In 2017,Chavous was named President of Stride K12,Inc.,a technology-based education company and the nation's leading provider of proprietary curriculum and online school programs for students in pre-K through high school. Chavous oversees all of the services that the company provides to approximately 200,000 students nationwide.[2]
Early life and education
Chavous was born in Indianapolis,Indiana,[3] the son of Bettie J. and Harold P. Chavous.[3] His father was a pharmacist and his mother a civil rights activist.[3] Chavous was the oldest of four children.[3] His first job was working at Chavous Drugs,his father's drug store,sweeping and mopping floors and stocking shelves.[3]
In May 1988,Chavous was elected to the District of Columbia Democratic State Committee,representing Ward 7.[6] The following year,Pepco,an electric powerpublic utility,proposed a significant expansion of its coal-fired power generating plant on the edge of the River Terrace neighborhood in Ward 7. The River Terrace Community Organization,a group representing citizens living in the neighborhood,opposed the plant,and Chavous agreed to represent the group in court pro bono.[7][8] Pepco cancelled the expansion in 1991,and Chavous gained significant visibility for his work.[8]
Chavous also joined the national board of directors of Handgun Control,Inc.,a group working for strong federal gun control legislation.[9]
1992 council race and term
1992 council race
The Pepco fight launched Chavous' political career.[8] Chavous,who by now was hosting a once-a-week program on legal issues on radio station WDCU-FM,announced in May 1992 that he would challenge incumbent Ward 7 Councilmember H. R. Crawford.[10] Crawford,The Washington Post reported,was facing strong criticism from voters from his legislative achievements and three Democratic primary election challengers.[11][12] Chavous waged an intensive grassroots campaign to unseat Crawford. According to The Washington Post,Chavous visited every single-family residence in Ward 7 personally,either speaking with members of the household or leaving behind campaign literature.[12] On September 15,1992,Chavous unseated Crawford,4,866 votes (41.7 percent) to 4,266 (37 percent).[12] In the general election on November 3,1992,Chavous easily defeated Republican candidate Johnnie Scott Rice,96 percent to 4 percent.[13]
During his first term on the council,Chavous aligned with Ward 2 council member Jack Evans (elected in 1991),At-Large council member William Lightfoot (elected in 1988),and Ward 6 council member Harold Brazil (elected in 1991) to form a caucus known as the "Young Turks". Together,they successfully opposed tax increases sought for the city by Mayor Sharon Pratt Kelly.[15] On June 22,1993,an unidentified gunman sprayed the public swimming pool at the Benning Park Recreation Center with fire from a semiautomatic weapon. Panic-stricken children and adults fled the pool,and six children were wounded by gunfire.[16] The incident highlighted the high level of gun violence in Ward 7,and The Washington Post said Chavous was thrust into the citywide spotlight by it.[8] Chavous personally brought his two young children to the pool (which had seen almost no visitors since the attack) on June 29 to demonstrate the pool's safety and send a message of defiance to drug dealers and violent criminals.[17] On September 26,1993,four-year-old Launice Smith was shot in the head and hand (and survived) while her family watched a pick-up football game at Weatherless Elementary School in the Fort Dupont neighborhood in Ward 7. Smith was injured when four gunmen emerged from a nearby woods and then hunted down and executed 20-year-old Kervin Brown in what D.C. police said was part of an ongoing battle between rival drug gangs.[18] Once more,Chavous was seen as one of the most important political leaders responding to violence in the city. On September 29,he announced for the formation of a 20-member task force on public safety and began pushing for Ward 7 residents to police their own neighborhoods and report drug dealing,crime,and violence.[19] Chavous later called the task force one of the most important developments of his first term.[8]
Among other key legislative accomplishments in his first term[8] was a 1993 act allowing the city to seize abandoned vehicles[20] and 1994 legislation that enacted a temporary ban on new liquor licenses for stores selling beer by the can (so-called "takeout beer").[21] He and the other Young Turks also successfully enacted in 1995 a $70 million cut in the wages earned by trade union members under the city's version of the Davis–Bacon Act. (The cut was temporary,and expired in 1996.)[22]
Chavous' legislative activism declined significantly over his first term. Chavous told The Washington Post in February 1996 that "it has proved easier to wait for someone else,be it the mayor or the control board,to propose hard solutions," according to journalists Howard Schneider and David A. Vise.[22] He unsuccessfully supported in 1995 a package of conservative Republican Party proposals to significantly change the way the city provided welfare benefits,and a plan to create an independent school board to approve and oversee charter schools.[22] One significant (and eventually successful) change he advocated was the creation of a District of Columbia Financial Control Board to save the city from bankruptcy. He was one of the first council members to call for federal oversight (in early 1995),although later in the year he refused to vote to cut big-ticket items such as unemployment benefits or the city's summer youth jobs program.[22] Congress created a financial control board in April 1995.[23]
1996 reelection and second council term
1996 council race
