Justine Bateman

Last updated

Justine Bateman
Justine Bateman cropped.jpg
Justine Bateman in 2019
Born
Justine Tanya Bateman

(1966-02-19) February 19, 1966 (age 58)
Rye, New York, U.S.
Alma mater University of California, Los Angeles (BA)
Occupations
  • Filmmaker
  • Author
Years active1982–present
Spouse
Mark Fluent
​
(m. 2001)​
Children2
Relatives Jason Bateman (brother)

Justine Bateman (born February 19, 1966) [1] is an American filmmaker, author and former actress. [2] Her acting work included Family Ties , Satisfaction , Men Behaving Badly , The TV Set , Desperate Housewives , and Californication . Her feature film directorial debut, Violet , starring Olivia Munn, Luke Bracey, and Justin Theroux, premiered at the 2021 SXSW Film Festival. Bateman also wrote, directed and produced the film short Five Minutes, which premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival. She is the author of the best-selling books Fame: The Hijacking of Reality (2018) and Face: One Square Foot of Skin (2021).

Contents

Early life

Bateman was born to Victoria Elizabeth, a former flight attendant for Pan Am who was originally from Shrewsbury in the United Kingdom, and Kent Bateman. [3] She is the older sister of actor Jason Bateman. [4]

Bateman attended Taft High School in Woodland Hills, California. However, Bateman could not attend college at the time due to her contractual obligations with Family Ties. Bateman stated that she was informed by the series' line producer Carol Himes, "You're under contract to Paramount Studios." [5] She later attended UCLA, entering as a freshman at aged 46. In 2016, she graduated at age 50 with a degree in computer science and digital media management. [6]

Career

Bateman at the 1987 Primetime Emmy Awards Justine bateman 9-20-1987.jpg
Bateman at the 1987 Primetime Emmy Awards

Acting

Bateman's most prominent acting role began when she was a teenager, playing the role of superficial Mallory Keaton on the television sitcom Family Ties in 1982; she continued the role throughout the show's run which ended in 1989. She hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live during its 13th season in 1988.

In the 1996–97 NBC American version of the British TV comedy Men Behaving Badly , [7] featuring Rob Schneider and Ron Eldard, she starred as Sarah, Eldard's character's girlfriend. Bateman returned to TV with the 2003 Showtime mini-series Out of Order, alongside Eric Stoltz, Felicity Huffman and William H. Macy.

Terry Genz and Justine Bateman at the APLA benefit in 1990 Justine Bateman (253557032).jpg
Terry Genz and Justine Bateman at the APLA benefit in 1990

In the third-season Arrested Development episode "Family Ties," which was broadcast in February 2006, [8] her character is initially believed to be Michael Bluth's sister, but she turns out to be a prostitute taken advantage of by his father, and pimped by his brother. Michael Bluth was played by Bateman's brother Jason. [9]

Recurring roles included Men in Trees , Still Standing, and Desperate Housewives .

In 1988, Bateman starred in the lead role in the motion picture Satisfaction . The film, about an all-girl musical band, also featured Julia Roberts, Liam Neeson, and Britta Phillips. Bateman starred as the lead vocalist and also performed the vocals on the soundtrack. Other films include The Night We Never Met, with Matthew Broderick, and The TV Set, with David Duchovny and Sigourney Weaver.

Justine Bateman at LA Film Festival Cocktail Party, 7-10-2007 Justine bateman 7-10-2007.jpg
Justine Bateman at LA Film Festival Cocktail Party, 7-10-2007

Bateman has acted in several web series. She acted in John August's Remnants, Illeana Douglas' IKEA-sponsored Easy to Assemble [10] [11] (for which in 2010 Bateman was among the winners of the Streamy Award for Best Ensemble Cast and was nominated for a Streamy Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Web-Series), [12] and Anthony Zuiker's digi-novel series Level 26: Dark Prophecy, in which she plays a tarot card reader. [13]

Bateman's theater experience includes Arthur Miller's The Crucible (Roundabout Theater), [14] David Mamet's Speed the Plow (Williamstown Theater Fest), [15] and Frank Wedekind's Lulu (Berkeley Rep). [16]

Writer

External videos
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Interview with Bateman on Fame at the L.A. Times Festival of Books, April 14, 2019, C-SPAN

Bateman wrote her feature film directorial debut, Violet, premiered at the 2021 SXSW Film Festival. [17] Bateman also wrote her short film directorial debut, Five Minutes. It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2017. [18] She made her first script sale to Disney's Wizards of Waverly Place . [19] She also co-wrote the adaptation of Lisi Harrison's teenage book series The Clique for a Warner Bros. internet series. [20] Bateman's first book, Fame: The Hijacking of Reality, was published in 2018 by Akashic Books. [21] Her second book, Face: One Square Foot of Skin, was also published by Akashic Books in 2021. [22]

Producer

Bateman with Irina Slutsky (left) and Felicia Day at IAWTV meeting during Digital Hollywood 2009. Irina Slutsky, Felicia Day and Justine Bateman.jpg
Bateman with Irina Slutsky (left) and Felicia Day at IAWTV meeting during Digital Hollywood 2009.

