Islam in Houston

Last updated
Islamic Society of Greater Houston (ISGH) headquarters (Eastside Main Center) ISGH Mosque in Upper Kirby.jpg
Islamic Society of Greater Houston (ISGH) headquarters (Eastside Main Center)

As of 2012, the city of Houston has the largest Muslim population in Texas and the largest Muslim population in the Southern United States. That year, Kate Shellnut of the Houston Chronicle wrote that "Some estimate that Muslims make up 1.2 percent of the city's population." [1] As of 2012 the estimated population of Muslims in Houston was around 63,000. As of today, there are over 209 mosques and storefront religious centers, with the largest being the Al-Noor Mosque (Mosque of Light) of the Al Noor Society of Greater Houston.

Contents

In 2007 Barbara Karkabi of the Houston Chronicle wrote that the Sunni and Shia Muslims "generally enjoy good relations in Houston." [2] The University of Houston has separate student organizations for Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims, the mostly-Sunni Muslim Students Association and the Shia Association of Muslim Students. [2]

As of 1990 the ISGH served as the main Sunni mosque system in Houston, [3] as in that year it had multiple branches there, [3] and as of 2000, most Sunni mosques in the city are a part of the ISGH.

Culturally, ISGH and the Al-Noor Islamic Society have different views on when to start Ramadan. The former uses the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) of starting it with the first sighting of the moon in North America while the latter strictly uses the first sighting of the moon in the local Houston area. [4]

History

Islamic Da'wah Center in Downtown Houston Old Houston National Bank Building.jpg
Islamic Da'wah Center in Downtown Houston

In the 1950s a group of Muslims began meeting at a barbershop. This group established Masjid Al-Islam, now the Masjid Warithuddeen Mohammed. [5]

In the 1970s a three-bedroom house in northern Houston was the only mosque in the city, and it served 30 families. Those families pooled funds and purchased a 1.5-acre (0.61 ha) plot of land in late 1980 so a mosque could be built there; the plot was near two major arteries. [6] At first the mosque was in a 1,500-square-foot (140 m2), three bedroom double-wide trailer, purchased for $43,000 ($159009.69 when accounting for inflation). [7] Five families donated money to pay for the down payment, with each family paying $1,500 ($5546.85 when accounting for inflation). Public fundraising dinners and anonymous donations provided the funds for the construction of the permanent Al-Noor mosque. [8]

In 1987 the Al-Noor Society was established. [9]

Madrasah Islamiah Masjid Noor in Greater Sharpstown HoustonMosqueNoor.jpg
Madrasah Islamiah Masjid Noor in Greater Sharpstown

The Alavi Foundation, a charitable Islamic foundation headquartered in New York City, purchased the property that would become the Islamic Education Center (IEC) for $1.1 million in 1988. [10]

By 2000 some Muslim Iranians who were opposed to fundamentalism in the mosques began attending Zoroastrian events. [11]

In 2009 the Federal Government of the United States attempted to seize over $500 million in assets from the Alavi Foundation, accusing the foundation of being a front for the Government of Iran. The IEC, including Al-Hadi School of Accelerative Learning, was among the assets. Houston-area Shia Muslims criticized the federal government's actions. [10]

In a period of several years before 2012, several new mosques had opened. In the same period, other mosques were expanded. [1]

On Friday February 13, 2015, a fire occurred at the Quba Islamic Institute, [12] located in southeast Houston. Houston Fire Department officials stated that they discovered an accelerant that was used in the fire. [13]

As of 2016, the growth of Islam in the area culminated with a predominantly ethnic background of South Asians, Middle Easterners, Africans, Turks, and Indonesians. [5] As of 2000, over 70% of the Muslims in Houston were of Pakistani origins. As of 2000 most established Muslim immigrants live in north and northwest Houston while most new Muslim immigrants live in Southwest Houston, in particular Alief. [6] As of 1990, the Iranian Shia in Houston primarily used the ISGH mosques for occasional needs including marriages and funerals. [3]

According to Hoda Badr, the author of "Al Noor Mosque: Strength Through Unity," from 1990 to 2000 many Arabs began to create their own mosques and Islamic schools separate from the ISGH due to disagreements over various issues including the language of the Friday sermons, the operations of Sunday schools and full-time schools, and the monetary distribution and collection. [14] In 2000 Badr wrote that Muslims "remain fragmented along ethnic lines" and this is mainly due to increased immigration. [15]

