J-1 visa

Last updated
J-1 visa of the United States in exchange student's passport from Thailand Usa j1 visa.jpg
J-1 visa of the United States in exchange student's passport from Thailand

A J-1 visa is a non-immigrant visa issued by the United States to research scholars, professors and exchange visitors participating in programs that promote cultural exchange, especially to obtain medical or business training within the U.S. All applicants must meet eligibility criteria, English language requirements, and be sponsored either by a university, private sector or government program. J-1 visa holders must return home for two years following visa expiration so they impart cultural knowledge learned in the United States. [1] In 2022, the State Department issued 284,486 J-1 visas, with a visa approval rate of 88.8%. [2] Between 2001 and 2021, there were 6,178,355 J-1 visas issued by the State Department. [3] In 2023, there were 4,209 J-1 visa sponsors. [4] Certain J-1 categories saw increased percentage increase in visas between 2021 and 2022. For example, The J-1 Visa for Summer Work/Travel increased 134% from 39,647 to 92,619. [5] J-1 Teachers increased 467% from 719 to 4,076. Interns increased 212% from 5,402 to 16,833. [5]

Contents

J-1 Categories

Different categories exist within the J-1 program, each defining the purpose or type of exchange. While most J-1 categories are explicitly named in the federal regulations governing the J-1 program, others have been inferred from the regulatory language. [6]

J-1 Programs [7] [8] [4] [9] [10] [11] [5] [12]
J-1 CategoryLength of StaySponsors2022 Numbers
Student, Secondary School One to Two Academic Semesters7018,921
Au pair Twelve Months1421,449
Camp Counselor (summer camp)Four Months2621,810
Intern Three Weeks to One Year9616,833
Summer Work/TravelFour Months3792,619
Teacher Three Years674,076
Alien Physician Seven Years13,302
Trainee Three Weeks to Eighteen Months9310,612
College StudentDuration of Study81636,532
Professor Three Weeks to Five Years2801659
Research ScholarThree Weeks to Five Years86824,331
Short-Term ScholarSix Months84712,452
SpecialistThree Weeks to One Year4351,802
Government Visitor292,786
International Visitor184,599

Visa Requirements

Category Requirement

Visa Process

For potential J-1 visa applicants, the first step is to locate and contact a designated sponsor. [20] The State Department provides the list of designated sponsors. [4]

Visa Interview

Most visa applicants are required to interview with the U.S Embassy or Consulate. If the applicant is younger than 13 or is older than 80, an interview is "generally not required". [21]

These are the documents required for someone's J-1 visa interview.

Reporting

J-1 visa sponsors are required to monitor the progress and welfare of their participants. The J-1 visa sponsors should ensure that the participants' activities are consistent with the program category identified on the participants' Form DS-2019. Sponsors are also to require their participants to provide current contact (address and telephone number) information and to maintain this information in their files.

All exchange visitor applicants must have a SEVIS-generated DS-2019 issued by a DOS designated sponsor, which they submit when they are applying for their exchange visitor visa. The consular officer verifies the DS-2019 record electronically through the SEVIS system in order to process your exchange visitor visa application to conclusion. Unless otherwise exempt, exchange visitor applicants must pay a SEVIS I-901 Fee to DHS for each individual program.

Electronic records on J-1 visitors and their dependents are maintained in Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) of the Student and Exchange Visitor Program by their program sponsor. J-1 visitors must report certain information, such as a change in legal name or a change of address, within 10 days. Failure is considered a violation of the J-1 visitor's immigration status and may result in the termination of the visitor's exchange program.

Taxation

Taxation of income earned by J-1 visitors varies according to the specific category the visitor was admitted under; the visitor's country of origin; and the duration of the visitor's stay in the United States. J-1 visa holders are exempt from paying Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) taxes (for Social Security and Medicare) when they are nonresident aliens for tax purposes, which is usually the first five calendar years if they are categorized as students, or the first two calendar years if they are categorized as teachers or trainees. However, they are subjected to other applicable federal, state, and local taxes. People on J-1 filing their federal income taxes who have been in the United States for five years or fewer (for students) or two years or fewer (for teachers and trainees) need to use the non-resident 1040-NR tax forms. Some J-1 visa holders may be eligible for certain tax treaty provisions based on their country of origin.