Chavous sought reelection in 1996. He faced a challenger in the Democratic primary election,District of Columbia Board of Education member Terry Hairston. In July 1996,Hairston challenged Chavous' right to be on the ballot. D.C. election law required a candidate to obtain signatures from at least 250 voters in a ward in order to run for a district council seat in that ward. Chavous submitted signatures from 574 voters. But D.C. law also required that all individuals gathering such signatures be residents of the District of Columbia,and Hairston alleged that Chavous campaign worker Calvin S. Hawkins did not meet that condition.[24] The District of Columbia Board of Elections ruled in Chavous' favor on July 30,1996.[25] In the Democratic primary held on September 10,1996,Chavous easily defeated Hairston and another challenger,Eddie Rhodes,winning 68 percent of the vote.[26] Chavous won 90 percent of the vote in the general election on November 5,easily beating D.C. Statehood Party candidate Durand A. Ford (6 percent) and Republican Party candidate James Bernard Miles (3 percent).[27]
Second council term
On December 30,1996,Chavous was elected chairman of the Council's Committee on Education,Libraries and Recreation.[28] Ward 3 council member Kathy Patterson,a veteran education activist,also fought for the chairmanship. Patterson strongly criticized Chavous' commitment to educational reform,but Council Chairman David A. Clarke awarded the post to Chavous after he publicly declared education reform to be the biggest issue facing the city.[8] Patterson,however,won an agreement that stripped jurisdiction over labor issues from Chavous' committee and gave it to the Committee on Government Operations (chaired by Patterson).[28] During his first year in office,the District of Columbia Public Schools undertook an emergency $50 million project to repair leaking and structurally unsound roofs at several public schools. The project was significantly mismanaged,and forced a delay in the opening of the school year. Chavous ordered a hearing on the issue in September 1997,but a significant number of parents of schoolchildren complained he had not provided enough oversight and acted too late.[29] In March 1997,Chavous sponsored another significant piece of legislation,[8] a resolution disapproving a construction contract for the highly controversial Barney Circle Freeway.[30]
Chavous also opposed construction of a new convention center in the city. As late as May 27,1998,Chavous said he had not decided whether to support the project.[31] But he voted to oppose it during the council's vote on June 2,arguing that plans to build a convention center smaller than many then under construction was "a plan to build a second-tier convention center".[32]
After his losing mayoral campaign,Chavous became what The Washington Post called a "frequent critic" of the new mayor,Anthony A. Williams,[33] and had "the chilliest relationship with the mayor" of any Council member.[34] Chavous was an early supporter of Councilmember Carol Schwartz's tax cut package in March 1999,[35] which became law in May.[36] Chavous also led a nine-month effort to reconstitute and reform the D.C. Board of Education. After a long battle with Mayor Williams and other Council members,the Council approved a plan to reduce the size of the board,and make four of the nine members subject to mayoral appointment (with Council confirmation).[37] Voters were asked to approve the "hybrid" board,which they did so in a close vote in June 2000.[38] According to The Washington Post,the bruising school board battle helped and hindered Chavous politically. While his allies said it showed he could tackle tough problems,dissenters argued that Chavous avoided the real issues (lack of money for schools and crumbling infrastructure). Chavous blamed the lengthy legislative process on unnamed individuals who he said did not engage in good faith in the process,but critics argued that Chavous never engaged in the kind of political hardball that was needed to move the reform bill along faster. Larry Gray,legislative chairman of the D.C. Congress of PTAs,blamed Chavous for deep cuts in the school budget during the past four years,failures in the teacher certification program,and significant delays in getting technology into the classroom.[39]
Chavous left Arent Fox[41] and was appointed Vice President of Communications for Covad Communications Group,a broadband provider,in December 1999.[40] But he left that position after just a year. Citing his somewhat difficult reelection campaign,Chavous said he wanted to devote more time to his Council position.[42]
Several years later,in March 2001,Chavous rejoined Arent Fox as counsel,[41] a part-time position in which he specialized in business law,government relations,and general litigation.[43] Chavous also won an appointment as an adjunct faculty member at the Washington College of Law at American University. He taught education law during the spring 2001 term.[43] In 2002,Chavous took a job as a partner at the law firm of Sonnenschein Nath &Rosenthal,practicing education and government law.[44]
1998 mayoral campaign
As early as January 1997,The Washington Post said,Chavous was running an all-but-announced campaign for mayor[45] to unseat incumbent Marion Barry. As part of a staff shakeup to improve his election chances,Chavous fired Jim Ford,the veteran staff director of the Committee on Education,Libraries and Recreation.[46] Valerie Strauss of The Washington Post said Ford's dismissal "robbed the committee of its institutional memory and one of its most vocal advocates for school reform."[47] But although Chavous had worked diligently to improve his name recognition and standing with the public,he garnered just 7 percent of those likely voters polled by The Washington Post in May 1997.[48]