Around 2002 in Houston some Hispanics were converts to Islam. They said that many people mistake them to be of Pakistani or Middle Eastern origin because they are Muslim. [16]

Varieties of Islam

Shia Islam

There are many Shia mosques in Houston. Some of them are Al-Ghadeer, Al-Murtaza, IPF, IEC, Ahlulbayt, Dar-e-Abbas, and Ali Center. Houston also has one of the largest Juloos in the US organized by Pasban-e-Aza.{{https://www.alghadeer.org, https://prayersconnect.com/mosques/84073470-al-rasool-al-akram-masjid-islamic-propagation-foundation-houston-texas-united-states, https://iec-houston.org/, http://www.alicenterhouston.com/contact.asp, https://www.pasbaneaza.org/ /|date=May 2016}}

Ismailism

In the 1960s the first large numbers of Ismailis came to Houston to work in the Texas Medical Center. In 2002 there were about 15,000 Ismailis in the Houston area. [17] By 2020 there were about 40,000 Ismailis in the area. [18]

The Ismaili Jamatkhana and Center, which serves as the headquarters of the Ismaili Council for the United States, is located in Sugar Land, [19] along First Colony Boulevard, on a 11.5-acre (4.7 ha) plot of land. [17] The center, built for $10 million and designed by Indian architect Ramesh Khosla, opened in 2002. The Aga Khan, Governor of Texas Rick Perry, Mayor of Sugar Land David Wallace, and other politicians of the State of Texas attended the opening ceremony. [19] The center includes prayer rooms, a cultural center, a conference center, and a gallery of Ismaili art. [17]

In 2006, the Aga Khan Foundation purchased an 11-acre (4.5 ha) plot, including the Robinson Warehouse on Allen Parkway, in order to build an Ismaili Centre. The group planned to demolish the warehouse. The building, designed by Nimmons, Carr & Wright, opened in 1929 as the first Sears store in Houston, but Sears moved out in the 1930s. The Baylor College of Medicine used it temporarily in the 1930s. In the 1950s an individual with a storage business, Arthur Robinson, purchased it for that business. [20] In February 2019, Ismaili Muslims of the Aga Khan Development Network hired architect Farshid Moussavi to construct the Ismaili Center Houston.

The Ismailis annually run the Houston Partnership Walk in order to raise funds for antipoverty initiatives. [21] The Aga Khan Foundation Walk occurs annually as method of creating awareness and funding programs for developing nations around the world, especially in Asia and Africa. It is scheduled to open in 2024. [22]

Some Ismaili Muslims belong to the Dawoodi Bohra sect. Mariya Karimjee, a Bohra Muslim who lived in Houston, wrote that the Houston Bohris were more religious than those in Karachi, her city of origin. Karimjee also stated that "The entire Bohri community in Houston stuck together like glue" since the sect members she was acquainted with "all lived in the same neighborhoods, were concentrated in the same few public schools, and often interacted solely with other Bohris." [23] The Houston Bohri community increased in size during the post-September 11 attacks era. [23]

Ahmadiyya

Houston has an Ahmadiyya community with a mosque. [24] The mosque is located in northern Harris County. [25]

On Thursday, May 22, 2008, [26] Sheikh Najam Ali ran an advertisement in his newspaper, the Pakistan Times, that stated that the Ahmadiyya were Muslim and that announced an Ahmadiyya celebration. Because of the advertisement, several distribution sites removed his newspapers, several anonymous callers gave him death threats, and several advertisers cancelled their services. [27] In regards to the death threats, Jill Carroll of the Houston Chronicle wrote "Can we just resolve that we will resist death threats to people we don't like, or to people of whom we don't approve, especially in religious matters? Can we just say "no" to death threats or calls for people's death?" [28]

Nation of Islam

Throughout the area, Greater Houston has at least one Nation of Islam mosque. [29]

Individual mosques

There is one mosque in Downtown Houston, the Islamic Da'wah Center. It is located in a three story building built by Ross S. Sterling. Constructed in 1928, it formerly housed the Houston National Bank. The exterior is made of black granite and limestone. Richard Vara of the Houston Chronicle stated that the building's eight columns are "reminiscent of ancient Greek colonnaded architecture." [30] Gold leaf is used in the high-domed ceiling. Belgian, Portuguese, and Italian-imported marble is used in the interior. Hakeem Olajuwon purchased the building in 1994 so it could be made into a mosque. The treasurer of the facility, Hasan Tulbah, stated that the building initially needed major restoration. California artists did restoration work on the ceiling, which had received rain damage. [30] Both men and women pray on the first floor, with each gender praying in a separate area separated by a screen. The second-floor mezzanine area is used as a prayer area for women. The Islamic library is located in an open bank vault in the basement. The basement also houses a reception hall and kitchen. The building is used as a da'wah center, and Vara wrote that "The building is regarded by the Houston Muslim community as one of the nation's premiere worship centers." [30]

