Joyce Y. Wong | |
---|---|
Alma mater | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
Scientific career | |
Institutions | University of California, Santa Barbara Boston University |
Website | people.bu.edu/wonglab/ |
Joyce Y. Wong is an American engineer who is Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering at Boston University. Her research develops novel biomaterials for the early detection treatment of disease. Wong is the Inaugural Director of the Provost's Initiative to promote gender equality and inclusion in STEM at all levels: Advance, Recruit, Retain and Organize Women in STEM. She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Society.
Wong studied materials science and engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Wong is an accomplished cellist – in 1984 she was a finalist in the Seventeen Magazine & General Motors National Concerto Competition, and during her undergraduate and graduate career was a member of the MIT Chamber Music Society. As an undergraduate at MIT she was a General Motors Women's Club scholar, a Uniroyal National Merit Scholar and Tau Beta Pi society member. She graduated in 1988, before beginning a PhD (Materials Science & Engineering) in the Program for Polymer Science and Technology as an IBM graduate research fellow, working with Robert S. Langer. [1] She earned her PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1994. [1]
Wong was appointed a National Institutes of Health postdoctoral fellow at University of California, Santa Barbara working under Jacob N. Israelachvili. Her doctoral research investigated electrically conducting polymers, identifying that they can be used as a culture substrate to modulate the shape and growth of mammalian cells. [2] In her postdoctoral training, to mimic biological ligand - receptor interactions, Wong studied the interactions between polymer-tethered ligands and receptors using surface forces apparatus. [3] She also developed polymer cushioned bilayers as model cell membrane systems and characterized their biophysical properties using the surface forces apparatus and neutron reflectometry. [4] [5]
Wong joined Boston University as a Clare Boothe Luce Assistant Professor in 1998, Faculty of the College of Engineering in the Department of Biomedical Engineering and later in the Division of Materials Science and Engineering. She is a faculty mentor in training programs in the College of Arts and Sciences and the BU School of Medicine. [1] She develops biomaterials that can interact with living cells, interrogating biocompatibility and cell behaviour. [6] [7] She was promoted to Professor in 2013.
Wong's research focuses on developing biomaterials for the early detection and treatment of disease. [8] She is interested in understanding how the physical cellular environment determines cell behavior by developing substrata with features that can imitate pathophysiological and physiological environments. [7] This approach includes studying cell behaviours such as directed cell migration, which she first began in cardiovascular cells [9] [10] [11] [12] and later expanded to include metastatic cancer cells. [13] [14] [15] Her recent research in this area has been focused on combining the understanding of factors that control cardiovascular cell behavior [16] [17] [18] [19] with micropatterned cell sheet technology [20] [21] [22] [23] to develop surgical solutions for paediatric patients with congenital heart defects. [24] [25]
Wong has also developed microfluidic processing methods to create fibers of the biopolymer silk [26] [27] and has recently been focusing on developing protein alloy fibers. [28] Using tools developed to describe the silk's structure and drawing on her musical training, Wong enlisted composer John MacDonald (Tufts University), who translated the structure of different silk protein fragment sequences into a series of musical compositions for flute. [29]
Wong's most recent work has been developing targeted ultrasound [30] [31] [32] and magnetic resonance (MR) [33] [34] contrast agents for the early detection of disease. Her MR contrast agent studies grew out of her work using nanotechnology to develop contrast agents to enhance oil recovery. [35] [36] [37] She is currently conducting pre-clinical studies of targeted ultrasound contrast agents in collaboration with Nanovalent Pharmaceuticals [38] to detect and treat surgical adhesions. [39]
Wong served on the Executive Board of the Biomedical Engineering Society from 2011 to 2014. In 2011, she served as the first woman Chair of the Gordon Research Conference on Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering – a conference that began in 1966 as the Science and Technology of Biomaterials. [40] An informal brainstorming session of women at this meeting led to a social media group formed by Laura Suggs (UT Austin) with the aim of creating a network to connect women faculty in Biomedical Engineering. Wong is the lead editor of Biomaterials: Principles and Practices. [1] From 2016-2018 she served as co-chair of AIMBE Women; in 2016 conference co-chair of the 90th American Chemical Society's Colloid and Surface Science Symposium; and in 2017 as a Volume Organizer of the Materials Research Society's (MRS) MRS Bulletin. She is on the editorial board of several journals and is Associate Editor (the Americas) for the journal Drug Delivery and Translational Research. In 2018 she was elected to the Council of the Tissue Engineering Regenerative Medicine International Society (TERMIS) - North America.[ citation needed ]
At Boston University, Wong is the Inaugural Director of the Provost's Initiative to promote gender equality and inclusion in STEM at all levels: Advance, Recruit, Retain and Organize Women in STEM (ARROWS). [41] [42] The program advocates for women in STEM at all career stages, from early school education to K–12 and academia. [41] It works on both the Charles River and Boston University School of Medicine campuses. [41]
In 2016, Wong – together with Julie Chen and Paula Rayman of U Mass Lowell – approached the AAAS with an idea for the STEM Equity Achievement (SEA) Change Awards for diversity, equity and inclusion in higher-ed institutions, which, as of 2018, is in the bronze pilot stage. [43] The idea was inspired by the Athena SWAN program in the UK and the National Science Foundation ADVANCE program.