Chavous formally announced his campaign for mayor on February 10,1998,[49] and raised $117,000 in the first month of his campaign.[50] Chavous trailed the other leading candidate in the race,Jack Evans,who raised more than $307,000 since early December 1997,as well as restaurateur Jeffrey Gildenhorn,who donated $400,000 of his own money to his own campaign. More than a third of the campaign contributions to the Chavous campaign came from individuals living outside the District of Columbia.[51] Chavous said in April 1998 that,if elected,he would focus heavily on education reform. He rejected school vouchers,but promised to fire principals and teachers who did not meet performance standards and create a boarding school for troubled youth. He also said he would disband the police oversight group established by the Financial Control Board,and work to revive commercial areas throughout the city.[52] He later said he would cut a number of taxes levied by the city,including the corporate income tax,and seek passage of a federal law that would replace the current progressive federal income tax on city residents with a flat federal income tax of 15 percent.[53] He also proposed universal early childhood education,[54] and significantly improved city services for Latino residents.[55] By mid-May,a Post poll showed 29 percent of voters favoring a sixth Barry term. Harold Brazil had 16 percent,Kevin Chavous had 15 percent,and Jack Evans had 10 percent.[56] On May 21,Barry said he would not seek reelection.[57] The announcement was a boost for Chavous,as polling showed that Barry's supporters were most likely to support him over other mayoral candidates.[58]
However,on May 30,1998,Anthony A. Williams entered the race for mayor. Williams was the city's Chief Financial Officer,a position created by the same federal legislation which created the Financial Control Board. Williams had helped steer the city toward financial solvency,and had proven immensely popular among residents.[59] By early June,the Chavous campaign had raised more than $260,000 in campaign donations in an attempt to reach its $750,000 goal;about 25 percent of the contributions came from non-District residents.[60] On June 20,Chavous barely won a straw poll of Democrats in Ward 8.[61] Anthony Williams came in a close second,in what The Washington Post called a sign of weakening support for Chavous.[62] But nine days later,he won the endorsement of the Metropolitan Washington AFL–CIO,a broad coalition of trade unions.[63]
On July 1,Vickey Wilcher,the manager of Chavous' mayoral campaign,quit amid rumors of infighting among Chavous' top aides. The Washington Post reported that several top campaign staff were angered by Chavous' "indecisiveness" over the convention center issue. They were also alarmed that Chavous had failed to win the Ward 8 endorsement,and they fought with other campaign managers over the direction of the Chavous effort.[64] The campaign received another blow a few days later when the influential Washington Teachers Union broke with the AFL-CIO and endorsed Williams for mayor.[65] In July,Chavous raised another $100,000 toward his campaign goal. But Anthony Williams raised more than $400,000—most of it in small donations from voters throughout the city.[66] Chavous also loaned his campaign $25,000.[67]
As the primary season wound down,a Post poll released on September 3,1998,showed Williams with 37 percent of the vote and Chavous with 20 percent.[68] A few days later,the Washington Teachers Union,D.C. Construction and Building Trades Council,Washington Social Workers Association,D.C. Nurses' Association,and National Hispanic Law Enforcement Association accused Chavous of missing 37 percent of all Council sessions during his first term in office,an accusation Chavous strongly denied.[69] In the last month of the mayoral race,Williams raised $303,000 compared with just over $77,000 for Chavous. Chavous concluded the race having raised just $450,000 toward his goal of $750,000,and he had only $66,000 for the final week of the campaign compared to Williams' $97,500.[70]
Anthony Williams won the Democratic primary election held on September 15,1998. Williams received 50 percent of the vote,with Chavous a distant second at 35 percent.[71][lower-alpha 1] Williams easily defeated Republican Carol Schwartz in the general election on November 4,66 percent to 30 percent. He carried all eight wards by a solid margin.[73]
2000 reelection and third term
2000 council race
Chavous announced he would run for a third four-year term on the Council of the District of Columbia in June 2000.[74]
His primary campaign faced significant problems. In June,the Far Northeast/Southeast Council,a coalition of Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANC) and neighborhood civic associations,voted "no-confidence" in Chavous,saying he had been absent from too many community meetings and events[75] and had failed to keep resident informed about major changes in their ward (such as the relocation of the D.C. Department of Employment Services and the opening of a new charter school).[76] In late July,the Metropolitan Washington Council of the AFL-CIO declined to make an endorsement in the Ward 7 Council primary race,after the Washington Federation of Teachers accused Chavous of ignoring their input on education policy.[75] (The teachers union also declined an endorsement in August.)[77] By August 4,Chavous had only raised $2,100 in contributions,but spent more than $46,500. (He used funds left over from his 1998 mayoral race to reduce that deficit to just $7,100.)[75] Four individuals also challenged Chavous in the Democratic primary:Rev. Robert B. Hunter of Atonement Episcopal Church;Mary D. Jackson,a United States Senate archivist and an ANC member;Durand A. Ford,a financial management consultant;and Gary R. Feenster,a computing analyst.[76] By the end of August,Chavous had raised $6,000 in new contributions,and said he hoped to raise $20,000 more before the general election.[76]
Despite these problems,Chavous won the Democratic primary on September 12. He garnered 53 percent of the vote.[76][lower-alpha 2] His closest challenger was Rev. Robert B. Hunter,who received 33 percent of the vote.[79]