Katy Islamic Center, the largest mosque in Greater Katy, is located in unincorporated Harris County. Operated by the Muslim American Society (MAS), it occupies an 11-acre (4.5 ha) tract with a 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m2) mosque building that is two stories tall. [31] In September 2006 the Katy Islamic Society purchased the tract for $1.1 million ($1662528.89 according to inflation). Around that time some neighbors of the tract reacted negatively. Many cited concerns involving infrastructure such as traffic and drainage. One man threatened to hold pig races, involving animals considered to be forbidden in Islam. Another established a website that had a counter of terrorist attacks that occurred since the September 11 attacks. [32] Construction began in 2008 after MAS acquired the tract, and it opened on June 13, 2015. [31]

The Clear Lake Islamic Center Inc. (CLIC), established in 1996, is the largest mosque in the Clear Lake area. [33] [34]

Islamic Education Center in Houston IEC Houston facade.JPG
Islamic Education Center in Houston

The Islamic Education Center, in a former Hindu marketplace, [35] is one of the largest Shia mosques in Houston [36] and serves as a majority Shia institution in west Houston. It includes an affiliated in Islamic school, [2] the Al-Hadi School of Accelerative Learning, which opened on January 9, 1996. [37] The Islamic Education Center is owned by the Alvani Foundation. It has been found by the federal government to serve as an illegal funding machine for the Iran regime. [38]

The area's first Spanish-speaking mosque, the Centro Islámico, opened on January 30, 2016. It was the first Spanish-language mosque to open in the United States since the 2005 closure of the storefront mosque of the Alianza Islámica in New York City. The Houston mosque, decorated in a manner similar to that of the Mezquita de Córdoba, [39] is operated by the organization IslamInSpanish. [40]

The Baitus Samee Mosque in Houston's Northside area is also notable.

Other facilities

Of the religious madrassas in the area, as of 2011, the Madrasah Islamia was the first established and the largest. [41]

As of 2000, the sole Muslim funeral home in the State of Texas was located at Al-Noor, and it served Muslims from all of Texas and from several nearby states. As of that year, about 90% of the Houston-area funeral prayers are conducted at Al-Noor due to the location of the funeral home. As of 2000 there were no Muslim cemeteries in Houston, so the Muslims have a special section of a non-Muslim cemetery. [42]

Economy

As of 2014, the Houston area had about 50 halal-certified restaurants. [43] Houston has some restaurants which, during Ramadan, serve iftar meals to families who are too busy to cook. [44]

Politics

M.J. Khan was elected to District F of the Houston City Council, making him the first Muslim to gain a seat on the council. Houston's Muslim community supported his campaign. [45]

In 2021 Pakistani American Yasar Bashir became the first Muslim assistant chief of the Houston Police Department. [46]

Education

The Islamic schools operated by the Islamic Society of Greater Houston are the Darul Arqam Schools. [47] The Islamic Education Center operates the Al-Hadi School of Accelerative Learning. The Iman Academy is an independent Islamic school system.

LGBTQ affairs

In 2022 there were plans to open a mosque which caters to Houston's LGBT communities. [48]

Notable people

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isma'ilism</span> Branch of Shia Islam

Isma'ilism is a branch or sect of Shia Islam. The Isma'ili get their name from their acceptance of Imam Isma'il ibn Jafar as the appointed spiritual successor (imām) to Ja'far al-Sadiq, wherein they differ from the Twelver Shia, who accept Musa al-Kadhim, the younger brother of Isma'il, as the true Imām.

