There are an estimated 200,000 Muslims in Virginia in the United States as of 2008, according to the American Religious Identification Survey. [1] As of 2014, Virginia has the fourth highest Islamic population concentration in the United States. [2]
In the 1760s, future Governor of Virginia and U.S. President Thomas Jefferson purchased an English translation of the Quran while studying law. At the time, Muslims were alluded to in Virginia as "Mahometans," and while an estimated 20 percent of enslaved Africans were Muslim, [3] much of Virginia's citizenry at the time did not acknowledge that Muslims existed in America. [4]
Three years after the end of the Revolutionary War, Thomas Jefferson's 1779 "Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom", was passed by the Virginia General Assembly and became law in 1786. The new law guaranteed freedom of religion to people of all religious faiths, including Muslims. [5] [6] [7]
Virginia was one of the first states to formally recognize Muslims. Historian Peter Manseau wrote:
Muslims' presence [in the United States] is affirmed in documents dated more than a century before religious liberty became the law of the land, as in a Virginia statute of 1682 which referred to "negroes, moores, molatoes, and others, born of and in heathenish, idolatrous, pagan, and Mahometan parentage and country" who "heretofore and hereafter may be purchased, procured, or otherwise obtained, as slaves." [8]
Virginia resident and first U.S. President George Washington suggested for Muslims to "obtain proper relief" from a proposed Virginia bill that would levy taxes to subsidize Christian worship in the state. On another occasion, Washington declared that he would welcome "Mohometans" to his Virginia Mount Vernon estate if they were "good workmen." [9] Research indicates that some of Mount Vernon's enslaved workers in Virginia were practicing Muslims and adhered to Islamic tradition. [10]
While President, Thomas Jefferson also participated in an iftar with the Ambassador of Tunisia at his Virginia Monticello Estate in 1809. [11]
Beginning in the 20th century, Muslims have been a rapidly growing religious group throughout the state through immigration and remain a "major driver of Virginia's religious diversity." [12] [13] By the 1950s, some Muslims in Virginia became affiliated with the Nation of Islam, a Black-oriented form of Islam. [14]
Virginia has had many Muslim service members and veterans. By the 1970s, a cohort of the first Muslim cadets graduated from the Virginia Military Institute. [15] In the late 1970s, U.S. Marine Douglas Burpee was accepted into the Officers Candidates' School in Quantico, Virginia. By the end of his military service, Colonel Burpee was the highest-ranking Muslim in the U.S. Marine Corps. [16]
In 1992, Sharifa Alkhateeb founded the North American Council for Muslim Women in Fairfax, Virginia, and served as its first president. The organization was the first national organization of American Muslim women. [17]
The Al Madina School of Richmond opened in 1998. A private school in Chesterfield County, Virginia, it is the only Islamic school in the Richmond area. [18]
In 1998, there was widely publicized controversy over a proposal from the Saudi Government to build the Islamic Saudi Academy in Ashburn, Virginia. [19] [20] The Loudon County Board of Supervisors eventually voted 7–2 to approve the construction of the school. [21] [22] [23] The original academy closed in June 2016, [24] and the new King Abdullah Academy near Herndon opened in the Fall of 2016. [25]
As of the 2000s, Virginia is home to an estimated 200,000 Muslims, the majority of whom are concentrated in Northern Virginia and the Washington metropolitan area. [26] Virginia is home to numerous Islamic centers, [27] private schools (preschool, elementary, middle, high school), and mosques throughout the state. [22]
In 2000, The Peaceful Families Project was established in Northern Virginia and is among the first Muslim organizations working to end domestic violence in Muslim families and communities. [28]
In 2004, federal agents raided the Alexandria, Virginia satellite office of the World Assembly of Muslim Youth, long suspected of terrorism by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. [29] After the raid, the organization strongly denied any ties to terrorism and stated that the government had told them the probe was focused solely on "immigration issues". [30] The office was later permanently closed by order of the U.S. government. [31]
In 2004, University of Virginia graduate Humayun Khan of the U.S. Army's 201st Forward Support Battalion, 1st Infantry Division was killed by a car bomb, saving the lives of his fellow soldiers. [32] Khan's parents, Khizr and Ghazala Khan of Charlottesville, Virginia, later gained wide public recognition as a Muslim Gold Star family as they publicly addressed the immigration policies of President Donald Trump at the Democratic National Convention in 2016. [33]
In 2007, the Islamic Center of Richmond was established as a 501c(3) non-profit organization with a mission to "organize religious, educational, and charitable activities for the benefit of the Muslim community in Virginia." [34]
By percentage of the total population of counties or independent cities, Emporia, Virginia was reporting having the highest population of Muslims in the United States as of the 2010 census, with 28.99% of city residents being practicing Muslims. [35]
The University of Virginia also has an Islamic studies program within its Department of Religious Studies, which is focused on "the advanced study of Islamic intellectual history spanning fifteen-hundred years, with an emphasis on the medieval and early modern philosophical and religious traditions." [36] [37]
In 2014, Sam Rasoul was elected as the first Muslim member of the Virginia General Assembly, representing District 11 in the Virginia House of Delegates. [38]
The 2017 murder of Nabra Hassanen brought concerns regarding islamophobia in Virginia to the forefront, with many asserting it to be an anti-Muslim hate crime. [39] [40] Fairfax County police chief Edwin Roessler Jr. told the media that they had "absolutely no evidence" that the killing of Hassanen was a hate crime, [41] but members of Hassanen's community have questioned this conclusion. [42]
In the 2019 Virginia Senate election, Ghazala Hashmi was elected to represent Virginia's 10th Senate district, defeating incumbent Glen Sturtevant. She became the first Muslim elected to the Senate of Virginia. [43] She was sworn into office on January 8, 2020. [44] [45] [46] In the same election, Ibraheem Samirah was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, becoming its second Muslim member. [47]
In June 2020, Qasim Rashid was the first Muslim ever to win a congressional primary in Virginia, [48] becoming the Democratic nominee for Virginia's 1st congressional district in the 2020 election. [49]
In 2022, Governor of Virginia Glenn Youngkin visited a vandalized mosque on Eid al-Fitr to condemn anti-Muslim acts of violence and commit to partnership and further religious tolerance. He stated, "this is a moment for us to recognize across Virginia... that there is no place for religious persecution, there is no place for us to condemn people because of their faith. America was in fact founded on a basic principle of being able to express your religious beliefs." [50]
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A mosque, also called a masjid, is a place of worship for Muslims. The term usually refers to a covered building, but can be any place where Islamic prayers are performed, such as an outdoor courtyard.