Chavous' campaign problems eased during the general election. By October 10,he had raised $66,800,and had $14,000 in cash on hand for the remaining three weeks of the general election campaign. Chavous blamed his reduced electoral margin in the primary on "lingering anger" over the school board reform battle.[78] Chavous won the general election on November 7 with 87 percent of the vote. Write-in Republican candidate Johnnie Scott Rice won 12 percent.[80]
Third council term
Chavous continued to have a contentious relationship with Mayor Williams in his third term.[81]The Washington Post claimed that Chavous was considering a mayoral run in 2002,and that his battles with Williams were motivated by the search for a campaign issue.[82] His relationship with Harold Brazil also broke down over Brazil's support for Williams. "Harold's just become a lapdog," Chavous said. "Harold just defends the mayor even when the mayor doesn't ask for support. Frankly,it's more than frustrating."[83]
Chavous was vocal on a number of issues in his third council term. He opposed repeal of council members' term limits (approved by voters in 1994),[84] and supported a redistricting plan which expanded Ward 7 west of the Anacostia River (angering residents of Kingman Park,who wished to remain part of Ward 6).[85] But Peggy Cooper Cafritz,the highly influential president of the new school board,strongly criticized Chavous for failing to secure more funding for public schools,[86] and residents of Ward 7 were so upset with his failure to push for cleanup of abandoned lots that 20 of them dumped trash on Chavous' front lawn in January 2003.[87]
Chavous publicly stated he was considering another mayoral run in December 2001.[88] When Mayor Williams apologized publicly for ethical lapses in January 2002,local news media reported that this only boosted Chavous' interest in a campaign.[89] Lingering anger among residents on the east side of the city at the closing of D.C. General Hospital and those who lived in areas unaffected by the city's business resurgence led Chavous to publicly announce he was considering a run.[90] In April 2002,as the filing deadline neared,Chavous admitted he had a growing interest in challenging Williams for the mayor's office[91] Chavous announced in May that he would make a decision by the end of the month,noting that his own poll showed he was "very well known and very well respected" and that the public held a much less negative view about him than Williams.[92] A damper was put on expectations for a Chavous run in late May when a Post poll showed Chavous losing to Williams,51 percent to 31 percent.[93] On June 6,Chavous announced he would not run for mayor.[94] When a local court ruled that Williams had not submitted enough valid signatures to put himself on the ballot,Williams announced he would run as a write-in candidate in the Democratic Party primary. There was brief speculation by a number of political observers,The Washington Post said,that Chavous would enter the race.[95] But he did not.
The biggest issue of Chavous' third term was school vouchers. Chavous had opposed vouchers in the past,[96] but by February 2003,The Washington Post reported,Chavous was much more interested in providing ways to given parents a choice in whether to send their child to public school,private school,or charter school. Chavous and Mayor Williams met with Secretary of EducationRod Paige on February 6,2003,to discuss vouchers and other "choice" programs,during which time Paige pledged a voucher program would not be forced on the city.[97] After the meeting,Chavous said he had not yet decided if he would support vouchers or not.[96] Chavous then began to significantly moderate his criticism of Williams.[98] By March 31,Chavous said that he had come to support vouchers,but only if the program were not forced on the city and only if federal (not city) funds were used to finance the program.[99] On February 8,2003,President George W. Bush announced that he would seek federal legislation to impose a school voucher program on the city.[96] As Bush's proposal was considered by the House of Representatives,Chavous and D.C.'s Delegate to Congress,Eleanor Holmes Norton (a strong opponent of vouchers),blamed one another for a series of snubs,missed meetings,and attacks.[100] By the time the measure moved to the Senate in September,Chavous (along with Mayor Williams and Board President Cafritz) was opposed on the voucher issue by a significant majority of elected officials in the city.[101] The Senate passed the school voucher bill on January 23,2004,and President Bush signed it into law. The legislation provided for a temporary,five-year experiment under which 1,700 low-income students would receive up to $7,500 a year so that they could attend a private school in the city or nearby jurisdictions. Congress provided $14 million for the project.[102]
A second major educational issue which arose during Chavous' third term was another round of reform aimed at the D.C. Board of Education. On September 24,2003,Mayor Williams announced that the city's public school system was so dysfunctional and provided such low-quality education that he was introducing legislation to strip the Board of nearly all its power. Control over the school system would be given to the mayor,who would have the right to hire and fire the superintendent,principals,teachers,and other workers and who would gain significant new powers to reconstitute programs,operations,curriculum,and schools. Although Chavous was working on his own bill to give the Council and mayor more power over the school system,[lower-alpha 3] he immediately threw his support behind Williams' plan.[103] But little action on the mayor's plan had been taken by January 2004. Chavous argued that Williams had not been forceful enough in making the case for his proposal,and journalist Craig Timberg linked Chavous' lack of activity on the measure to a reluctance to take on a controversial issue in an election year. (Chavous' own bill was also delayed,and he said it would not be ready until at least March 2004.)