Bateman co-produced and co-presented with fashion maven Kelly Cutrone on their internet talk show Wake Up and Get Real (WUAGR). [23] Described as an alternative to the television series The View, WUAGR was last broadcast in June 2011. [24] She was also a producer on the internet series Easy to Assemble (which garnered more than 5.1 million views during its second season. [7] ),

Bateman produced the film short, Z, Five Minutes (Toronto Film Festival 2017 premiere), and Push, and the feature film, Violet (SXSW 2021 Film Festival Premiere). She also produced the upcoming avant-garde feature films, LOOK and FEEL. [25]

Her production company is Section 5. [26]

Director

Her feature film directorial debut, Violet , starring Olivia Munn, Justin Theroux, and Luke Bracey, premiered at the SXSW 2021 film festival. Her short film directorial debut, Five Minutes, was an official selection at various film festivals, including the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival and the 2018 Tribeca Film Festival. It was a winner in Amazon Prime's Festival Stars competition, and one of Vimeo's Short of the Week. [27]

Her subsequent feature films, LOOK and FEEL, will premiere at the CREDO23 Film Festival in March of 2025.

Other work

During a hiatus from the entertainment business, Bateman established a clothing design company in 2000. She managed it until its closure in 2003. Justine Bateman Designs was known for one-of-a-kind hand knits. It sold to BendelsNY, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Fred Segal. [28]

She served on the national board of directors of the Screen Actors Guild until July 2009, when she resigned just before the end of her initial three-year term. [29] [30]

Bateman is the founder of CREDO23, an "organics stamp" for films and series that assure the audience that no genrative AI was used. [31] Justine is also the founder and festival director of the CREDO23 Film Festival. [32]

Personal life

In 2001, Bateman married Mark Fluent, with whom she has two children. An outspoken supporter of net neutrality, [33] she testified before the United States Senate Commerce Committee in support of it in 2008. [34]

Bateman earned a degree in computer science and digital media management from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 2016. [35] During the film industry strikes in 2023, Bateman was a vocal critic of the use of AI for human characters in productions, [36] and has proposed a label designating that AI was not used for the actors. [37]

Bateman is a licensed pilot of single-engine planes and a certified scuba diver. [38]

Bateman has been an advocate for natural aging and has not had any cosmetic surgery. [39]

Filmography

YearTitleRoleNotes
1982–1989 Family Ties Mallory Keaton176 episodes
Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Comedy Series
Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Nominated - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (1986 & 1987)
Nominated - Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Comedy Series
1984 It's Your Move DebbieEpisode: "Pajama Party"
Tales from the Darkside Susan 'Pookie' AndersonEpisode: "Mookie and Pookie"
1985 ABC Afterschool Special Sara WhiteEpisode: "First the Egg"
Right to Kill? Deborah JahnkeTelevision movie
Family Ties Vacation Mallory Keaton
1986Can You Feel Me Dancing?Karin Nichols
1988 Satisfaction Jennie Lee
Mickey's 60th Birthday Mallory KeatonTelevision movie
1990The Fatal ImageMegan Brennan
1990The CloserJessica Grant
1992 Deadbolt Marty HillerTelevision movie
In the Eyes of a StrangerLynn Carlson
Primary MotiveDarcy Link
How Can I Tell If I'm Really In LoveHerselfEducational classroom video
1993Beware of DogLinda Irving
The Night We Never Met Janet Beehan
1994 Terror in the Night Robin AndrewsTelevision movie
Another WomanLisa Temple
1995 A Bucket of Blood Carla
1996The Acting ThingUnknownShort film
God's Lonely ManMeradith
Kiss & Tell Molly McMannis
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman Sarah/Zara4 episodes
Men Behaving Badly Sarah Stretten22 episodes
1999 Rugrats Art PatronEpisode: "Opposites Attract"/"The Art Museum"
Say You'll Be MineChelsea
2002 Highball Sandy
Ozzy & Drix RotaEpisode: "Gas of Doom"
2003 Out of Order Annie6 episodes
Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
2004 Still Standing Terry3 episodes
Humor Me PaulaTelevision movie
The Hollywood Mom's MysteryLucy Freers
2005Trailer for a Remake of Gore Vidal's CaligulaAttia, Imperial CourtesanShort film
2006 Arrested Development Nellie BluthEpisode: "Family Ties"
The TV Set Natalie Klein
To Have and to HoldMegTelevision movie
Men in Trees Lynn Barstow10 episodes
2007HybridAndreaTelevision movie
2008, 2012 Desperate Housewives Ellie Leonard5 episodes
Californication Mrs. Patterson2 episodes
Easy to Assemble Justine Bateman12 episodes
2009 Psych VictoriaEpisode: "Tuesday the 17th"
Celebrity Ghost Stories HerselfEpisode: "1.7"
2010 Private Practice SydneyEpisode: "Short Cuts"
2011 Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior MargaretEpisode: "See No Evil"
2013 Modern Family AngelaEpisode: "The Future Dunphys"
Deep Dark Canyon Cheryl Cavanaugh
2021 Violet Director, writer, producer