Employers who hire J-1 visitors may also save on payroll taxes. J-1 visitors do not pay Social Security, Medicare or Federal Unemployment taxes, employers do not have to match these taxes. A typical employer who hires 5 Work/Travel J-1 visitors and pays $8/hour each may save over $2317 in a typical 4-months season. [22]

Mandatory Home Residence

Many persons in the United States on J-1 visa are subject to the two-year home residency requirement found in Section 212(e) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. Under the Section 212(e), before a person on a J-1 visa with the two-year home residency requirement can obtain H, K, or L visas, obtain U.S. permanent resident status, or change nonimmigrant status inside the US, the J-1 person must either return to the country of last residence for two years or obtain a waiver of the two-year home residency requirement.

Upon their departure from the United States, many J-1 visa holders are required to complete a mandatory two-year home-country physical presence prior to re-entry into the United States under dual intent visas, such as H-1B. [6] This applies for those whose exchange program was funded by either their government or the U.S. government, involves specialized knowledge or skills deemed necessary by their home country or if they received graduate medical training. [23] The two-year stay can be served in several intervals. [24] This mandatory two-year home-country stay can be waived under the following conditions: [25]

For the No Objection Statement J-1 waiver, the exchange visitor's home country government should issue a No Objection Statement (NOS) through its embassy in Washington, DC directly to the Waiver Review Division that it has no objection to the exchange visitor not returning to the home country to satisfy the INA 212(e) two-year foreign residence requirement, and does not object to the possibility of the exchange visitor becoming a resident of the United States.

Conclusion of J-1 Visa Exchange

J-1 visitors may remain in the United States until the end of their exchange program, as specified on form DS-2019. Once a J-1 visitor's program ends, he or she may remain in the United States for an additional 30 days, often referred to as a "grace period", in order to prepare for departure from the country. [26]

The minimal and the maximal duration of stay are determined by the specific J-1 category under which an exchange visitor is admitted into the United States. [6]

As with other non-immigrant visas, a J-1 visa holder and his or her dependents are required to leave the United States at the end of the duration of stay. After departure, J-1 visa holders must complete a mandatory two-year home-country stay (unless the U.S. government grants an exemption).

J-1 Visa Physicians

An important category within the J-1 visa program is alien physicians. Between 2018 and 2022, 15,003 new foreign physicians were brought on a J-1 visa. In 2021, there were 13,189 physicians on sponsored J-1 visas, a 57% increase from a decade prior. [27] The states with the highest number of J-1 visa physicians are New York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. [28]

In 2022, there were 3,302 new exchange visitor alien physicians. [29] The top U.S. destination was New York with 663, Pennsylvania with 263, and Michigan with 245. [30] The top three sending countries were Canada (736), India (577), and Pakistan (314). [30] Fields with high numbers of J-1 visa physicians include general surgery, anesthesiology, and psychiatry. [31] 52% of J-1 visa physicians practice general medicine, while 10% are in pediatrics and 7% are in family medicine. [32]

History

Between 1952 and 1978, 226 organizations sponsored alien physicians to the United States. [31]

The enactment of the Health Professionals Educational Assistance Act (HPEA) of 1976 made the J-1 visa the dominant way to enter the United States.

In 1979, the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) became the sole sponsor for J-1 visa physicians. Between 1979 and 1996, alien physicians arriving in the United States came solely on J-1 visas. After this period, hospitals willing to sponsor foreign physicians on an H-1B visa became an option. [31]

Requirements

J-1 visa physicians must have an ECFMG certificate to participate in U.S. clinical training. [31] These physicians must reapply every year for their J-1 visa. [33] A prospective physician must have completed the National Board of Medical Examiners Examination Parts I and II, the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination Step I and Step II, or the Visa Qualifying Examination (VQE). [34]

The maximum amount of time that a J-1 visa physician can stay in the United States is seven years. [1]

J-1 Visa Physicians 2018-2022
YearNumber of New J-1 Alien PhysiciansSource
20223,302 [29]
20213,193 [35]
20202,858 [36]
20192,912 [36]
20182,738 [37]
2021 J-1 Visa Sponsorship [38]
CountryNumber of Physicians
Canada2,783
India2,610
Pakistan1,293
Jordan493
Lebanon449
Egypt404
Saudi Arabia366
Nigeria285
Nepal266
Colombia221

History

Visa Creation

The U.S. introduced the J-1 Exchange Visitor Visa Program under the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act (Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961). The J-1 visa allowed a "student, scholar, trainee, teacher, professor, research assistant, specialist, or leader in a field of specialized knowledge or skill, or other person of similar description" to come to the United States. [1] Additionally, the law prohibited a person from abandoning their foreign country of residence for the United States. [1] The U.S. Information Agency (USIA) administers the J-1 visa in order to strengthen relations between the US and other countries. It fell under the purview of the USIA and not the Immigration and Naturalization Service because its main purpose is to disseminate information; its goal is to give people training and experience in the U.S. that they can use to benefit their home countries. [39] These exchanges have assisted the Department of State in furthering the foreign policy objectives of the United States.