In Shia Islam, the Imamah is a doctrine which asserts that certain individuals from the lineage of the Islamic prophet Muhammad are to be accepted as leaders and guides of the ummah after the death of Muhammad. Imamah further says that Imams possess divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rashidun</span> First four caliphs following the death of Muhammad

The Rashidun are the first four caliphs who led the Muslim community following the death of Muhammad: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jama'at Khana</span> Term used by some Muslim communities for a place of gathering

Jamatkhana or Jamat Khana is an amalgamation derived from the Arabic word jama‘a (gathering) and the Persian word khana. It is a term used by some Muslim communities around the world, particularly sufi ones, to a place of gathering. Among some communities of Muslims, the term is often used interchangeably with the Arabic word musallah. The Nizārī Ismā'īlī community uses the term Jama'at Khana to denote their places of worship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khoja</span> Nizari Ismaili Shia Islamic community in India

The Khoja are a mainly Shia tribe of people originally from the western Indian subcontinent. Khojas once predominantly resided in India, Pakistan and eastern Africa but now form a global diaspora. They are known by many names such as the Lawatia in the Gulf and Karana in Madagascar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Singapore</span>

Islam constitutes the third largest religion in Singapore, with Muslims accounting for approximately 15.6% of the population, as indicated by the 2020 census. Predominantly, Singaporean Muslims are Sunni Muslims adhering to either the Shafi‘i or Hanafi schools of thought. The majority of the Muslim population, about 80%, are ethnic Malays, while 13% are of Indian descent. The remaining fraction comprises local Chinese, Eurasian, and Arab communities, in addition to foreign migrants. Buddhism and Christianity are the two larger religious affiliations in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Afghanistan</span>

Sunni Islam (Hanafi/Deobandi) is the largest and the state religion of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Islam in Afghanistan began to be practiced after the Arab Islamic conquest of Afghanistan from the 7th to the 10th centuries, with the last holdouts to conversion submitting in the late 19th century. It was generally accepted by local communities as a replacement of Zoroastrianism and Buddhism, local tribes began converting to the new religion. Islam is the official state religion of Afghanistan, with approximately 99.7% of the Afghan population being Muslim. Roughly 85% practice Sunni Islam, while around 10% are Shias. Most Shias belong to the Twelver branch and only a smaller number follow Ismailism.

The Jaʿfarī school, also known as the Jafarite school, Jaʿfarī fiqh or Ja'fari jurisprudence, is a prominent school of jurisprudence (fiqh) within Twelver and Ismaili Shia Islam, named after the sixth Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq. In Iran, Jaʽfari jurisprudence is enshrined in the constitution, shaping various aspects of governance, legislation, and judiciary in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Syria</span>

Several different denominations and sects of Islam are practised within Syria, whom collectively, constitute approximately 87% of the population and form a majority in most of the districts of the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Portugal</span>

Portugal is an overwhelmingly Christian majority country, with adherents of Islam being a small minority. According to the 2021 census, Muslims represent around 0.4% of the total population of the country. However, many centuries back, Islam was a major religion in the territory of modern-day Portugal, beginning with the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Today, due to secular nature of the Constitution of Portugal, Muslims are free to convert, practice their religion, and build mosques.

Shia Islam in Africa is the continent's second most widely professed sect of Islam behind Sunni Islam.

The History of Nizari Isma'ilism from the founding of Islam covers a period of over 1400 years. It begins with Muhammad's mission to restore to humanity the universality and knowledge of the oneness of the divine within the Abrahamic tradition, through the final message and what the Shia believe was the appointment of Ali as successor and guardian of that message with both the spiritual and temporal authority of Muhammad through the institution of the Imamate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shia Islam in Afghanistan</span> Islam in Afghanistan

Shia Islam in Afghanistan is practiced by a significant minority of the population. According to a PEW 2021 survey, 7% of Afghans followed Shia Islam, but other estimates have put the number as high as 35%. Afghanistan's Shia are primarily the Twelvers, while a minority are Ismailis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Hadi School of Accelerative Learning</span> School in Texas, USA

The Al-Hadi School of Accelerative Learning (AHS) is an Islamic primary and secondary school in Southwest Houston, Texas. The school is founded by Nasser Biria and is located on the premises of the Islamic Education Center of Greater Houston (IEC) of Houston, which also houses one of the largest mosques in Houston. According to Faheem Kazimi, the chairperson of the IEC, it is a Houston-area school that runs on tuition fees that comes from the students ranging to $5000. The school is near Westheimer Road.

The Imamate in Nizari Isma'ili doctrine is a concept in Nizari Isma'ilism which defines the political, religious and spiritual dimensions of authority concerning Islamic leadership over the nation of believers. The primary function of the Imamate is to establish an institution between an Imam who is present and living in the world and his following whereby each are granted rights and responsibilities.

