Jack D. Ives | |
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Born | Grimsby, England | October 15, 1931
Nationality | Canadian |
Occupation | Professor of Geography |
Spouse | Pauline Angela H. Cordingley |
Children | 4 |
Awards |
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Academic background | |
Education | University of Nottingham, B.A,., (1953) McGill University, Montreal, Ph D., (1956) |
Doctoral advisor | Brian Bird (McGill) |
Other advisors | Cuchlaine King [1] (University of Nottingham) |
Influences | Ragnar Stefánsson, [2] [3] Carl Troll, [4] [5] Walther Manshard [6] |
Academic work | |
Discipline | Geography |
Sub-discipline | montology |
Institutions | McGill University,University of Colorado at Boulder,University of California at Davis |
Main interests | sustainable stewardship of mountain communities and environment |
Notable works | Himalayan Dilemma:Reconciling development and conservation |
Notable ideas | instantaneous glacierization;debunking of so-called Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation;global prioritization of montological issues |
Jack D. Ives (born 15 October 1931 in Grimsby,England) is a Canadian montologist,an Honorary Adjunct Research Professor of Geography and Environmental Studies at Carleton University in Ottawa,Ontario,Canada,an author,and a prominent advocate of mountain issues at the global level. He was formerly director of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado,Boulder,founding editor of two peer-reviewed journals,chair of the Commission on High Altitude Geoecology under the auspices of the International Geographical Union,and a senior advisor on mountain ecology and sustainable development for United Nations University.
Ives was born in Grimsby,England,on 15 October 1931. In 1947 and 1948,as a high school student,he traveled by trawler to Arctic Norway,his first exposure to the landscapes that would shape his career. [4] He studied geography at the University of Nottingham,and organized that institution's first undergraduate glaciological expeditions to Iceland,leading groups of students to Skaftafell and Vatnajökull in 1952,1953,and 1954. [4] [3] On 11 September 1954,immediately after witnessing a jökulhlaup (also known as a glacial lake outburst flood,or GLOF) at Skeiðará,Ives married Pauline Angela H. Cordingley. They then emigrated to Canada,where Ives obtained a doctorate in geography from McGill University,Montreal in 1956. [4] Since Jack retired from his position at the University of California in 1997,the Ives have lived in Ottawa;they have four adult children and five grandchildren.
Ives began his career as a geomorphologist,with particular interest in glaciated and periglacial landscapes. His focus broadened over the years,and he became an advocate for both conservation and for equitable policies regarding the interests of indigenous stakeholders. González-Trueba and García-Ruiz conclude that "The contribution of Professor Ives to the study,knowledge,protection and development of mountain areas is incalculable." [4] : 11
From 1956 to 1957 Ives served as a research associate at the McGill Subarctic Research Station (MSARS) in Schefferville,Quebec. [7] Along with his wife Pauline,he explored the Labrador-Ungava Peninsula,with the result that he was able to overturn the current hypothesis about the repeated growth and disappearance of ice sheets in northeastern North America during the Quaternary period. Specifically,Richard Foster Flint had argued that the North American ice sheet originated in the Torngat mountains,accumulating in the coastal zone and then spreading westward down the inland slopes of the Torngats;this scenario would have been a mirror image of the well-documented model of glaciation in northern Europe. Based on geomorphological evidence,as well as on his perception that the so-called Torngat Mountain Range is actually an escarpment on the edge of a tilted peneplain with almost no western slopes,Ives refuted the previous model,proposing instead that inception of glaciation occurred across wide areas of the plateau as climate change permitted year-round snow cover to accumulate,a process he refers to as instantaneous glacierization. [8] [9]
On completion of his doctorate,Ives was appointed assistant professor in McGill's Department of Geography,and,from 1957 to 1960,he served as Field Director of McGill Subarctic Research Station,where he initiated field research programs on permafrost and on the glaciation and deglaciation of Labrador-Ungava. [7]
From 1960 to 1967 Ives was assistant director and then director of the Geographical Branch of Canada's Department of Energy,Mines and Resources in Ottawa. [7] In that capacity he coordinated seven interdisciplinary expeditions to Baffin Island. [7] [10]
From 1967 to 1979 Ives served as director of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research,University of Colorado,Boulder,and professor of geography from 1967 to 1989. [4] [7] In 1968 Carl Troll founded the Commission on High Altitude Geoecology under the auspices of the International Geographical Union,and invited Ives to join the organizing committee. In alternation with his collaborator Bruno Messerli,Ives served as president of that Commission from 1972 to 1980 and 1988–1996. [11]
While at Boulder,Ives founded and edited two peer-reviewed quarterly journals. Arctic and Alpine Research first appeared in 1969. [7] In 1980 Ives,along with Roger Barry,Misha Plam,and Walther Manshard,founded the International Mountain Society (IMS). The society's stated purpose was:"...to strive for a better balance between mountain environment,development of resources,and the well-being of mountain peoples.." [4] The IMS functioned as publisher of record for Mountain Research and Development,which 1981 Jack founded,and with Pauline edited,in 1981. [7] Jack served as president of the IMS from 1980 to 2000. [7]
In 1973 Ives participated in the first meeting of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) Project 6 - Mountains, [12] and was elected chair of the MAB-6 International Working Group,which started the ball rolling for the establishment in 1983 of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in Kathmandu,Nepal. [4] [5] In 1979 the INSTAAR alpine research area at Niwot Ridge was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.
