| Itatiaya | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Zoropsidae |
| Genus: | Itatiaya Mello-Leitão [1] |
| Type species | |
| Itatiaya modesta | |
| Species | |
8, see text | |
Itatiaya is a genus of spiders in the family Zoropsidae. It was first described in 1915 by Mello-Leitão. As of 2017 [update] , it contains 8 species, all found in Brazil. [1]
Itatiaya comprises the following species: [1]
Anyphaenidae is a family of araneomorph spiders, sometimes called anyphaenid sac spiders. They are distinguished from the sac spiders of the family Clubionidae and other spiders by having the abdominal spiracle placed one third to one half of the way anterior to the spinnerets toward the epigastric furrow on the underside of the abdomen. In most spiders the spiracle is just anterior to the spinnerets. Like clubionids, anyphaenids have eight eyes arranged in two rows, conical anterior spinnerets and are wandering predators that build silken retreats, or sacs, usually on plant terminals, between leaves, under bark or under rocks. There are more than 600 species in over 50 genera worldwide.
Tengellidae is a former family of spiders that has been merged into the family Zoropsidae. Genera formerly placed in Tengellidae now in Zoropsidae include:
Wandering spiders (Ctenidae) are a family of spiders that includes the Brazilian wandering spiders. These spiders have a distinctive longitudinal groove on the top-rear of their oval carapace similar to those of the Amaurobiidae. They are highly defensive and venomous nocturnal hunters. Wandering spiders are known to hunt large prey, for example hylid species Dendropsophus branneri. Despite their notoriety for being dangerous, only a few members of Phoneutria have venom known to be hazardous to humans, but the venoms of this family are poorly known, so all larger ctenids should be treated with caution.
Aysha is a genus of anyphaenid sac spiders first described by Eugen von Keyserling in 1891. They are often called "sac spiders" because of the dwellings that they create for themselves to take shelter in. As is true with most other spiders, the pedipalps of the males are much larger than those of the females. They are found throughout South America up to Panama.
Zoropsidae, also known as false wolf spiders for their physical similarity to wolf spiders, is a family of cribellate araneomorph spiders first described by Philipp Bertkau in 1882. They can be distinguished from wolf spiders by their two rows of eyes that are more equal in size than those of Lycosidae.
Breda is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by George Peckham & Elizabeth Peckham in 1894.
Pamphobeteus is a genus of tarantulas that was first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1901. It includes some of the largest spiders in the world. They are found in South America, including the countries of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia and Panama.
Ctenus is a genus of wandering spiders first described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1805. It is widely distributed, from South America through Africa to East Asia. Little is known about the toxic potential of the genus Ctenus; however, Ctenus medius has been shown to share some toxic properties with Phoneutria nigriventer, such as proteolytic, hyaluronidase and phospholipase activities, in addition to producing hyperalgesia and edema. The venom of C. medius also interferes with the complement system in concentrations in which the venom of P. nigriventer is inactive, indicating that some species in the genus may have a medically significant venom. The venom of C. medius interferes with the complement component 3 (C3) of the complement system; it affects the central factor of the cascades of the complement, and interferes with the lytic activity of this system, which causes stronger activation and consumption of the complement components. Unlike C. medius, the venom of P. nigriventer does not interfere with lytic activity.
Stenoterommata is a genus of South American araneomorph spiders in the family Pycnothelidae. It was first described by E. L. Holmberg in 1881. Originally placed with the Ctenizidae, it was transferred to the funnel-web trapdoor spiders in 1985, then to the Pycnothelidae in 2020. It is a senior synonym of Ctenochelus.
Neodiplothele is a genus of South American brushed trapdoor spiders first described by Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão in 1917.
Attacobius is a genus of South American corinnid sac spiders first described by Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão in 1925.
Centroctenus is a genus of South American wandering spiders first described by Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão in 1929.
Gephyroctenus is a genus of South American wandering spiders first described by Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão in 1936.
Isoctenus is a genus of South American wandering spiders first described by Philipp Bertkau in 1880.
Jessica is a genus of South American anyphaenid sac spiders first described by Antônio Domingos Brescovit in 1997.
Guasuctenus is a small genus of South American wandering spiders first described by D. Polotow and Antônio Domingos Brescovit in 2019. As of November 2021 it contains only two species: G. longipes and G. vittatissimus. The type species was originally described under the name "Ctenus griseus.