Italian destroyer Corazziere (1909)

For other ships with the same name, see Italian destroyer Corazziere.

History
Italy
Name	Corazziere
Namesake	Cuirassier, a cavalryman equipped with a cuirass, sword, and pistols
Builder	Gio. Ansaldo & C., Genoa, Kingdom of Italy
Laid down	23 October 1905
Launched	11 December 1909
Completed	16 May 1910
Commissioned	1910
Stricken	1 June 1928
Fate	Scrapped
General characteristics [1]
Displacement	395–424 long tons (401–431 t)
Length	64.4 m (211 ft 3 in) wl 65.0 m (213 ft 3 in) oa
Beam	6.1 m (20 ft 0 in)
Draught	2.1 m (6 ft 11 in)
Propulsion	2 × Vertical triple-expansion steam engines 3× Thornycroft boilers 6,000  ihp (4,474 kW) As built: 95 t (93 long tons; 105 short tons) coal Later: 65 t (64 long tons; 72 short tons) fuel oil
Speed	28.5 knots (52.8 km/h; 32.8 mph)
Complement	55
Armament	4× 76 mm (3 in)/40 guns 3× 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes 10 mines

Corazziere ("Cuirassier") was a Soldato-class ("Soldier"-class) destroyer of the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy). Commissioned in 1910, she served in the Italo-Turkish War and World War I . She was stricken in 1928.

Design

Corazziere was powered by two sets of triple expansion steam engines fed by three Thornycroft water-tube boilers, producing an estimated 6,000 indicated horsepower (4,474  kW ) and driving two propeller shafts. As built, she could reach a maximum speed of 28.5 knots (52.8 km/h; 32.8 mph). Originally, she had a fuel capacity of 95 tonnes (93 long tons ) of coal, giving her a range of 1,500 nautical miles (2,800 km; 1,700 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) and 400 nautical miles (740 km; 460 mi) at 23.5 knots (43.5 km/h; 27.0 mph); she later was converted to burn fuel oil, with a fuel capacity of 65 tonnes (64 long tons ) of oil. She was fitted with four 76-millimetre (3 in)/40 calibre guns and three 450-millimetre (17.7 in) torpedo tubes. ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}

Construction and commissioning

Corazziere was laid down on 23 October 1905 at the Gio. Ansaldo & C. shipyard in Genoa, Italy. She was launched on 11 December 1909 and completed on 16 May 1910. ^[1] She was commissioned in 1910.

Service history

Italo-Turkish War

The Italo-Turkish War began on 29 September 1911 with the Kingdom of Italy′s declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire. At the time, Corazziere was in reserve at Taranto ^[5] . One of the first clashes of the war, the Battle of Preveza, began on the afternoon of 29 September, when a force of Italian ships engaged Ottoman torpedo boats off what was then the Ionian Sea of the Ottoman Empire.

Corazziere joined the battle on its second day when, according to some sources, she was operating off Igoumenitsa with other Italian ships on the morning of 30 September 1911 and the Italians sighted a force of Ottoman torpedo boats leaving the port of Preveza. When they reported the sighting to higher command, they received orders to let the torpedo boats move away from the coast and then, taking advantage of the greater speed of the Italian ships, close with them and sink them. ^[6] The Italian ships managed to surround the torpedo boats, which at that point attempted to escape at full steam towards the south instead of heading back toward Preveza. ^[6] The Italians found this suspicious, and while Corazziere and her sister ship Artigliere pursued the torpedo boats, the destroyer Alpino steamed north to conduct a reconnaissance of the approaches to Preveza, where she discovered steamers attempting to reach Prevenza while the Ottoman torpedo boats distracted the Italian ships, and she seized one of the steamers. ^{[6] [7]} Meanwhile, Corazziere and Artigliere closed with the Ottoman torpedo boats, which opened fire ineffectively. Corazziere and Artigliere returned fire, reducing the torpedo boats Alpagot ^[8] and Hamidiye ^[9] to wrecks and inducing an ammuniton magazine explosion aboard one of them. The two torpedo boats struggled back to port and sank there, and the two Italian destroyers rescued some members of their crews. ^[6] Those members of their crews who reached a nearby beach opened rifle fire on the two Italian destroyers, ^[7] which returned fire and silenced them. Other Ottoman torpedo boats that had been operating with Alpagot and Hamidiye returned safely to port. Meanwhile, Corazziere and Artigliere captured the armed yacht Teties (referred to as "Thetis" or "Tarabulus" in some sources); the yacht later was incorporated into the Regia Marina as the gunboat Capitano Verri. ^{[7] [10] [11]}

In a 1912 magazine article ^[12] and a 1913 book ^[13] based on contemporary sources, United States Navy Commodore W. H. Beehler offers a different version of the events of 30 September 1911. He states that an officer from Corazziere went ashore at Prevenza on the evening of 29 September 1911 and ascertained the positions at which Alpagot and Hamidiye were anchored, which he reported to Capitano di fregata (Frigate Captain) Guido Biscaretti di Ruffia, the commanding officer of Artigliere and a future ammiraglio di squadra (squadron admiral). Artigliere and Corazziere penetrated the harbor on the morning of 30 September, where they sank Alpagot and Hamidiye with gunfire while they were at anchor; all but one man from the two torpedo boats' crews escaped to shore. ^[13] Corazziere then made preparations to tow the armed yacht "Telied" away as a prize, and a "mob" on shore opened fire on her. She returned fire, silencing the mob and damaging the fort at Prevenza, which did not fire during the battle. The two destroyers then put back to sea with the yacht in tow, having fired 76 shells in an engagement lasting 45 minutes. ^[13]