From 1978 to 2000,Ives served as Research Coordinator for the United Nations University's project on Highland-Lowland Interactive Systems,later to be renamed Mountain Geoecology and Sustainable Development,which entailed fieldwork in the Himalayas,northern Thailand,Yunnan (China),Tajikistan,and Ecuador. [4]
In 1982 and 1986,Ives was the primary organizer of the Mohonk Mountain conferences at Mohonk Mountain House in New York,sponsored by the UNU and the Mohonk Foundation. [5] One result of the conferences was the publication of The Himalayan Dilemma (Ives and Messerli,1989),which challenged the popular theory according to which highland population growth and poor land management by uneducated farmers was leading to catastrophic deforestation of the Himalayas. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]
Beginning in 1989 Ives served as Full Professor and Chair of the Department of Geography at the University of California,Davis. [7] In 1993,after the disestablishment of the Geography Department,he transferred to the UC Davis Division of Environmental Studies.
A chain reaction had been set in motion by the 1982 and 1986 Mohonk Mountain Conferences. [7] UN Under-Secretary General Maurice Strong,who had served as Honorary Chair of Mohonk II,became the Secretary General of the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit,also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). Strong supported the proposals that had grown out of the Mohonk Mountain conferences,elaborated in publications by Jack Ives (notably The Himalayan Dilemma),and promoted by a group known formally as Mountain Agenda,but also referred to as the Mountain Mafia. [13] [19] [20] Their vision of a world awakened to the importance and fragility of mountains was shaped in part by the success of ocean advocate Jacques Cousteau (who was also invited to the Earth Summit),and by the UNU's semi-autonomous World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER). [11]
Mountain Agenda prepared for the Rio Summit a 400-page book,State of the World's Mountains:A Global Report [21] and a 44-page summary booklet,An Appeal for the Mountains. [22] Ives with Bruno Messerli and colleges organized the inclusion of "Chapter 13 — Managing Fragile Ecosystems — Sustainable Mountain Development" in its final publication,Agenda 21. [23] [11] [20] [24]
The message of Chapter 13 has echoed for the ensuing three decades. A new hardcover volume was produced,Mountains of the World:A Global Priority ( Messerli and Ives,ed. 1997). [25] It was produced as the centerpiece of the review of Chapter 13 in 1997 at the Rio-Plus-Five at United Nations headquarters in New York City. Among the recommendations for mountain research and stewardship in the volume is Ives' proposal for the "creation of a montology — a science that is sensitive to mountain policy" — an "interdisciplinary,intercontinental,intersectoral" field (p. 464) responsive to the complexities of the challenges and opportunities inherent in mountains. Meanwhile,dozens of new governmental offices for mountain stewardship and non-governmental agencies,all focusing on the "people mountain interface" had been established around the world. [26] On 11 December 2001,Ives,representing Dr. Hans J. A. van Ginkel,Rector of United Nations University,delivered a keynote address to the United Nations General Assembly. The United Nations General Assembly declared 2002 International Year of the Mountain,in observance of the 10-year anniversary of the Rio Earth Summit,and December 11 itself was designated the annual International Mountain Day going forward. [11] Since then,the mountain agenda articulated in 1992 has become entrenched at all functional levels,from grassroots activism,to national policy and global programs. [27]
After retiring from UC Davis,Dr. Ives returned to Ottawa,Canada,where he was appointed Honorary Research Professor of Geography and Environmental Studies by Carleton University. In the past two decades,Ives has authored five monographs and numerous shorter works.