[104] Williams said he might seek a third term as mayor merely to fight for his school reform bill,if the council did not act more expeditiously.[105] In February 2004,Chavous announced he no longer supported the mayor's bill. The school district was without a superintendent,and Chavous argued that no individual would want the job if the council was considering such a significant change to the position. He also said that giving the mayor hiring and firing authority over the superintendent would require congressional approval or a voter referendum,and both processes would take too long.[106] Chavous then introduced a bill which largely undid the 2000 reforms. The new bill provided for a nine-member board,with eight elected members (one from each ward) and a president elected citywide. Chavous' committee approved the bill in April 2004 without a hearing.[107] Although Mayor Williams submitted an altered form of his original proposal two weeks after the defeat,[108] it was rejected in mid-May and the Chavous bill approved by the council in July on a close 7-to-6 vote.[109]
The last major issue of Chavous' third term on the council was funding for Nationals Park. Major League Baseball was willing to move the Montreal Expos to Washington,D.C.,which had long sought a major-league baseball franchise,but only if the city built a modern,baseball-only stadium for the team. By early June 2003,most of the District Council opposed the initial financing plan submitted by Williams. Chavous was the lone undecided councilmember. (Harold Brazil was the only supporter.)[110] Chavous supported the stadium plan only after he had lost the September 14 Democratic primary.[111] But he remained largely quiet during council debates,and was still considered a swing vote by November.[112] On November 3,he provided the critical third vote on the council's Economic Development Committee,which approved the stadium deal.[113] Twenty-seven days later,he joined with a narrow majority on the council to win final approval for the project.[114] Chavous twice more voted to approve the stadium financing arrangement in December,when the financing mechanism was amended.[115]
His term in office ended on January 2,2005,when Gray was sworn in.[116]
2004 failed reelection bid
Rumors that Chavous would face significant primary opposition should he run for reelection in 2004 emerged in March 2003. Vincent C. Gray,former director of the D.C. Department of Human Services and the founding director of the D.C. chapter of Covenant House,challenged incumbent Jeri Washington for the chairmanship of the Ward 7 Democrats. Gray easily won,256 to 134. The Washington Post concluded that the loss reflected discontent with Chavous' tenure in office,and that there was widespread speculation that Gray would challenge Chavous for the Ward 7 council seat the following year.[98] Several of the activists and donors who had backed Anthony Williams in his first race for mayor urged Gray to run against Chavous.[117] Gray launched his campaign to unseat Chavous on May 19,2004,[118] and began waging what the Post called an "aggressive campaign".[119] Gray was not Chavous' only challenger. Five other individuals had also filed for the seat (although none of them were expected to impact the race significantly).[119]
By the end of June,Gray had raised $1,235 in contributions.[119] By the end of July,Chavous had raised $88,514[119] (all but $16,259 in May 2004)[120] and had $42,295 on hand.[119] Gray's campaign theme was that Chavous was out of touch with the ward,rarely attending neighborhood events and traveling out of town too frequently. Sam Bost,president of the influential Far Northeast/Southeast Council,announced in mid August that he would no longer support Chavous,and Gray won endorsements from several key organizations and individuals. Chavous argued that working on legislation consumed most of his time,and pointed to the school voucher program and the extensive charter school network in the city as major accomplishments. By August 22,Gray had raised $38,531 for a total of $52,389,[120] while Chavous had raised $110,199 (and had $42,296 on hand).[121]
The Chavous campaign received a blow on August 31 when the D.C. Democratic State Committee voted 35-to-3 to endorse Gray in the Ward 7 Democratic primary race. The vote,which The Washington Post called "an embarrassment" for Chavous,was the first time committee had endorsed a candidate in a primary election.[122] Chavous dismissed the outcome,calling the vote "a sham".[123] As the primary approached on September 14,the Post called the election the closest since Chavous defeated Crawford in 1992. Voter sentiment seemed to focus on the 2003–2004 Board of Education reform debate,with voters blaming Chavous for the long debate—which,many said,discouraged the two leading candidates for superintendent to drop out. Gray also hammered Chavous on his support for the federal voucher program,which he claimed took money away from public schools.[117] Chavous argued that he had helped improve the delivery and amount of city services,was critical in winning construction of two new public schools in Ward 7,and that he had brought economic development to the area by shepherding the redevelopment of the Skyland shopping mall.[124] By the end of the primary,Chavous had raised $138,849 in contributions.[125]
Chavous lost his bid for reelection after losing the September 14,2004,Democratic primary to Gray,50 percent to 34 percent.[124] David Nakamura,reporter for The Washington Post,said that voters were unhappy with city schools,which had not improved despite the reforms Chavous took credit for.[126]