Chitin (C8H13O5N)n ( KY-tin) is a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose. Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cellulose); an estimated 1 billion tons of chitin are produced each year in the biosphere. It is a primary component of cell walls in fungi (especially filamentous and mushroom-forming fungi), the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans and insects, the radulae, cephalopod beaks and gladii of molluscs and in some nematodes and diatoms. It is also synthesised by at least some fish and lissamphibians. Commercially, chitin is extracted from the shells of crabs, shrimps, shellfish and lobsters, which are major by-products of the seafood industry. The structure of chitin is comparable to cellulose, forming crystalline nanofibrils or whiskers. It is functionally comparable to the protein keratin. Chitin has proved useful for several medicinal, industrial and biotechnological purposes.
Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on tissue scaffolds in the formation of new viable tissue for a medical purpose, but is not limited to applications involving cells and tissue scaffolds. While it was once categorized as a sub-field of biomaterials, having grown in scope and importance, it can be considered as a field of its own.
A hydrogel is a biphasic material, a mixture of porous and permeable solids and at least 10% of water or other interstitial fluid. The solid phase is a water insoluble three dimensional network of polymers, having absorbed a large amount of water or biological fluids. Hydrogels have several applications, especially in the biomedical area, such as in hydrogel dressing. Many hydrogels are synthetic, but some are derived from natural materials. The term "hydrogel" was coined in 1894.
Alginic acid, also called algin, is a naturally occurring, edible polysaccharide found in brown algae. It is hydrophilic and forms a viscous gum when hydrated. When the alginic acid binds with sodium and calcium ions, the resulting salts are known as alginates. Its colour ranges from white to yellowish-brown. It is sold in filamentous, granular, or powdered forms.
Nanofibers are fibers with diameters in the nanometer range. Nanofibers can be generated from different polymers and hence have different physical properties and application potentials. Examples of natural polymers include collagen, cellulose, silk fibroin, keratin, gelatin and polysaccharides such as chitosan and alginate. Examples of synthetic polymers include poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyurethane (PU), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate) (PEVA). Polymer chains are connected via covalent bonds. The diameters of nanofibers depend on the type of polymer used and the method of production. All polymer nanofibers are unique for their large surface area-to-volume ratio, high porosity, appreciable mechanical strength, and flexibility in functionalization compared to their microfiber counterparts.
Plasma cleaning is the removal of impurities and contaminants from surfaces through the use of an energetic plasma or dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma created from gaseous species. Gases such as argon and oxygen, as well as mixtures such as air and hydrogen/nitrogen are used. The plasma is created by using high frequency voltages to ionise the low pressure gas, although atmospheric pressure plasmas are now also common.
A biomaterial is a substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose – either a therapeutic or a diagnostic one. The corresponding field of study, called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering, is about fifty years old. It has experienced steady growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and materials science.
A foreign body reaction (FBR) is a typical tissue response to a foreign body within biological tissue. It usually includes the formation of a foreign body granuloma. Tissue encapsulation of an implant is an example, as is inflammation around a splinter. Foreign body granuloma formation consists of protein adsorption, macrophages, multinucleated foreign body giant cells, fibroblasts, and angiogenesis. It has also been proposed that the mechanical property of the interface between an implant and its surrounding tissues is critical for the host response.
Bio-MEMS is an abbreviation for biomedical microelectromechanical systems. Bio-MEMS have considerable overlap, and is sometimes considered synonymous, with lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and micro total analysis systems (μTAS). Bio-MEMS is typically more focused on mechanical parts and microfabrication technologies made suitable for biological applications. On the other hand, lab-on-a-chip is concerned with miniaturization and integration of laboratory processes and experiments into single chips. In this definition, lab-on-a-chip devices do not strictly have biological applications, although most do or are amenable to be adapted for biological purposes. Similarly, micro total analysis systems may not have biological applications in mind, and are usually dedicated to chemical analysis. A broad definition for bio-MEMS can be used to refer to the science and technology of operating at the microscale for biological and biomedical applications, which may or may not include any electronic or mechanical functions. The interdisciplinary nature of bio-MEMS combines material sciences, clinical sciences, medicine, surgery, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, optical engineering, chemical engineering, and biomedical engineering. Some of its major applications include genomics, proteomics, molecular diagnostics, point-of-care diagnostics, tissue engineering, single cell analysis and implantable microdevices.