The following is a list of books either authored or edited by Jack D. Ives.
The Arctic fox, also known as the white fox, polar fox, or snow fox, is a small fox that belongs to the family of Canidae, native to the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and common throughout the Arctic tundra biome. It is well adapted to living in cold environments, and is best known for its thick, warm fur that is also used as camouflage. It has a large and very fluffy tail. In the wild, most individuals do not live past their first year but some exceptional ones survive up to 11 years. Its body length ranges from 46 to 68 cm, with a generally rounded body shape to minimize the escape of body heat.
The Himalayas, or Himalaya, is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest; more than 100 peaks exceeding elevations of 7,200 m (23,600 ft) above sea level lie in the Himalayas.
The Karakoram is a mountain range in the Kashmir region spanning the borders of Pakistan, China, and India, with the northwestern extremity of the range extending to Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Most of the Karakoram mountain range falls under the jurisdiction of Gilgit-Baltistan, which is administered by Pakistan. Its highest peak, K2, is located in Gilgit-Baltistan. It begins in the Wakhan Corridor (Afghanistan) in the west, encompasses the majority of Gilgit-Baltistan, and extends into Ladakh and Aksai Chin.
The tree line is the edge of a habitat at which trees are capable of growing. It is found at high elevations and high latitudes. Beyond the tree line, trees cannot tolerate the environmental conditions. The tree line is sometimes distinguished from a lower timberline, which is the line below which trees form a forest with a closed canopy.
A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a type of outburst flood caused by the failure of a dam containing a glacial lake. An event similar to a GLOF, where a body of water contained by a glacier melts or overflows the glacier, is called a jökulhlaup. The dam can consist of glacier ice or a terminal moraine. Failure can happen due to erosion, a buildup of water pressure, an avalanche of rock or heavy snow, an earthquake or cryoseism, volcanic eruptions under the ice, or massive displacement of water in a glacial lake when a large portion of an adjacent glacier collapses into it.
Sacred mountains are central to certain religions, and are usually the subjects of many legends. For many, the most symbolic aspect of a mountain is the peak because it is believed that it is closest to heaven or other religious realms. Many religions have traditions centered on sacred mountains, which either are or were considered holy or are related to famous events. In some cases, the sacred mountain is purely mythical, like the Hara Berezaiti in Zoroastrianism. Mount Kailash is believed to be the abode of the deities Shiva and Parvati, and is considered sacred in four religions: Hinduism, Bon, Buddhism, and Jainism. Volcanoes, such as Mount Etna in Italy, were also considered sacred, Mount Etna being believed to have been the home of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and the forge.
The Himalayan pika is a species of small mammal in the pika family (Ochotonidae). It is found at high altitudes in remote areas of Ladakh, Uttarakhand and possibly also in Nepal &Tibet. The IUCN has listed this species as being of "least concern".
China–Iceland relations formally began on 8 December 1971, when Iceland recognised Beijing. Prior to the signing of a Free Trade Agreement between the two countries in 2013, diplomatic activities between them were relatively few in number. However, since this event, political cooperation has increased. There is growing number of economic and cultural ties, as their political partnership has expanded.
Charles Albert Edward Ramble is an anthropologist and former University Lecturer in Tibetan and Himalayan Studies at the Oriental Institute, Oxford University. Since 2009 he has been Professor and Directeur d'études at the Ecole pratique des hautes études, Paris. Between 2006 and 2013 he was elected president of the International Association for Tibetan Studies (IATS) and convened the 10th seminar of IATS at Oxford in 2003.
Doris Benta Maria Löve, néeWahlén was a Swedish systematic botanist, particularly active in the Arctic.
A blockfield, felsenmeer, boulder field or stone field is a surface covered by boulder- or block-sized rocks usually associated with a history of volcanic activity, alpine and subpolar climates and periglaciation. Blockfields differ from screes and talus slope in that blockfields do not apparently originate from mass wastings. They are believed to be formed by frost weathering below the surface. An alternative theory that modern blockfields may have originated from chemical weathering that occurred in the Neogene when the climate was relatively warmer. Following this thought the blockfields would then have been reworked by periglacial action.