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jennifer Aniston</span> American actress (born 1969)

Jennifer Joanna Aniston is an American actress. She rose to international fame for her role as Rachel Green on the television sitcom Friends from 1994 to 2004, which earned her Primetime Emmy, Golden Globe, and Screen Actors Guild awards. Aniston has consistently ranked among the world's highest-paid actresses, as of 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis Theroux</span> British journalist (born 1970)

Louis Sebastian Theroux is a British-American documentarian, journalist, broadcaster, and author. He has received three British Academy Television Awards and a Royal Television Society Television Award.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jason Bateman</span> American actor (born 1969)

Jason Kent Bateman is an American actor and director. Widely known for his roles as Michael Bluth in the Fox / Netflix sitcom Arrested Development (2003–2019) and Marty Byrde in the Netflix crime drama series Ozark (2017–2022). Bateman is known for his numerous comedy films, and has received numerous awards including a Golden Globe Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, three Screen Actors Guild Awards and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Justin Theroux</span> American actor and filmmaker (born 1971)

Justin Paul Theroux is an American actor and filmmaker. He gained recognition for his work with director David Lynch in the mystery film Mulholland Drive (2001) and the horror film Inland Empire (2006). He also appeared in films such as Romy and Michele's High School Reunion (1997), American Psycho (2000), Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003), Strangers with Candy (2005), Miami Vice (2006), Wanderlust (2012), The Girl on the Train (2016), The Spy Who Dumped Me (2018), On the Basis of Sex (2018), Bumblebee (2018), Lady and the Tramp (2019), and Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Missy Peregrym</span> Canadian actress (born 1982)

Melissa "Missy" Peregrym is a Canadian actress and former fashion model. She is known for her roles as Haley Graham in the 2006 film Stick It; as Officer Andy McNally on the ABC and Global Television Network series Rookie Blue (2010–2015), for which she was nominated for a Canadian Screen Award in 2016; and as FBI Special Agent Maggie Bell in the Dick Wolf-produced CBS procedural FBI, a series she has starred in since 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Justine Clarke</span> Australian actress and singer

Justine Clarke is an Australian actress, singer, author and television host.

<i>American Psycho</i> (film) 2000 film by Mary Harron

American Psycho is a 2000 satirical psychological horror film directed by Mary Harron, who co-wrote the screenplay with Guinevere Turner. Based on the 1991 novel by Bret Easton Ellis, it stars Christian Bale as Patrick Bateman, a New York City investment banker who leads a double life as a serial killer. Willem Dafoe, Jared Leto, Josh Lucas, Chloë Sevigny, Samantha Mathis, Cara Seymour, Justin Theroux, and Reese Witherspoon appear in supporting roles. The film blends horror and black comedy to satirize 1980s yuppie culture and consumerism, exemplified by Bateman.