Islamophobia is the irrational and unjustified fear of, hatred of, or prejudice against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general, especially when seen as a geopolitical force or a source of terrorism.
The persecution of Muslims has been recorded throughout the history of Islam, beginning with its founding by Muhammad in the 7th century.
Islam in Canada is a minority religion practised by approximately 5% of the population. A majority of Muslims are of immigrant backgrounds consisting a diverse range of ethnic groups. Muslims have lived in Canada since 1871 and the first mosque was established in 1938. Most Canadian Muslims are Sunni, while a significant minority are Shia.
Islam is the third largest religion in the United States (1%), behind Christianity and Judaism, and equaling the shares of Buddhism and Hinduism. A 2017 study estimated that 1.1% of the population of the United States are Muslim. In 2017, twenty states, mostly in the South and Midwest, reported Islam to be the largest non-Christian religion. In 2020, the U.S. Religion Census found there to be 4.45 million Muslim Americans, or roughly 1.3% of the population.
Islam constitutes the third largest religion in Singapore, with Muslims accounting for approximately 15.6% of the population, as indicated by the 2020 census. Predominantly, Singaporean Muslims are Sunni Muslims adhering to either the Shafi‘i or Hanafi schools of thought. The majority of the Muslim population, about 80%, are ethnic Malays, while 13% are of Indian descent. The remaining fraction comprises local Chinese, Eurasian, and Arab communities, in addition to foreign migrants. Buddhism and Christianity are the two larger religious affiliations in the country.
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Islam in Denmark, being the country's largest minority religion, plays a role in shaping its social and religious landscape. According to a 2020 analysis by Danish researcher Brian Arly Jacobsen, an estimated 256,000 people in Denmark — 4.4% of the population — were Muslim in January, 2020. The figure has been increasing for the last several decades due to multiple immigration waves involving economic migrants and asylum seekers. In 1980, an estimated 30,000 Muslims lived in Denmark, amounting to 0.6% of the population.
Barbados is an overwhelmingly Christian majority country, with Islam being a minority religion. Due to secular nature of the country's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. Statistics for Islam in Barbados estimate a Muslim population of over 4000, most of whom are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from the Indian state of Gujarat. A few immigrants from Guyana, Trinidad, South Asia, and the Middle East, as well as about 200 native-born persons, constitute the rest of the growing Muslim community, representing 1.50 percent of the population Close to 90 percent of all Barbadians are of African descent (Afro-Bajans), mostly descendants of the slave labourers on the sugar plantations. The remainder of the population includes groups of Europeans (Euro-Bajans), Asians, Bajan Hindus and Muslims, and an influential Middle Eastern (Arab-Bajans) group mainly of Syrian and Lebanese descent.
The Islamic Saudi Academy of Washington was an International Baccalaureate (IB) World university preparatory school in Northern Virginia, accredited with the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and authorized by IB in December 2008. It had classes from pre-kindergarten to twelfth grade, and had a final enrollment of more than 1,200 students. It was funded by the Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, DC. In 2011, ISA graduated its first international baccalaureate class. Four students received their full IB diploma and one of them was able to earn bilingual diploma. As of 2007, approximately 30% of the roughly 1,000 students were Saudi Arabian citizens. The school closed in 2016, replaced by the new King Abdullah Academy later that year.
Qamaruzzaman Azmi, also known as Allama Azmi, is an Indian Islamic scholar, philosopher and speaker. He is president of the World Islamic Mission. From 2011 to 2021, he was listed in The 500 Most Influential Muslims in the world by the Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought due to his efforts to build organisations and institutions, mosques, colleges, and universities for over five decades. He is the patron in chief of Sunni Dawat-e-Islami, an Islamic movement having branches around the world.
American Muslims often face Islamophobia and racialization due to stereotypes and generalizations ascribed to them. Due to this, Islamophobia is both a product of and a contributor to the United States' racial ideology, which is founded on socially constructed categories of profiled features, or how people seem.
Islamophobia in Canada refers to a set of discourses, behaviours and structures which express feelings of anxiety, fear, hostility and rejection towards Islam or Muslims in Canada.
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On June 18, 2017, Nabra Hassanen, a 17-year-old American girl from Reston, Virginia, was raped and murdered. The killer was Darwin Martinez Torres, an illegal immigrant from El Salvador who was 22 at the time. He was indicted for Hassanen's rape and murder and subsequently pleaded guilty to four counts of capital murder, three counts of rape, and one count of abduction. In March 2019, he was sentenced to eight consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole for the crimes. Police identified the murder as an apparent act of road rage, and not a hate crime.
The Al Noor Mosque is a Sunni mosque in the Christchurch suburb of Riccarton in New Zealand. It was built between 1983 and 1985 by the Muslim Association of Canterbury, an organisation founded in 1977 that also manages the mosque building. It was the primary target of the Christchurch mosque shootings of 15 March 2019.
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