The J-1 Program started by bringing scholars into the United States temporarily for a specific educational objective, such as teaching and conducting research. It then extended to several other Exchange Visitor Programs that shared the same objective, like the au pair, Government Visitor, Professor and Research or Short-Term Scholar, Work and Travel USA and the Trainee Programs. [40]

2010 Flight Training Termination

On June 1, 2020, the Flight Training J-1 category was terminated. [41]

2011 J-1 Visa Website & Regulations

In 2011, the State Department created a new J-1 visa and exchange visitor website. [42]

A job offer is required prior to a visa interview as of 2011. Students from six particular countries (Bulgaria, Russia, Romania, Ukraine, Moldova, and Belarus) must have a job offer that has been confirmed by a sponsoring organization before the student can apply for a visa. Because of these requirements, employers and J-1 students must get a head start on the hiring and visa application process. These regulations were initiated due to allegations of sexual exploitation, illegal business practices, improper housing, and the general vulnerability of J-1 visa recipients. [43]

In 2011, according to a report in the New York Daily News , the United States Department of State announced that the same-sex partners of diplomats of foreign governments who move to a posting in the United States would now be allowed to apply for J-1 visas. [44] Same-sex partners of people entering the United States for non-diplomatic reasons were not eligible under the new policy. [44]

Previously, the same-sex partner of a foreign person working or studying in the United States on a nonimmigrant visa was generally eligible to apply for a B-2 visa. [45] [46] In 2013, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the United States could not define marriage as a union between one man and one woman as husband and wife. Since then, legally married same-sex partners have been treated the same as legally married opposite-sex partners for visa and other purposes.

2020 Covid-19 Visa Suspension

Only U.S. government-sponsored J-1 visa programs were temporarily suspended in March 2020 for 60 days as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. [47] The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs said the decision would be reviewed after the initial period with a further 30-day suspension possible. [47]

On June 22, 2020, President Trump issued an executive order suspending new J-1 visas through the end of 2020. [48] On December 31, 2020, this proclamation was extended to 31 March 2021.

2022 State Department 3-Year Work Authorization Pilot

In 2022, the State Department announced a two-year pilot where the agency gave J-1 visa foreign students studying in a STEM field the ability to work in the United States for three years after graduation. Previously, the work authorization was a year and a half. This initiative follows the STEM Optional Practical Training for F-1 visa students. [49]

Criticism

Guest Worker Exploitation

Although the purpose of the J-1 visas is for cultural exchange, critics take issue with how companies use the program for cheap and compliant guest workers.

Journalists have uncovered that students on J-1 visas were placed in poor working conditions. [50] They report that companies exploit these visa workers because they are cheap and are a contingent workforce. [51] [52]

One-way employers exploit foreign visa workers is because the visa ties workers to the employer, and these foreign workers may have to wait decades for a green card while working for that same employer. [53]

Lack of Oversight

Critics say that the State Department does not provide sufficient oversight of exchange visitors. [51]

The public for example lacks information on Summer Work Travel employers and industry information, which is the largest J-1 visa category. [54]

Employer Discount

Critics have pointed out that employers receive a discount for J-1 visa holders because they do not have to pay FICA taxes, such as FICA and Medicare Taxes. [22] The Walt Disney Company for example hired 2,355 Summer Work Travel visitors in 2015, saving the company $15 million. [54]

Visa Statistics

2001-2022 State Department J-1 Visa Issuances [55]
YearNumber of Issued J-1 Visas
2001261,769
2002253,841
2003253,866
2004254,504
2005275,161
2006309,951
2007343,946
2008359,447
2009313,597
2010320,805
2011324,294
2012313,431
2013312,522
2014331,068
2015332,540
2016339,712
2017343,811
2018342,639
2019353,279
2020108,510
2021129,662
2022284,486

See also

Related Research Articles

The Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP) is a program within U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, which is under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, to manage foreign students and exchange visitors in the United States through the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS). The SEVP encompasses the F status, J status, and M status. The exchange visitor part of the program is managed by the U.S. Department of State, although the SEVIS system is maintained by ICE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green card</span> Lawful permanent residency in the United States

A green card, known officially as a permanent resident card, is an identity document which shows that a person has permanent residency in the United States. Green card holders are formally known as lawful permanent residents (LPRs). As of 2019, there are an estimated 13.9 million green card holders, of whom 9.1 million are eligible to become United States citizens. Approximately 65,000 of them serve in the U.S. Armed Forces.