The International Mountain Society (IMS) is a scientific research society focusing on the dissemination of information about mountain research and mountain development throughout the world, but particularly in developing regions. IMS is the copyright-holder and co-publisher, along with the United Nations University (UNU), of the quarterly journal Mountain Research and Development (MRD). IMS was incorporated in Boulder, Colorado in 1980. Since 2000 the IMS has been based in Bern, Switzerland. Membership in the IMS, which includes subscription to MRD, is available to individuals and to organizations.
The mountains of Bhutan are some of the most prominent natural geographic features of the kingdom. Located on the southern end of the Eastern Himalaya, Bhutan has one of the most rugged mountain terrains in the world, whose elevations range from 160 metres (520 ft) to more than 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) above sea level, in some cases within distances of less than 100 kilometres (62 mi) of each other. Bhutan's highest peak, at 7,570 metres (24,840 ft) above sea level, is north-central Gangkhar Puensum, close to the border with Tibet; the third highest peak, Jomolhari, overlooking the Chumbi Valley in the west, is 7,314 metres (23,996 ft) above sea level; nineteen other peaks exceed 7,000 metres (23,000 ft). Weather is extreme in the mountains: the high peaks have perpetual snow, and the lesser mountains and hewn gorges have high winds all year round, making them barren brown wind tunnels in summer, and frozen wastelands in winter. The blizzards generated in the north each winter often drift southward into the central highlands.
Mountain Research or Mountain Science / Mountology, traditionally also known as orology, is a field of research that regionally concentrates on the Earth's surface's part covered by mountain environments.
Khadg Singh (KS) Valdiya was a distinguished Indian geologist and a former vice chancellor of Kumaon University, internationally recognized for his path-breaking work in the fields of geodynamics and Environmental Science. A 2007 recipient of Padma Shri, he was honoured again by the Government of India in 2015 with Padma Bhushan, the third highest Indian civilian award.
The Sir Edmund Hillary Mountain Legacy Medal is awarded every one or two years to an individual "for remarkable service in the conservation of culture and nature in mountainous regions." The medal both recognizes the service of Sir Edmund Hillary on behalf of mountain people and their environment and also encourages the continuing emulation of his example. The Hillary Medal is a project of Mountain Legacy, a Nepalese non-governmental organization ; the president is biologist Kumar P. Mainali. The Hillary Medal was personally authorized by Sir Edmund in 2002, and ratified by the Namche Consensus, the declaration resulting from the 2003 Namche Conference: "People, Park, and Mountain Ecotourism."
The Remote Peninsula is a peninsula located on the eastern coast of Baffin Island. It is part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region of the Canadian territory of Nunavut. The Inuit settlement of Pond Inlet is 295 km (183 mi) to the northwest and Clyde River is 90 km (56 mi) to the southeast.
Cuchlaine Audrey Muriel King was a British geomorphologist known for her work in glaciology and her extensive writings on the geography of coasts and beaches. She, with John P Cole, was one of the first to produce a book on quantitative methods in geography.
Bruno Messerli was a Swiss geographer and university professor who focused on high mountains and highland-lowland linkages. He was appointed Full Professor of Geomorphology in 1968 by the University of Bern, where he taught and carried out research until his retirement in 1996. He contributed significantly to the inclusion of a mountain agenda, Chapter 13 — Managing Fragile Ecosystems — Sustainable Mountain Development in Agenda 21, the official action plan of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, the Rio Summit, the Rio Conference, and the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June in 1992.
Teuvo ("Ted") Tapio Ahti is a Finnish botanist and lichenologist. He has had a long career at the University of Helsinki that started in 1963, and then following his retirement in 1997, at the Botanical Museum of the Finnish Museum of Natural History. Known as a specialist of the lichen family Cladoniaceae, Ahti has published more than 280 scientific publications. A Festschrift was dedicated to him in 1994, and in 2000 he was awarded the prestigious Acharius Medal for lifetime contributions to lichenology.
The ability of geographers to challenge development myths using non-geographers' research is also important. Geomorphologists Messerli and Ives found forest regeneration rates so different from World Bankreports that they were forced to reevaluate a widely held concept that severe Himalayan deforestation directly influenced catastrophic flooding in Bangladesh...
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)The people-mountain interface was widely promoted and publicized as a top-level priority for global environmental institutions and organizations including the follow-up to Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference/Environment and Development that was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992...
Patron's Medal - Professor Jack Ives: For his role internationally in establishing the global importance of mountain regions