The D.C. Office of Campaign Finance began an investigation into the 2004 Chavous Democratic primary campaign. The Washington Post reported that the Chavous campaign failed to file financial reports for October and November and paid three invoices totaling $9,000 when the campaign did not have funds to cover the checks. A creditor then filed a complaint with the D.C. police. The Office of Campaign Finance scheduled a hearing on the alleged campaign violations in November 2004,but Chavous did not appear. In an interview with the Post,Chavous blamed a bank error and his campaign treasurer for the problems. Chavous personally gave one creditor a $5,000 cashier's check to cover a radio ad purchase,and his campaign's field coordinator was paid using $2,000 of Chavous' personal funds and $1,000 of the campaign's funds.[125]
National education reform advocacy
In 2004,Chavous authored the book Serving Our Children:Charter Schools and the Reform of American Public Education.[127] The following year,he was named a Distinguished Fellow with the Center for Education Reform.[127]
Chavous served on the education policy committee of Barack Obama's 2008 election campaign.[128] The same year,he co-founded and was named chairman of the board of directors of Democrats for Education Reform (DFER),a political action committee which supports Democratic candidates for office who support school vouchers,[129] and with DFER founded the Education Equality Project.[130] He also co-founded in 2008 the nonprofit organization Serving Our Children,which provides grants to teachers for the purchase of classroom supplies.[130] He was also named that year to the board of directors of the Black Alliance for Educational Options,an educational reform group promoting school vouchers and charter schools.[130] He became the group's chairman in 2010.[131]
In October 2017,Chavous was named K12 Inc.'s President of Academics,Policy and Schools.[2] Prior to being named president,Chavous served on K12's board of directors.[2]
Personal life
In 1982,Chavous married attorney and law school classmate Beverly Bass.[3] The couple divorced in 2009.[citation needed] They have two sons,Kevin (born 1984) and Eric (born 1990).[3] Chavous currently lives in Vienna,Virginia with his wife Amber and his stepson,Kalijah Mayfield.
Author
In 2012,Chavous published his second book,"Voices of Determination:Children that Defy the Odds". In the book,Chavous shares the stories of ten young people who overcame assorted challenges in order to get their education. In 2016,the book was being developed into a screenplay.[135]
In the fall of 2016,Chavous released his third book,Building A Learning Culture in America,in which he details how America embraced and cultivated a learning culture in the past,how it lost its way and what we need to do as a nation to regain that learning culture.[136]
In 2017,Chavous released his first fiction book,The Plan,a conspiracy-based political thriller based on The Plan which suggests that white Washingtonians have a master design to displace black residents. In 2019,he published The Fund and The Shipment,both sequels to The Plan.[137][138]
Awards
In 2016,Chavous has received an award from school alma mater,Brebeuf Preparatory High School in Indianapolis,as an Outstanding Alumni Award.[139] Wabash college recognized his basketball accomplishments by inducting him into the Wabash College Athletics Hall of Fame.[140]
Marion Shepilov Barry was an American politician who served as mayor of the District of Columbia from 1979 to 1991 and 1995 to 1999. A Democrat,Barry had served three tenures on the Council of the District of Columbia,representing as an at-large member from 1975 to 1979,in Ward 8 from 1993 to 1995,and again from 2005 to 2014.
Anthony Allen Williams is an American politician who was the mayor of the District of Columbia,for two terms,from 1999 to 2007. His predecessor had served twice. Williams had previously served as chief financial officer for the district,managing to balance the budget and achieve a surplus within two years of appointment. He held a variety of executive posts in cities and states around the country prior to his service in the D.C. government. Since 2012,he has served as chief executive officer/executive director of the Federal City Council. His tenure as mayor has been appraised very highly by the policy community and historians,with MSNBC branding him "one of the best and most successful mayors in US history."
The District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) is the local public school system for Washington,D.C. It is distinct from the District of Columbia Public Charter Schools (DCPCS),which governs public charter schools in the city.
Carol Schwartz is an American politician from Washington,D.C.,who served as a Republican at-large member on the Council of the District of Columbia from 1985 to 1989 and again from 1997 to 2009. A five-time perennial candidate for mayor,she is the only Republican nominee since the restoration of home rule to garner more than 30 percent of the vote. She announced her fifth campaign for mayor on June 9,2014 finishing behind Muriel Bowser and David Catania. In 2015,she was appointed to the D.C. Board of Ethics and Government Accountability by Mayor Muriel Bowser.
Philip Heath Mendelson is an American politician from Washington,D.C. He is currently Chairman of the Council of the District of Columbia,elected by the Council on June 13,2012,following the resignation of Kwame R. Brown. He was elected to serve the remainder of Brown's term in a citywide special election on November 6,2012,and re-elected to a full term in 2014 and 2018.
Linda Washington Cropp is an American politician from Washington,D.C.,the capital of the United States. She was a Democratic member of the Council of the District of Columbia,where she was the first woman to serve as the elected Council Chairman. On September 12,2006,she lost the Democratic Primary for Mayor to Adrian Fenty. This loss came in spite of the fact that Cropp had been endorsed by outgoing mayor Anthony A. Williams. She was succeeded as Council Chairman by Vincent C. Gray.
Vincent Condol Gray is an American politician who served as the mayor of the District of Columbia from 2011 to 2015.