The H-1B is a visa in the United States under the Immigration and Nationality Act, section 101(a)(15)(H), that allows U.S. employers to employ foreign workers in specialty occupations. A specialty occupation requires the application of specialized knowledge and a bachelor's degree or the equivalent of work experience. The duration of stay is three years, extendable to six years, after which the visa holder can reapply. Laws limit the number of H-1B visas that are issued each year. There exist congressionally mandated caps limiting the number of H-1B visas that can be issued each fiscal year, which is 65,000 visas, and an additional 20,000 set aside for those graduating with master’s degrees or higher from a U.S. college or university. An employer must sponsor individuals for the visa. USCIS estimates there are 583,420 foreign nationals on H-1B visas as of September 30, 2019. The number of issued H-1B visas have quadrupled since the first year these visas were issued in 1991. There were 206,002 initial and continuing H-1B visas issued in 2022.

The Visa Waiver Program (VWP) is a program of the United States federal government that allows nationals of specific countries to travel to the U.S. for tourism, business, or while in transit for up to 90 days without having to obtain a visa. It applies to all fifty U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as to Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, which also have an additional program with waivers for more nationalities; American Samoa has a similar but separate program.

An au pair is a helper from a foreign country working for, and living as part of, a host family. Typically, au pairs take on a share of the family's responsibility for childcare as well as some housework, and receive a monetary allowance or stipend for personal use. Au pair arrangements are often subject to government restrictions which specify an age range usually from mid-late teens to mid to late twenties, and may explicitly limit the arrangement to females. The au pair program is considered a form of cultural exchange that gives the family and the au pairs a chance to experience and learn new cultures.

An L-1 visa is a visa document used to enter the United States for the purpose of work in L-1 status. It is a non-immigrant visa, and is valid for a relatively short amount of time, from three months to five years, based on a reciprocity schedule. With extensions, the maximum stay is seven years.

Dual intent is a United States immigration law concept. It generally refers to the fact that certain U.S. visas allow foreigners to be temporarily present in the U.S. with lawful status and immigrant intent. This allows those visa holders to enter the U.S. while simultaneously seeking lawful permanent resident status at a port of entry. Otherwise, visa holders may be presumed to have immigrant intent and can be kept from entry as a matter of law.

A K-1 visa is a visa issued to the fiancé or fiancée of a United States citizen to enter the United States. A K-1 visa requires a foreigner to marry his or her U.S. citizen petitioner within 90 days of entry, or depart the United States. Once the couple marries, the foreign citizen can adjust status to become a lawful permanent resident of the United States. Although a K-1 visa is legally classified as a non-immigrant visa, it usually leads to important immigration benefits and is therefore often processed by the Immigrant Visa section of United States embassies and consulates worldwide.

In the United States, Optional Practical Training (OPT) is a period during which undergraduate and graduate students with F-1 status who have completed or have been pursuing their degrees for one academic year are permitted by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to work for one year on a student visa towards getting practical training to complement their education. Foreign students currently enrolled at a U.S. university can receive full-time or part-time work authorization through Curricular Practical Training. In 2022, there were 171,635 OPT employment authorizations. In 2021, there were 115,651 new non-STEM OPT authorizations, a 105% increase from a decade ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Visa policy of the United States</span> Policy on permits required to enter the United States and its unincorporated territories

Visitors to the United States must obtain a visa from one of the U.S. diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the visa-exempt or Visa Waiver Program countries. The same rules apply for travel to all U.S. states, Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as to Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands with additional waivers, while similar but separate rules apply to American Samoa.

