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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product or these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur.Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds.In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria, are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Actinopolymorpha is a genus in the phylum Actinobacteria (Bacteria).
Adhaeribacter is a genus in the phylum Bacteroidetes (Bacteria).
Agromyces is a genus in the phylum Actinobacteria (Bacteria).
Roseomonas vinacea is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, wine-red-colored bacterium. It was first isolated from a soil sample collected from the Tibetan Plateau, China, and the species was first proposed in 2008. The species name is derived from Latin vinacea, referring to the color that the bacterial colonies form.
Brachybacterium huguangmaarense is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, orange-pigmented bacterium. The cells are coccoid during the stationary phase, and irregular rods during the exponential phase. It was first isolated from a lake sediment sample from Huguangyan Maar Lake collected in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China. The species was first described in 2014, and the name is derived from the location from which the organism was first isolated.
Janibacter is a genus of Gram positive, nonmotile, non-sporeforming bacteria. The genus name is derived from the two-faced Roman god Janus, referring to the fact that the cells of the original strain could be rod-shaped or coccoid.
Janibacter terrae is a bacterium from the genus of Janibacter which has been isolated from soil in Korea. Janibacter terrae is able to degrade trichloroethylene. Janibacter brevis was originally classified as its own species, but was later found to be a heterotypic synonym of J. terrae.
Alicyclobacillus aeris is a species of Gram positive/Gram variable, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produced endospores. It was first isolated from a copper mine in Inner Mongolia, China. The species was first described in 2009, and the name is derived from the Latin aeris.
Tumebacillus ginsengisoli is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped, non-motile, and form spores. It was first isolated from soil in a ginseng field in Pocheon, South Korea, and the species name is derived from the ginseng soil isolation location. T. ginsengisoli was the second species added to the genus Tumebacillus.
Janibacter anophelis is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The species was initially isolated from the midgut of a Anopheles arabiensis mosquito. The species was first described in 2006, and the species name is derived from the mosquito genus Anopheles.
Janibacter cremeus is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, bacterium. The species was initially isolated from sea sediment near Rishiri Island, Hokkaido, Japan. The species was first described in 2013, and the species name refers to its cream-pigmented colonies when grown on agar.
Janibacter hoylei is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, bacterium. The species was initially isolated from cryovials that sampled high altitude air between 20 and 41 km above sea level. The species was first described in 2009, and the species is named after English astronomer Fred Hoyle. Two other new species were discovered during the same survey: Bacillus isronensis and Bacillus aryabhattai.
Janibacter indicus is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, bacterium. The species was initially isolated from hydrothermal sediment from the Indian Ocean. The species was first described in 2014, and the species named refers to the Indian Ocean.
Janibacter melonis is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, bacterium. The species was initially isolated from an abnormally spoiled oriental melon. The species was first described in 2004, and the species name refers to the melon from which it was first isolated.
Phycicoccus is a genus of Gram positive, aerobic, non-endosporeforming bacteria. Species in this genus are mesophilic and have cells that are short rods or coccoid.
Phycicoccus bigeumensis is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-endosporeforming bacterium. The species was initially isolated from soil on Bigeum island, South Korea. The species was first described in 2013, and its name refers to the island from which it was first isolated.
Phycicoccus cremeus is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-endosporeforming bacterium. The species was initially isolated from forest soil from the Changbai Mountains. The species was first described in 2011, and its name refers to the cream-colored colonies the species produces on R2A agar.
Terrabacter terrigena is a species of Gram-positive, nonmotile, non-endosporeforming bacteria. Cells are rod-shaped. It was initially isolated from soil from around a wastewater treatment plant in South Korea. The species was first described in 2009, and its name is derived from Latin terrigena referring to the isolation of the type strain from soil.
Fodinibacter luteus is a species of Gram positive, nonmotile, non-sporeforming bacteria. The bacteria are strictly aerobic and mesophilic, and the cells are irregular rods. It was originally isolated from a salt mine in Yunnan, China. The species name is derived from luteus (yellow), referring the bacterial colony color on agar. F. luteus is the type species of genus Fodinibacter, and is currently the only species in the genus.
References
- ↑ Martin, K.; Schumann, P.; Rainey, F. A.; Schuetze, B.; Groth, I. (1 April 1997). "Janibacter limosus gen. nov., sp. nov., a New Actinomycete with meso-Diaminopimelic Acid in the Cell Wall". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 47 (2): 529–534. doi: 10.1099/00207713-47-2-529 . PMID 9103644.
- ↑ Zhang, G.; Ren, H.; Wang, S.; Chen, X.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, Y. (17 April 2014). "Janibacter indicus sp. nov., isolated from hydrothermal sediment of the Indian Ocean". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 64 (Pt 7): 2353–2357. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.059527-0 . PMID 24744020.
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