Vincent Bernard Orange,Sr. is a former American politician from Washington,D.C.,and former president of the D.C. Chamber of Commerce. An attorney and a certified public accountant,Orange represented Ward 5 on the Council of the District of Columbia from 1999 to 2007,and was an at-large member from 2011 to 2016. He lost the June 2016 Democratic primary election to Robert White. Although his term was not due to end until January 2,2017,Orange resigned from the council effective August 15,2016,in the wake of conflict of interest charges over his new employment at the Chamber of Commerce.
Michael Arrington Brown is an American politician in Washington,D.C. In 2008,he was elected an at-large member of the Council of the District of Columbia,and he served one four-year term.
Muriel Elizabeth Bowser is an American politician who has served as the mayor of the District of Columbia since 2015. A member of the Democratic Party,she previously represented the 4th ward as a member of the Council of the District of Columbia from 2007 to 2015. She is the second female mayor of the District of Columbia after Sharon Pratt,and the first woman to be reelected to that position.
Harold Brazil is a former attorney and Democratic politician in Washington,D.C.
William Parker Lightfoot is an attorney and politician in Washington,D.C.
Eydie D. Whittington is a Democratic politician in Washington,D.C.
The Libertarian Party of the District of Columbia is a political party in the United States active in the District of Columbia. It is a recognized affiliate of the national Libertarian Party.
Anita Bonds is an American Democratic politician in Washington,D.C. She is an at-large member of the Council of the District of Columbia. She served as the Chair of the District of Columbia Democratic Party from 2006 to 2018. She worked as an executive at Fort Myer Construction,a District contractor.
LaRuby Zinea May is an American politician and African American lawyer who formerly represented Ward 8 on the Council of the District of Columbia in Washington,D.C. She won the Ward 8 special election on May 10,2015,succeeding Marion Barry,who died in office on November 23,2014. May,who was sworn into office on May 14,2015,served out the remainder of Barry's term,which ended on December 31,2016. During her first council term,she was active on the issues of crime and violence,marijuana policy,assisted suicide,and improvements to Advisory Neighborhood Commissions. She criticized the city's emergency medical services department,opposed the creation of a public electrical utility,and applauded the construction of a sports arena in her ward. She was one of the few council members to support the mayor during the FreshPAC scandal,and although she asked Congress to end its school voucher program she also supported a political action committee which supports an expanded voucher and charter school program in the District. She is a member of the Democratic Party.
The Umoja Party was a far-left political party in the District of Columbia.
The Socialist Workers Party of the District of Columbia is a minor political party in the District of Columbia The party advocates for statehood for the District of Columbia and ending Congressional control over the District's laws and finances. The party wants to abolish capitalism and replace it with a socialist economy.
The District of Columbia State Board of Education (SBOE) is an independent executive branch agency of the Government of the District of Columbia,in the United States. The SBOE provides advocacy and policy guidance for the District of Columbia Public Schools,and works with the Chancellor of the District of Columbia Public Schools and the District of Columbia State Superintendent of Education. Charter schools are overseen by the District of Columbia Public Charter School Board.
Federal City Council is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that promotes economic development in the city of Washington,D.C.,in the United States. Incorporated on September 13,1954,it is one of the most powerful private groups in the city,and is highly influential in Congress. It was the primary backer of a wide range of important projects,including the construction of the Washington Metro subway system,the city's first and second convention centers,the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center,and the Verizon Center. It has also been successful in pushing for changes in the District of Columbia Public Schools,reform of the federal role in the District of Columbia's finances,and reform of the District's tax structure.
References
Notes
↑ Williams defeated Chavous in Ward 4 by just 300 votes, his narrowest margin in any of the city's eight wards.[72]
↑ A later press report pegged his margin at just 51 percent.[78]
↑ Chavous' plan was still under development, but would give the District Council a line item veto over the public school budget.[103]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Sanchez, Rene (September 1, 1998). "Stability, Success Mark Chavous's Life". The Washington Post. p.D01.
↑ "Kevin Chavous, Democrat". The Washington Post. September 9, 2004. p.T15.
1 2 "Democratic Primary: Council Ward 7". The Washington Post. September 7, 2000. p.J18.
↑ Sherwood, Tom (May 5, 1988). "Jackson's Landslide Falls Short of Hopes: Lack of D.C. Organization Cited". The Washington Post. p.D1; "District Election Primary Results: Democratic Primary". The Washington Post. May 19, 1988. p.J6.
↑ Hamilton, Martha M. (February 15, 1989). "Expansion of Pepco Plant In NE Washington Opposed". The Washington Post. p.D3.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Loeb, Vernon (August 25, 1998). "Chavous Touts Record on Schools". The Washington Post. p.D1.
↑ "Kevin Chavous". The Washington Post. September 12, 1998. p.DC2.
↑ Harriston, Keith (May 28, 1992). "Kelly Spokesman Rebuts Accusation That Homicide Figures Were Withheld". The Washington Post. p.J3.
↑ Harriston, Keith (September 8, 1992). "Crawford Battling Challengers and Criticism". The Washington Post. p.D8.