Clemens A. van Blitterswijk is a Dutch tissue engineer who contributed to the use of biomaterials to heal bone injuries, especially using osteoinductive ceramics. In collaboration with Jan de Boer and others, he has contributed to screening microtextures to study cell-biomaterial interactions, an approach termed materiomics.
Arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) is the most common peptide motif responsible for cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM), found in species ranging from Drosophila to humans. Cell adhesion proteins called integrins recognize and bind to this sequence, which is found within many matrix proteins, including fibronectin, fibrinogen, vitronectin, osteopontin, and several other adhesive extracellular matrix proteins. The discovery of RGD and elucidation of how RGD binds to integrins has led to the development of a number of drugs and diagnostics, while the peptide itself is used ubiquitously in bioengineering. Depending on the application and the integrin targeted, RGD can be chemically modified or replaced by a similar peptide which promotes cell adhesion.
Three dimensional (3D) bioprinting is the use of 3D printing–like techniques to combine cells, growth factors, bio-inks, and biomaterials to fabricate functional structures that were traditionally used for tissue engineering applications but in recent times have seen increased interest in other applications such as biosensing, and environmental remediation. Generally, 3D bioprinting uses a layer-by-layer method to deposit materials known as bio-inks to create tissue-like structures that are later used in various medical and tissue engineering fields. 3D bioprinting covers a broad range of bioprinting techniques and biomaterials. Currently, bioprinting can be used to print tissue and organ models to help research drugs and potential treatments. Nonetheless, translation of bioprinted living cellular constructs into clinical application is met with several issues due to the complexity and cell number necessary to create functional organs. However, innovations span from bioprinting of extracellular matrix to mixing cells with hydrogels deposited layer by layer to produce the desired tissue. In addition, 3D bioprinting has begun to incorporate the printing of scaffolds which can be used to regenerate joints and ligaments. Apart from these, 3D bioprinting has recently been used in environmental remediation applications, including the fabrication of functional biofilms that host functional microorganisms that can facilitate pollutant removal.
The in vivo bioreactor is a tissue engineering paradigm that uses bioreactor methodology to grow neotissue in vivo that augments or replaces malfunctioning native tissue. Tissue engineering principles are used to construct a confined, artificial bioreactor space in vivo that hosts a tissue scaffold and key biomolecules necessary for neotissue growth. Said space often requires inoculation with pluripotent or specific stem cells to encourage initial growth, and access to a blood source. A blood source allows for recruitment of stem cells from the body alongside nutrient delivery for continual growth. This delivery of cells and nutrients to the bioreactor eventually results in the formation of a neotissue product.
Molly S. Shoichet, is a Canadian science professor, specializing in chemistry, biomaterials and biomedical engineering. She was Ontario's first Chief Scientist. Shoichet is a biomedical engineer known for her work in tissue engineering, and is the only person to be a fellow of the three National Academies in Canada.
Bio-inks are materials used to produce engineered/artificial live tissue using 3D printing. These inks are mostly composed of the cells that are being used, but are often used in tandem with additional materials that envelope the cells. The combination of cells and usually biopolymer gels are defined as a bio-ink. They must meet certain characteristics, including such as rheological, mechanical, biofunctional and biocompatibility properties, among others. Using bio-inks provides a high reproducibility and precise control over the fabricated constructs in an automated manner. These inks are considered as one of the most advanced tools for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM).
Nancy Allbritton is a Professor of Bioengineering and the Frank & Julie Jungers Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of Washington. She was previously a Kenan Professor and Chair in the Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University.
Antonios Georgios Mikos is a Greek-American biomedical engineer who is the Louis Calder Professor of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Rice University. He specialises in biomaterials, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
Thomas J. Webster is an American biomedical engineer, researcher, and entrepreneur. Throughout his over 25-year academic career, his research group has produced several books and book chapters. He has over 1350 publications and has an H-index of 118.
Elizabeth Cosgriff-Hernandez is an American biomedical engineer who is a professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Her work involves the development of polymeric biomaterials for medical devices and tissue regeneration. She is a co-founder of Rhythio Medical, on the scientific advisory board of ECM Biosurgery, and a consultant to several companies on biostability evaluation of medical devices. Dr. Cosgriff-Hernandez is an associate editor of the Journal of Materials Chemistry B and Fellow of the International Union of Societies for Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Society, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine International Society, American Chemical Society Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering, Royal Society of Chemistry, and the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering.
Microgravity bioprinting is the utilization of 3D bioprinting techniques under microgravity conditions to fabricate highly complex, functional tissue and organ structures. The zero gravity environment circumvents some of the current limitations of bioprinting on Earth including magnetic field disruption and biostructure retention during the printing process. Microgravity bioprinting is one of the initial steps to advancing in space exploration and colonization while furthering the possibilities of regenerative medicine.