The historian Charles Stephenson offers yet another version of events. According to him, the Italians decided not to attempt an incursion into the harbor at Preveza to attack the Ottoman torpedo boat Antalya, which had reached that port at the end of the first day of the battle on 29 September, ^[14] and instead proceeded to the waters off Igoumenitsa, ^{[lower-alpha 1]} where Alpagot and Hamidiye were anchored in the harbor. Corazziere, Alpino, and Artigliere then penetrated the harbor at Igoumenitsa on the morning of 30 September, where Artigliere and Corazziere sank Alpagot and Hamidiye with gunfire while they still were at anchor. Meanwhile, Alpino came alongside the armed yacht "Trablus," whose boilers were under repair. The yacht's crew opened her seacocks in an attempt to scuttle her and abandoned ship. Alpino sent a boarding party aboard the yacht and closed the seacocks to prevent her from sinking. The Alpino crewmen were cutting the yacht's mooring lines when civilians on shore opened fire on the boarding party, prompting Corazziere to bombard the town, silencing the civilian gunfire and damaging the fort at Igoumenitsa, which did not fire during the battle. Alpino then towed the yacht out of port. ^{[15] [16]}

The war ended on 18 October 1912 in an Italian victory.

World War I

World War I broke out in 1914, and Italy entered the war on the side of the Allies with its declaration of war on Austria-Hungary on 23 May 1915. At the time, Artigliere, under the command of Capitano di corvetta (Corvette Captain) Failla, was part of the 3rd Destroyer Squadron, based at Brindisi, which also included Artigliere and their sister ships Bersagliere, Garibaldino, and Lanciere. ^[17] In the predawn hours of 24 May 1915, Corazziere and Bersagliere entered the waters off Grado to support the raid on Porto Buso, an incursion by the destroyer Zeffiro against the Austro-Hungarian border outpost on the island of Porto Buso in the Grado Lagoon, a part of the larger Marano Lagoon. While Zeffiro attacked the island, Corazziere and Bersagliere guarded against interference by Austro-Hungarian Navy ships and bombarded Austro-Hungarian positions. ^[17]

On 29 May 1915 Artigliere, Bersagliere, Garibaldino, and Lanciere bombarded the Adria Werke chemical plant in Monfalcone, a production site for poison gases, while Corazziere, Alpino, and their sister ship Pontiere provided support. ^[17] The ships carried out another bombardment of the Adria Werke on 7 June 1915. ^[17]

On 23 February 1916, under the command of Capitano di corvetta (Corvette Captain) Bernotti, Corazziere joined Bersagliere and Garibaldino in escorting 12 steamers and two tugs to Durrës (known to the Italians as Durazzo) on the coast of the Principality of Albania. ^[17]

Corazziere continued her World War I service without participating in any other significant events. By late October 1918, Austria-Hungary had effectively disintegrated, and the Armistice of Villa Giusti, signed on 3 November 1918, went into effect on 4 November 1918 and brought hostilities between Austria-Hungary and the Allies to an end. World War I ended a week later with an armistice between the Allies and the German Empire on 11 November 1918.

Post-World War I

Corazziere was reclassified as a torpedo boat on 1 July 1921. She was stricken from the naval register on 1 June 1928 ^{[18] [3]} and subsequently scrapped.

Notes

1. Beehler states that the incident took place at Prevesa, not Igoumenitsa, ^[13] which is contradicted by Stephenson and as well as Bernd Langensiepen and Ahmet Güleryüz, who agree that it took place at Igoumenitsa. ^{[15] [16]} That Beehler makes no mention of Antalya in the engagement of 30 September 1911 suggests he is incorrect. ^[13]

References

Citations

1. Fraccaroli 1985, p. 268.
2. Fraccaroli 1970, p. 67.
3. Marina Militare (in Italian).
4. Soldati type 1st group destroyers (Artigliere, 1907 - 1910) - Regia Marina (Italy).
5. Beehler 1913, pp. 9–10.
6. "rassegnastampa.difesa.it" (PDF). February 2018. InternetArchiveBot.
7. La Guerra Italo Turca - Betasom - XI Gruppo Sommergibili Atlantici (in Italian).
8. "TDT Alpagot - Warships 1900-1950" (in Czech and English). Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
9. "Hamidiye - Warships 1900-1950" (in Czech and English). Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
10. anmi taranto Archived 10 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine .
11. Navi idrografiche - Italian hydrographic ships Archived 3 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine .
12. Beehler, W. H. (June 1912). "The Italian-Turkish War". Proceedings . Vol. 38/2/142. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute.
13. Beehler 1913, p. 22.
14. "TDT Antalya - Warships 1900-1950]". November 2017. InternetArchiveBot.
15. Stephenson, p. 54.
16. Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 15.
17. Favre, pp. 67, 70, 98, 172..
18. Fraccaroli 1985, p. 286.

Bibliography

• Beehler, W. H. (1913). The History of the Italian-Turkish War, September 29, 1911 to October 18, 1912 (PDF). Annapolis, Maryland: William H. Beehler. (reprinted from Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute with additions)
• Favre, Franco. La Marina nella Grande Guerra. Le operazioni navali, aeree, subacquee e terrestri in Adriatico (in Italian).
• Fraccaroli, Aldo (1970). Italian Warships of World War I. Ian Allan. p. 67. ISBN   0711001057.
• Fraccaroli, Aldo (1985). "Italy". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 252–290. ISBN   978-0-87021-907-8.
• Langensiepen, Bernd & Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN   978-0-85177-610-1.
• Stephenson, Charles (2014). A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–1912. Ticehurst: Tattered Flag Press. ISBN   978-0-9576892-2-0.