Justa and Rufina | |
---|---|
Born | Justa, 268 AD; Rufina 270 AD |
Died | 287 AD |
Venerated in | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church [1] |
Major shrine | Seville |
Feast | 19 July (17 July in the medieval Hispanic liturgy) |
Attributes | A model of the Giralda; earthenware pots, bowls and platters; books on which are two lumps of potter's clay; palms of martyrdom; lion [2] |
Patronage | Seville; potters; guilds of alfareros (potters) and cacharreros (sellers of pottery) |
Saints Justa and Rufina (Ruffina) (Spanish : Santa Justa y Santa Rufina) are venerated as martyrs. They are said to have been martyred at Hispalis (Seville) during the 3rd century.
Only St. Justa (sometimes "Justus" in early manuscripts) is mentioned in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum (93), but in the historical martyrologies. Rufina is also mentioned, following the legendary Acts. [3] The two saints are highly honored in the Mozarabic Liturgy. [4]
Their legend states that they were sisters and natives of Seville who are said to have lived in the neighborhood of Triana. Justa was born in 268 AD, Rufina in 270 AD, of a poor but pious Christian family. They made fine earthenware pottery for a living, with which they supported themselves and helped many of the city's poor. Like many other merchants, they sold their pottery from booths set up out of doors where people could see their wares. During a pagan festival, they refused to sell their wares for use in these celebrations. In anger, locals broke all of their dishes and pots. Justa and Rufina retaliated by smashing an image of Venus. They were immediately arrested. [5]
The city's prefect, Diogenianus, ordered them to be imprisoned. Failing to convince them to renounce their faith, he had them tortured on the rack and with iron hooks. They were then forced to walk barefoot to the Sierra Morena; when this did not break their resolve, they were imprisoned without water or food. Justa died first. Her body, thrown into a well, was later recovered by the Bishop Sabinus. Diogenianus believed that the death of Justa would break the resolve of Rufina. Rufina refused to renounce her faith and was thus thrown to the lions. However the lions in the amphitheatre refused to attack Rufina, remaining as docile as house cats. Infuriated, Diogenianus had Rufina's neck broken [6] and her body burned. Her remains were recovered by Sabinus and buried alongside her sister. [1]
Their cult in Seville was ancient and strong, and soon spread elsewhere in Spain. [7]
La Seo Cathedral (Zaragoza) contains a chapel dedicated to Justa and Rufina. Agost, in Valencia province, is the location of a hermitage dedicated to these saints (Ermita de Santa Justa y Rufina), built in 1821. Toledo also has a church dedicated to them.
There is a shrine to the saints in Alicante where a three-day fiesta is held in their honor in July. [8]
Justa and Rufina are the patron saints of the cities Seville [9] and Orihuela, where there is a parish Church of Saints Justa and Rufina built on the site of a Visigoth church that was later used as a mosque. [10] They are also the patrons of potters. [5]
According to tradition, they are protectors of the Giralda and the Cathedral of Seville, and are said to have protected both during the Lisbon earthquake of 1755.
Their feast day is 19 July. [1] During the Middle Ages their feast was celebrated in the Iberian Peninsula on 17 July, as attested by calendars of the time, such as for example by that in the Antiphonary of León.
They are often depicted as young women with their heads uncovered (indicating their status as unmarried), with clay pots, palms (representing martyrdom), and a lion licking Rufina's bare foot. [9] As patrons of Seville, they are often pictured flanking the "Giralda". [2]
Justa and Rufina were a popular subject for Spanish artists.
A 1540 retable is the earliest known piece of artwork depicting these two saints. [11] A painting of the saints was done by Francisco Camilo in 1644. Goya, [9] Murillo, and Zurbarán also painted these saints.
A 1989 painting is a modern interpretation of these saints. [12]
Saints Faith, Hope, and Charity , are a group of Christian martyred saints who are venerated together with their mother, Sophia ("Wisdom").
Saint Hermenegild or Ermengild, was the son of King Liuvigild of the Visigothic Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula and southern France. He fell out with his father in 579, then revolted the following year. During his rebellion, he converted from Arianism to Chalcedonian Christianity. Hermenegild was defeated in 584 and exiled. His death was later celebrated as a martyrdom due to the influence of Pope Gregory I's Dialogues, in which he portrayed Hermenegild as a "Catholic martyr rebelling against the tyranny of an Arian father."
Orihuela is a city and municipality located at the foot of the Sierra de Orihuela mountains in the province of Alicante, Valencian Community, Spain. The city is in one of the only Spanish-speaking areas of the Valencian Community.
Francisco Pacheco del Río was a Spanish painter, best known as the teacher and father-in-law of Diego Velázquez and Alonzo Cano, and for his textbook on painting, entitled Art of Painting, that is an important source for the study of 17th-century practice in Spain. He is described by some as the "Vasari of Seville": vocal and didactic about his theories of painting and thoughts about painters, conventional and uninspired in his executions.
The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See, better known as Seville Cathedral, is a Catholic cathedral and former mosque in Seville, Andalusia, Spain. It was registered in 1987 by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, along with the adjoining Alcázar palace complex and the General Archive of the Indies. It is one of the largest churches in the world as well as the largest Gothic church.
May 11 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 13
July 18 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - July 20
Susanna of Rome was a Christian martyr of the Diocletianic Persecution. Her existing hagiography, written between about 450 and 500 AD, is of no historical value and the relations it attributes to Susanna are entirely fictitious. It is probable that a real martyr named Susanna lies behind the literary invention.
Saints Cyprian and Justina are honored in the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy as Christians of Antioch, who in 304, during the Diocletianic Persecution, suffered martyrdom at Nicomedia on September 26. According to Roman Catholic sources, no Bishop of Antioch bore the name of Cyprian.
Rufina and Secunda were Roman virgin-martyrs and Christian saints. Their feast day is celebrated on 10 July.
Marina of Aguas Santas was a Christian virgin martyr from Aguas Santas, in the province of Ourense. The story of her life as it has been preserved is a mixture of fact and legends.
Saint Mammes of Caesarea was a child-martyr of the 3rd century, who was martyred at Caesarea. His parents, Theodotus and Rufina, were also martyred.
Spanish Gothic architecture is the style of architecture prevalent in Spain in the Late Medieval period.
Denise, Dativa, Leontia, Tertius, Emilianus, Boniface, Majoricus, and Servus are venerated as martyrs by the Catholic Church. They were killed in the late 5th century during the persecution of Trinitarian Christians in Proconsular Africa by the Arian Vandals, according to Victor of Vita. These martyrs were killed during the reign of Arian king Hunneric.
Saint Barbara, known in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the Great Martyr Barbara, was an early Christian Greek saint and martyr. There is no reference to her in the authentic early Christian writings nor in the original recension of Saint Jerome's martyrology.
The Archbishop's Palace of Seville is a palace in Seville, Spain. It has served as the residence of bishops and archbishops of the episcopal sees and numerous nobleman and military figures to the present time. It is located in the southern section of Seville, in the Plaza Virgen de los Reyes, angled almost opposite the Giralda. It is situated on the northeastern side of Seville Cathedral in the neighborhood of Santa Cruz. Of Spanish Baroque architectural style, it has had the status of National Monument since 1969.
Ignacio de Ries was a Spanish Baroque painter.
Saint Justa and Saint Rufina is an oil on canvas painting by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, created c. 1666, now held in the Museum of Fine Arts of Seville.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sts. Rufina". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company.