Throughout its history the city of Houston, Texas has been religiously influenced by Protestant Christianity in the Bible Belt. Since the latter half of the 20th century, the Houston area has become home to many different religions in part to its large ethnic diversity, immigration, and refugee resettlement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic Society of Greater Houston</span> System of mosques in Greater Houston

The Islamic Society of Greater Houston (ISGH) is a system of mosques in Greater Houston. It is headquartered at the Eastside Main Center in Upper Kirby in Houston.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Pakistani Americans in Houston</span>

As of the 2010 U.S. Census the number of people in the Houston area of Pakistani origin was counted as 27,856. As of 2000, over 70% of the Muslims in Houston are Pakistani or Indian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shia Islam in the United Arab Emirates</span> Islam in the United Arab Emirates

Shia Islam is practiced by a minority of Muslims in the United Arab Emirates. It is also practiced among expatriate Muslim communities living in the country, most notably Iranians, as well as some Arabs, Pakistanis, Indians, and other nationalities. Non-Twelver Shia branches such as Ismailis and the Dawoodi Bohras are also present in the UAE and account for less than 5% of the total population. Shia nationals are concentrated in the city of Dubai, belonging mostly to the latest (1920s) wave of migrants who managed to obtain citizenship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ali Irsan</span> Jordanian-American convicted murderer

Ali Mahmood Awad Irsan is a Jordanian-American convicted murderer held on Texas death row. He was sentenced for the murders of Iranian-American activist Gelareh Bagherzadeh, a friend of one of his daughters; and his son-in-law, Coty Beavers, in Greater Houston.