A web series is a series of short scripted or non-scripted online videos, generally in episodic form, released on the Internet, which first emerged in the late 1990s and became more prominent in the early 2000s. A single instance of a web series program can be called an episode or a webisode. The scale of a web series is small and a typical episode can be anywhere from three to fifteen minutes in length. Web series are distributed online on video sharing websites and apps, such as YouTube, Vimeo and TikTok, and can be watched on devices such as smartphones, tablets, desktops, laptops, and Smart TVs. They can also be released on social media platforms. Because of the nature of the Internet, a web series may be interactive and immersive. Web series are classified as new media.

iJustine American YouTuber (born 1984)

Justine Ezarik is an American YouTuber. She is best known as iJustine, with over one billion views on her YouTube channel. She gained attention as a lifecaster who communicated directly with her millions of viewers on her Justin.tv channel, ijustine.tv. She acquired notability in roles variously described as a "lifecasting star", a "new media star", or one of the Internet's most popular lifecasters. She posts videos on her main channel iJustine.

<i>Easy to Assemble</i> American comedy series by Illeana Douglas

Easy to Assemble is a web series created by and starring Illeana Douglas, and sponsored by furniture store IKEA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taissa Farmiga</span> American actress (born 1994)

Taissa Farmiga is an American actress. Her numerous appearances in horror films have established her as a scream queen, alongside her older sister Vera Farmiga.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosanna Pansino</span> American YouTuber (born 1985)

Rosanna Jeanne Reardon, known online as Rosanna Pansino is an American YouTuber, actress, author, businesswoman, and singer. She is known for hosting her baking series Nerdy Nummies on YouTube (2011–present). She has written two cookbooks and released a baking line based on the show. She has won a Shorty Award and five Streamy Award nominations for Nerdy Nummies. She was listed first on Forbes'Top Influencers: Food list in 2017.

<i>Kristy</i> (film) 2014 American film

Kristy is a 2014 American horror thriller film directed by Oliver Blackburn and starring Haley Bennett, Chris Coy, Mike Seal, Lucius Falick and Ashley Greene. The plot follows a college student who stays on campus alone over Thanksgiving break and finds herself terrorized by a cult of ritual killers. The film premiered on October 14, 2014, at the London Film Festival and also had theatrical releases internationally. In the United States, the film debuted on Lifetime on October 17, 2015, and was released on Netflix on November 5, 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Natalia Dyer</span> American actress (born 1995)

Natalia Danielle Dyer is an American actress. She is known for starring as Nancy Wheeler in the Netflix science fiction horror series Stranger Things (2016–present). She has also appeared in the Peacock comedy thriller series Based on a True Story (2023) and in the films Yes, God, Yes (2019), Velvet Buzzsaw (2019) and Things Heard & Seen (2021).

Cybergeddon is a nine-part cybercrime web series that was released between September 25 and September 27, 2012 by Yahoo! and was later made available as a film on Netflix. The film stars Missy Peregrym and Olivier Martinez.

<i>BlackBoxTV Presents</i> American horror anthology series

BlackBoxTV Presents is an American horror anthology web series created by Tony E. Valenzuela and Philip DeFranco. The first season, which featured a cast of YouTube creators including DeFranco, iJustine, and Shane Dawson, was self-funded by Valenzuela and debuted on the BlackBoxTV YouTube channel on August 17, 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tony E. Valenzuela</span>

Tony Edvard Valenzuela is an American director, producer and writer widely known for creating BlackBoxTV, a YouTube channel dedicated to short horror films and series. He also directed The Axe Murders of Villisca (2017), for IFC and Fight of the Living Dead.

BlackBoxTV is a commercial YouTube channel and production studio founded by director Tony E. Valenzuela. It was launched on August 17, 2010 and relaunched on April 13, 2012 as part of YouTube's $150 million original channel initiative. The channel, which has collaborated with Wes Craven, Guillermo del Toro and Anthony E. Zuiker, is home to BlackBoxTV Presents, which Variety called "the longest-running scripted drama online" in March 2016.

<i>Violet</i> (2021 film) 2021 film by Justine Bateman

Violet is a 2021 American drama film written, directed, and co-produced by Justine Bateman in her feature film directorial debut. It stars Olivia Munn, Luke Bracey and Justin Theroux.

<i>The Mosquito Coast</i> (TV series) Apple TV+ television series

The Mosquito Coast is an American drama television series developed by Neil Cross and Tom Bissell based on the novel of the same name by Paul Theroux published in 1981. It is also loosely adapted from the 1986 film which starred Harrison Ford. The series stars Justin Theroux, nephew of Paul, and Melissa George in lead roles, with Logan Polish and Gabriel Bateman rounding out the main cast. Justin Theroux also serves as executive producer of the series, along with Rupert Wyatt who directed the first two episodes.