In the United States, the F visas are a type of non-immigrant student visa that allows foreigners to pursue education in the United States. F-1 students must maintain a full course of study. F-1 visas are only issued in U.S. embassies and consulates, although extensions of stay and changes of status may be possible within the United States. Prospective F-1 students must apply at the schools and receive a form I-20 in order to apply for an F-1 visa. F-1 students must show that they are able to support themselves during their stay in the U.S., as their opportunities for legal employment are quite limited. F-2 visas are given to dependents of an F-1 student. F-2 visa-holders are prohibited from any form of compensated employment. However, minor children may attend public schools. Finally, the F-3 visa is issued to Canadians and Mexicans who commute across the border to attend American schools.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Employment authorization document</span> Document issued by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services

A Form I-766 employment authorization document or EAD card, known popularly as a work permit, is a document issued by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) that provides temporary employment authorization to noncitizens in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">B visa</span> Visitor visa for the United States

A B visa is one of a category of non-immigrant visas issued by the United States government to foreign nationals seeking entry for a temporary period. The two types of B visa are the B-1 visa, issued to those seeking entry for business purposes, and the B-2 visa, issued to those seeking entry for tourism or other non-business purposes. In practice, the two visa categories are usually combined and issued as a "B-1/B-2 visa" valid for a temporary visit for either business or pleasure, or a combination of the two. Nationals of certain countries do not usually need to obtain a visa for these purposes.

Work and Travel USA is a United States Government program that allows foreign university students to travel and work within the United States for several months. Run by the U.S. Department of State, the program has approximately 100,000 participants between ages 18 and 30 each year. Each student is sponsored by an American employer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Visa policy of Brazil</span> Policy on permits required to enter Brazil

Nationals of many countries may visit Brazil without a visa, while others must obtain a visa from one of the Brazilian diplomatic missions. For stays longer than 90 days or for employment in Brazil, all foreign nationals must have a visa or residency authorization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Visa policy of Mongolia</span> Policy on permits required to enter Mongolia

Visitors to Mongolia must obtain a visa unless they come from one of the visa-exempt countries. Nationals of certain countries may obtain a visa on arrival or an e-Visa online, while others must obtain a visa from a Mongolian diplomatic mission.

Form I-539, Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status is one of the forms issued by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. It is used by people currently in the United States in a non-immigrant status to change the classification for their status and/or extend their stay with their current status. Both the current status and the status to which the transition is being sought must be non-immigrant visa statuses.

In the United States, the most common visa used for short-term trips is the B visa. This is a combination of the B-1 visa and the B-2 visa. People on B visas are generally not allowed to engage in productive work or study activities. However, in some cases, B visas can be issued that allow people to engage in some types of productive work and learning activity, in lieu of another visa. The three visa categories, for which a B visa could be issued instead, are the H-1B visa, H-3 visa, and J-1 visa. The U.S. Department of State recommends that consular officers clearly annotate such B visas to make the scope of the visa clear to the applicant and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection officer at the port of entry.

The Interview Waiver Program (IWP), also called the Visa Interview Waiver Program, is a program managed by the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs under which, under some circumstances, interview requirements can be waived for some nonimmigrant visa applicants.