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 Shellnutt, Kate. "U.S. sees rise of Islamic centers." Houston Chronicle . March 8, 2012. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 Karkabi, Barbara. "The two faces of Islam" (Archive). Houston Chronicle . February 24, 2007. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 Fischer and Abedi, p. 269.
  4. ↑ Dooley, Tara. "Ramadan starts today in Mideast, but not here." Houston Chronicle . October 4, 2005. Retrieved on May 4, 2014.
  5. 1 2 Barden-Smith, St. John (2016-10-23). "Temples of the gods: Houston's religious diversity reflects community". Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2018-07-12.
  6. 1 2 Badr, p. 193.
  7. ↑ Badr, p. 193-194.
  8. ↑ Badr, p. 194
  9. ↑ "About us" (Archive). Al-noor Islamic Society of Greater Houston. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.
  10. 1 2 Mendoza, Moises, Mary Flood and Lindsay Wise. "Muslims decry move to seize Houston mosque." Houston Chronicle . November 13, 2009. Retrieved on October 4, 2010.
  11. ↑ Rustomji, p. 249.
  12. ↑ Lezon, Dale and Brian Rogers. "Arson suspected in fire at Islamic center" (Archive) Houston Chronicle . February 13, 2015. Retrieved on February 15, 2015.
  13. ↑ "HFD: Accelerant used in SE Houston Islamic community fire" (Archive). KTRK-TV . Friday February 13, 2015. Retrieved on February 15, 2015.
  14. ↑ Badr, p. 207
  15. ↑ Badr, p. 205
  16. ↑ Dooley, Tara. "Muslims gain Hispanic converts," Houston Chronicle at The Victoria Advocate, 28 September 2002. 2D and 3D. Retrieved from Google Books (45-46 of 51) on November 9, 2011.
  17. 1 2 3 Dooley, Tara. "Muslim center opens soon in Sugar Land" (Archive). Houston Chronicle . Thursday June 20, 2002. Retrieved on January 8, 2016.
  18. ↑ Peyton, Lindsey (2020-11-13). "The spirit of service: How an Ismaili youth group is making a difference in the pandemic". Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  19. 1 2 Vara, Richard. "Ismaili Muslim center opens in Sugar Land." Houston Chronicle . June 24, 2002. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.
  20. ↑ Sarnoff, Nancy. "Sarnoff: History yields to present on Allen Parkway." Houston Chronicle . November 19, 2006. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.
  21. ↑ Lalani, Farah. "A Muslim Community Prepares for an Annual Tradition." Houston Chronicle . September 13, 2012. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.
  22. ↑ Cowen, Diane (2021-11-15). "Exclusive: America's first Ismaili Center will be architectural jewel for Houston". Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2021-12-18.
  23. 1 2 Karimjee, Mariya. "The Adventures of a Pakistani in Texas" (Archive). Narratively . Wednesday January 22, 2014. Retrieved on October 23, 2015.
  24. ↑ Carroll, Jill. "The “Mormons” of Islam." Houston Chronicle . June 9, 2008. Retrieved on May 14, 2014.
  25. ↑ Shauk, Zain. "Going door to door, Houston Muslims try to allay concerns." Houston Chronicle . October 1, 2010. Retrieved on May 14, 2014.
  26. ↑ "Houston papers disappear, editor threatened" (Archive). Committee to Protect Journalists. June 18, 2008. Retrieved on May 25, 2014.
  27. ↑ Patel, Purva. "Coverage of sect by Urdu weekly offends some Muslims." Houston Chronicle . June 21, 2008. Retrieved on May 25, 2014.
  28. ↑ Carroll, Jill (2008-06-25). "Just Say No to Death Threats". Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
  29. ↑ "The Nation of Islam – Muhammad Mosque No. 45". 2021-04-05. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  30. 1 2 3 Vara, Richard. "Building transformed from bank to mosque." Houston Chronicle . December 28, 2002. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.
  31. 1 2 Herrera, Sebastian (2015-06-16). "Long-awaited Islamic center celebrated in Katy". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2016-05-29.()
  32. ↑ "Houston suburb in dispute over mosque plan". NBC News. 2006-12-07. Archived from the original on 2016-05-23. Retrieved 2016-05-29.().
  33. ↑ Shellnutt, Kate. "Clear Lake mosque suffers two fires; Police investigate for arson Archived 2014-05-03 at the Wayback Machine ." Houston Chronicle . March 18, 2011. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.
  34. ↑ "About" (Archive). Clear Lake Islamic Center Inc. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.
  35. ↑ Jahani, Sahar (2014-01-24). "Halal in the Heartland". Narratively . Retrieved 2015-12-01.
  36. ↑ "US Govt move to seize 4 mosques, tower linked to Iran." Indian Express . Friday November 13, 2009. Retrieved on October 4, 2010.
  37. ↑ "Our History Archived 2010-08-23 at the Wayback Machine ." Al-Hadi School of Accelerative Learning. Retrieved on October 4, 2010.
  38. ↑ "Federal government wins right to seize Houston's Islamic Education Center". 30 June 2017.
  39. ↑ Schuessler, Ryan. "Latino Muslims at country's only Spanish-speaking mosque: 'Islam changed my life'" (Archive). The Guardian . Monday May 9, 2016. Retrieved on May 29, 2016.
  40. ↑ Cádiz, Antioneta. "Inauguran primer centro musulmán en español en Estados Unidos" (Archive). Univision . January 31, 2016. Retrieved on May 29, 2016.
  41. ↑ Ravat, Safiya. "Muslim-American youth carry on tradition of Islamic study." Houston Chronicle . June 2, 2011. Retrieved on June 5, 2011.
  42. ↑ Badr, p. 198.
  43. ↑ "America's Muslim Capitals." The Daily Beast . "#9, Houston, Texas Estimated Muslim population (percentage): 1.2 Total mosques (rank): 15 Number of halal restaurants: 50"
  44. ↑ Vuong, Mary. "Ramadan restaurants are second home to Muslims." Houston Chronicle . September 26, 2007. Retrieved on May 25, 2014.
  45. ↑ Dooley, Tara. "Khan inspires Muslims with election to council." Houston Chronicle . Saturday, December 13, 2003. Religion p. 1. NewsBank Record Number: 3716921. Available from the Houston Public Library website with a library card.
  46. ↑ Barned-Smith, St. John (2021-04-28). "Q&A with Yasar Bashir, Houston's first Muslim assistant police chief". Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2021-04-28.
  47. ↑ "Home Archived 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine " (Archive). Darul Arqam North. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.
  48. ↑ Justice, Tiffany (2022-06-03). "'We can still love each other,' first LGBTQIA+ Mosque to be opened in Houston". KRIV-TV . Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  49. ↑ Hegstrom, Edward (2004-08-15). "Making A Difference: Restaurateur lobbies on behalf of Muslims". Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2022-08-02. Since Sept. 11, many Muslim immigrants [...] important time to stand up and be heard.
  50. ↑ Malislow, Craig (2015-06-02). "Authorities Say Ali Irsan Stole Out of Greed and Murdered Out of Honor". Houston Press . Retrieved 2018-09-09. Ali Mahmood Awad Irsan was a native of Jordan who considered himself to be a devout Muslim.
  51. ↑ Rogers, Brian (2018-08-14). "Jury delivers death sentence for Jordanian immigrant convicted of two Houston-area 'honor killings'". Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2018-09-09.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.