References

  1. ↑ Brant, Marley (2006). Happier Days: Paramount Television's Classic Sitcoms, 1974-1984. Billboard Books. ISBN   9780823089338. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2022.
  2. ↑ McNary, Dave (March 27, 2018). "Olivia Munn, Justin Theroux Join Justine Bateman's Drama 'Violet' (Exclusive)". Variety . Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  3. ↑ ""Justine Bateman Is Aging. She No Longer Cares What You Think About That"". Glamour. April 6, 2021. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  4. ↑ "Jason Bateman: I'm Not a Great Son". USA Today . May 19, 2008. Archived from the original on April 20, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
  5. ↑ LaPorte, Nicole (November 5, 2014). "Justine Bateman on Pulling off a Major Midlife Career Pivot". Fast Company . Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  6. ↑ https://getacollegelife.tumblr.com,
  7. 1 2 Hampp, Andrew (January 11, 2010). "Web Series Shows a Bit of Quality Can Help Sell 'Crap'". Ad Age . Archived from the original on February 25, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  8. ↑ "Arrested Development Season 3 Episode 11". TV.com . February 10, 2006. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  9. ↑ Chaney, Jen (August 22, 2006). "An Advance Look at 'Arrested'". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  10. ↑ "Episode 1: Actor's Anonymous". EasytoAssemble.tv. Easy to Assemble. 2008. Archived from the original on December 6, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  11. ↑ "Actress Illeana Douglas sets Web TV show at Ikea: 'Easy to Assemble' comedy features 10 episodes". Furniture Today . October 1, 2008. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  12. ↑ "2010 Streamy Awards". Streamy Awards. Archived from the original on October 10, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  13. ↑ Zuiker, Anthony E. (September 27, 2010). "'CSI's' Zuiker on 'Dark Prophecy': The Fate of the Digi-Novel". TheWrap . Archived from the original on November 18, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Roundabout Theatre Offers a Stark, 'Crucible'". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  15. ↑ "Speed-the-Plow". Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  16. ↑ "Synapse – the UCSF student newspaper 28 September 1989 — UCSF Synapse Archive". Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  17. ↑ "SXSW 2020 Film Festival Schedule: "Violet"". Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  18. ↑ "Five Minutes". Toronto International Film Festival. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
  19. ↑ Huff, Richard (June 9, 2008). "Justine Bateman experiences career change". New York Daily News . Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2010.
  20. ↑ Graser, Marc (June 15, 2010). "WB clicks with 'Clique'". Variety. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  21. ↑ Sacks, Mike (October 2, 2018). "Justine Bateman Has Some Thoughts on the Fame Cycle . . . and Geoffrey Owens Working at Trader Joe's". Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  22. ↑ "How Online Trolls Left Justine Bateman Feeling 'Messed Up'". The Daily Beast. September 16, 2022. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  23. ↑ "Kelly Cutrone and Justine Bateman's Talk Show". Wake Up And Get Real. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  24. ↑ Cutrone, Kelly; Bateman, Justine (June 10, 2011). "Wake Up And Get Real: Arnold + Maria". The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
  25. ↑ https://www.section5.tv/ABOUT%20US
  26. ↑ https://www.section5.tv/ABOUT%20US
  27. ↑ "Five Minutes is an Amazon Prime Winner". FollowFiveMinutesFilm. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
  28. ↑ Apodaca Jones, Rose (January 2, 2001). "A New Yarn for Justine Bateman" . Women's Wear Daily . Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  29. ↑ "Screen Actors Guild National Board of Directors 2008-2009". SAG. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  30. ↑ McNary, Dave (July 3, 2009). "Bateman exits SAG's national board". Variety. Retrieved March 10, 2010.
  31. ↑ https://credo23.com
  32. ↑ https://www.credo23filmfest.com
  33. ↑ Bateman, Justine (November 23, 2009). "We Need To Put Our Foot Down On Net Neutrality". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  34. ↑ Finke, Nikki (April 24, 2008). "Verrone & Bateman Testify In Support Of Net Neutrality At U.S. Senate Hearing". Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2010.
  35. ↑ Beebe, Lisa (April 11, 2019). "Justine Bateman Gets Why You Want to Be Famous". Los Angeles . Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
  36. ↑ "Justine Bateman: Risk of AI is actors can be 'replaced by synthetic objects'". MSNBC.com. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  37. ↑ "CREDO23". credo23.com. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  38. ↑ "Justine Bateman: Biography". TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  39. ↑ "Justine Bateman Defends Her Decision to Age Naturally: 'My Face Represents Who I Am. I Like It'". Peoplemag. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.