlasov-Poisson system of equations in plasma physics, and are named after physicists Ira B. Bernstein, John M. Greene, and Martin D. Kruskal, who solved and published the exact solution for the one-dimensional unmagnetized case in 1957.
Guy Laval is a French physicist, professor at the École polytechnique and member of the French Academy of Sciences.
Nathaniel Joseph Fisch is an American plasma physicist known for pioneering the excitation of electric currents in plasmas using electromagnetic waves, which was then used in tokamak experiments. This contributed to an increased understanding of plasma wave–particle interactions in the field for which he was awarded the James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics in 2005 and the Hannes Alfvén Prize in 2015.
Ravindra Nath Sudan was an Indian-American electrical engineer and physicist who specialized in plasma physics. He was known for independently discovering the whistler instability in 1963, an instability which causes audible low-frequency radio waves to be emitted in the magnetosphere in the form of whistler waves. He also pioneered the study of the generation and propagation of intense ion beams, and contributed to theories of plasma instabilities and plasma turbulence.
John Holmes Malmberg was an American plasma physicist and a professor at the University of California, San Diego. He was known for making the first experimental measurements of Landau damping of plasma waves in 1964, as well as for his research on non-neutral plasmas and the development of the Penning–Malmberg trap.
Phillip A. Sprangle is an American physicist who specializes in the applications of plasma physics. He is known for his work involving the propagation of high-intensity laser beams in the atmosphere, the interaction of ultra-short laser pulses from high-power lasers with matter, nonlinear optics and nonlinear plasma physics, free electron lasers, and lasers in particle acceleration.
Malcolm Golby Haines was a British plasma physicist known for his research on Z-pinches. He was a Fellow of the American Physical Society and was co-awarded the 2005 Hannes Alfvén Prize.
In plasma physics, a burning plasma is a plasma that is heated primarily by fusion reactions involving thermal plasma ions. The Sun and similar stars are a burning plasma, and in 2020 the National Ignition Facility achieved a burning plasma in the laboratory. A closely related concept is that of an ignited plasma, in which all of the heating comes from fusion reactions.
Dominique Franck Escande is a French physicist. He is known for his research in plasma physics, thermonuclear fusion by magnetic confinement, hybrid fusion-fission reactors, Hamiltonian dynamics, and deterministic chaos.
A nonlinear dispersion relation (NDR) is a dispersion relation that assigns the correct phase velocity to a nonlinear wave structure. As an example of how diverse and intricate the underlying description can be, we deal with plane electrostatic wave structures which propagate with in a collisionless plasma. Such structures are ubiquitous, for example in the magnetosphere of the Earth, in fusion reactors or in the laboratory. Correct means that this must be done according to the governing equations, in this case the Vlasov-Poisson system, and the conditions prevailing in the plasma during the wave formation process. This means that special attention must be paid to the particle trapping processes acting on the resonant electrons and ions, which requires phase space analyses. Since the latter is stochastic, transient and rather filamentary in nature, the entire dynamic trapping process eludes mathematical treatment, so that it can be adequately taken into account “only” in the asymptotic, quiet regime of wave generation, when the structure is close to equilibrium.
References
- ↑ "Bernstein, Ira B." history.aip.org. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
- ↑ Bernstein, Ira B. (1958). "Waves in a Plasma in a Magnetic Field". Physical Review. 109 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.109.10. hdl: 2027/mdp.39015095022995 .
- ↑ Bernstein, I. B.; Frieman, E. A.; Kruskal, Martin David; Kulsrud, R. M.; Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan (1958). "An energy principle for hydromagnetic stability problems". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 244 (1236): 17–40. doi:10.1098/rspa.1958.0023. hdl: 2027/mdp.39015095022813 . S2CID 13304733.
- ↑ Bernstein, Ira B.; Greene, John M.; Kruskal, Martin D. (1957). "Exact Nonlinear Plasma Oscillations". Physical Review. 108 (3): 546–550. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.108.546. hdl: 2027/mdp.39015095115203 .
- ↑ Biographical data from Lisl Goodman: Death and the creative life: conversations with prominent artists and scientists, Springer 1981 and Burning Plasma: bringing a star to earth, National Research Council
- ↑ "Ira B. Bernstein | Faculty of Arts and Sciences". fas.yale.edu. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ↑ "APS awards Maxwell Prize to Bernstein". Physics Today. 36 (4): 70. August 28, 2008. doi:10.1063/1.2915598. ISSN 0031-9228.
- ↑ "Ira Bernstein". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