The Summer Work Travel Program is a program founded and maintained by the United States Department of State, which determines the number of students that have a right to take part each year. The program works with private companies that register students into the program and help to provide information and get the necessary documents, including the J-1 visa. Some agencies also help program participants to plan their journey to their future place of work, giving the possibility of purchasing international airline tickets on students tariffs.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Cruz, Skyler. "Have Foreign Physicians Been Misdiagnosed? A Closer Look at the J-1 Visa".
  2. ↑ "State Department 2022 Visas" (PDF).
  3. ↑ "State Department Visa Issuances".
  4. 1 2 3 "Designated Sponsor List - BridgeUSAParticipants | BridgeUSA". j1visa.state.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  5. 1 2 3 State, Department of. "J-1 Visa Basics". BridgeUSA. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  6. 1 2 3 United States Department of State. "Exchange Visitor (J) Visas" . Retrieved 2011-06-02.
  7. ↑ United States Department of State. "Programs" . Retrieved 2011-06-02.
  8. ↑ "J-1 Visa Categories & Requirements" (PDF).
  9. ↑ "J-1 Visa Teachers" (PDF).
  10. ↑ "2022 Summer Work Travel Program" (PDF).
  11. ↑ "Secondary School Students" (PDF).
  12. ↑ State, Department of. "Facts and Figures". BridgeUSA. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  13. ↑ State, Department of. "International Visitor Program". BridgeUSA. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  14. ↑ State, Department of. "Camp Counselor Program". BridgeUSA. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  15. ↑ State, Department of. "Au Pair Program". BridgeUSA. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  16. ↑ State, Department of. "Research Scholar Program". BridgeUSA. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  17. ↑ State, Department of. "Professor Program". BridgeUSA. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  18. ↑ State, Department of. "Summer Work Travel Program". BridgeUSA. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  19. ↑ State, Department of. "Intern Program". BridgeUSA. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  20. ↑ State, Department of. "How To Apply". BridgeUSA. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  21. ↑ "Exchange Visitor Visa". travel.state.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  22. 1 2 J-1 Tax Benefits for Employers. Savings Calculator.
  23. ↑ Common Questions | J-1 Visa Basics | J-1 Visa
  24. ↑ "Immigration Law Articles | Klasko, Rulon, Stock & Seltzer, LLP: UNDERSTANDING THE TWO YEAR HOME RESIDENCE REQUIREMENT AND WAIVERS". Archived from the original on 2014-03-24. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
  25. ↑ Eligibility Information - Waiver of the Exchange Visitor Two-Year Home-Country Physical Presence Requirement
  26. ↑ United States Department of State. "J-1 Adjustments and Extensions" . Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  27. ↑ "J-1 Visa Sponsorship".
  28. ↑ "State Data".
  29. 1 2 "Alien Physician Category" (PDF).
  30. 1 2 "Alien Physician Category" (PDF).
  31. 1 2 3 4 Hallock, James A.; Kostis, John B. (December 2006). "Celebrating 50 Years of Experience: An ECFMG Perspective". Academic Medicine. 81 (12): S7-16. doi: 10.1097/01.ACM.0000243344.55996.1e . ISSN   1040-2446. PMID   17086051.
  32. ↑ "Doctor Data".
  33. ↑ Symes, Hilary A.; Boulet, John; Yaghmour, Nicholas A.; Wallowicz, Tracy; McKinley, Danette Waller (March 2022). "International Medical Graduate Resident Wellness: Examining Qualitative Data From J-1 Visa Physician Recipients". Academic Medicine. 97 (3): 420–425. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000004406 . ISSN   1040-2446. PMID   34524136. S2CID   237514202.
  34. ↑ "Programs | Physician | Programs | J-1 Visa". 2017-10-31. Archived from the original on 2017-10-31. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
  35. ↑ "Alien Physician Category" (PDF).
  36. 1 2 "J-1 Visa Basics - BridgeUSABridgeUSA". 2021-03-18. Archived from the original on 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
  37. ↑ (PDF). 2020-10-17 https://web.archive.org/web/20201017153135/https://j1visa.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Alien-Physician-Flyer-2019.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-17. Retrieved 2023-04-30.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  38. ↑ "2021 J-1 Visa Physicians".
  39. ↑ Reports on J-1 Visas and Visa Waivers
  40. ↑ Programs | J-1 Visa
  41. ↑ Hector Chichoni. "Exchange Visitor Program Terminates J-1 Flight Training Program Designations". Archived from the original on 2009-10-21. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
  42. ↑ "Launching the New J-1 Visa Exchange Visitor Program Website | DipNote". 2016-07-28. Archived from the original on 2016-07-28. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  43. ↑ Utah Local News - Salt Lake City News, Sports, Archive - The Salt Lake Tribune
  44. 1 2 Pearson, Erica (February 23, 2011). "Immigration benefits arrive for same-sex couples ... but only if you're a diplomat". New York Daily News .
  45. ↑ "B-2 Classification for Cohabitating Partners". Bureau of Consular Affairs. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on December 31, 2004.
  46. ↑ "Diplomats and Foreign Government Officials". Bureau of Consular Affairs. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on October 31, 2005.
  47. 1 2 "Coronavirus: J1 programme suspended for 60 days". Irish Examiner . 14 March 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  48. ↑ "Proclamation Suspending Entry of Aliens Who Present a Risk to the U.S. Labor Market Following the Coronavirus Outbreak". whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 2020-10-05– via National Archives.
  49. ↑ "More international STEM students will be granted Three-Year OPT". February 2022.
  50. ↑ Noguchi, Yuki. "U.S. Probes Abuse Allegations Under Worker Visa Program". NPR .
  51. 1 2 Chen, Michelle (2019-08-14). "'We Were Treated Like Dirt': A Visa Program Exploits Student Workers". ISSN   0027-8378 . Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  52. ↑ "Au Pair Report" (PDF).
  53. ↑ Malhotra, Ashish (2021-06-02). "Immigrant doctors fill US healthcare gaps – but visa rules make life tough". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  54. 1 2 "Summer Work Travel" (PDF).
  55. ↑ "Nonimmigrant Visa Statistics". travel.state.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.