1 2 3 Harriston, Keith (September 16, 1992). "Chavous Taps Discontent, Ousts Crawford in Ward 7: Batch of Endorsements Can't Save Incumbent". The Washington Post. p.A14.
↑ Sanchez, Rene (November 4, 1992). "District Rejects Death-Penalty Measure". The Washington Post. p.A33; "District: Key to the Vote Results". The Washington Post. November 5, 1992. p.C11.
↑ Sanchez, Rene (January 3, 1993). "Barry Takes Office As Supporters Cheer: Others on Council, School Board Sworn In". The Washington Post. p.B3.
↑ Woodlee, Yolanda (December 5, 1993). "In Ward 7, Council 'Baby' Grows Up Fast". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Castaneda, Ruben; Loose, Cindy (June 23, 1993). "Gunman Opens Fire at D.C. Pool; 6 Children Wounded in Chaotic Scene". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ O'Donnell, Santiago (June 30, 1993). "With Pride, Fear, They Jump Back In". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Brown, DeNeen L.; Castaneda, Ruben (September 27, 1993). "Police Say Turf Wars Fueled Day of Violence". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Harris, Hamil (September 30, 1993). "SE Communities Uniting to Battle Decay". The Washington Post. p.DC1.
↑ Harris, Hamil (April 15, 1993). "Bill Takes Aim at Trash Disposal Offenders". The Washington Post. p.J1; Sewell, Chan (December 6, 2000). "Liquor Bill Dominates D.C. Council Session". The Washington Post. p.B7.
↑ Duggan, Paul (December 23, 1993). "Community Assault On Crime Is Urged". The Washington Post. p.J3; Woodlee, Yolanda (February 4, 1994). "D.C. Agrees To Curtail Liquor: Council to Impose License Moratorium In Four City Wards". The Washington Post. p.A1.
1 2 3 4 Schneider, Howard; Vise, David A. (February 19, 1996). "Tough on Talk, Soft on Action". The Washington Post. p.E1.
↑ "Chavous Faces Ballot Challenge". The Washington Post. July 25, 1996. p.B4.
↑ "Challenger's Complaint Rejected". The Washington Post. July 31, 1996. p.B5.
↑ Williams, Vanessa (September 11, 1996). "Brazil Sweeps Away Yeldell's Challenge". The Washington Post. p.A1; "District: Primary Election Results". The Washington Post. September 11, 1996. p.A14.
↑ Williams, Vanessa (November 6, 1996). "Brazil, Schwartz Win Handily In D.C. Council At-Large Race". The Washington Post. p.B13; "Results: District of Columbia". The Washington Post. November 6, 1996. p.B18.
1 2 Harris, Hamil R. (December 31, 1996). "Clarke Hospitalized For Tests, Aide Says". The Washington Post. p.B3.
↑ Williams, Vanessa (September 29, 1997). "Chavous Takes Some Heat Over D.C. Council Inaction: His Leadership on Schools Crisis Is Questioned". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Loeb, Vernon (March 5, 1997). "Norton Declares Barney Circle Freeway a Dead End". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Harris, Hamil R.; Woodlee, Yolanda (May 28, 1998). "Candidates Feel Their Way in Debate". The Washington Post. p.D4.
↑ Montgomery, David; Evans, Judith (June 3, 1998). "Convention Center Wins Council Vote: District Would Finance $685 Million Project". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Cottman, Michael H.; Lipton, Eric (March 16, 1999). "Mayor's Budget Plan Is Met With Anger". The Washington Post. p.B01.
↑ Williams, Vanessa (August 23, 1999). "Mayor, Council Struggle to Patch Relations". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Williams, Vanessa (March 4, 1999). "Schwartz Proposes Tax Cuts". The Washington Post. p.B6.
↑ Williams, Vanessa; Vise, David A. (May 5, 1999). "D.C. Council Approves Massive Tax Cuts". The Washington Post. p.A1; Williams, Vanessa; Vise, David A. (May 12, 1999). "Delighted D.C. Council Adopts Budget". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Wilgoren, Debbi; Moreno, Sylvia (January 19, 1999). "Williams Loses Bid For Control Of Schools". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Williams, Vanessa (February 18, 1999). "D.C. School 'Hybrid' Approved". The Washington Post. p.B1; Blum, Justin (July 8, 1999). "Outcome of D.C. School Board Vote Affirmed". The Washington Post. p.B7.
↑ Williams, Vanessa (February 29, 2000). "For Chavous, Bruises in a Scuffle Over Schools". The Washington Post. p.B1.
1 2 Williams, Vanessa; Fehr, Stephen C. (December 16, 1999). "Chavous Gets Wired Over His New Job". The Washington Post. p.DC1.
1 2 Saraoshn, Judy (March 22, 2001). "Bridgestone/Firestone Opens D.C. Office". The Washington Post. p.A27.
↑ Sewell, Chan; Woodlee, Yolanda (December 14, 2000). "Chavous Quitting Lobbyist Job". The Washington Post. p.J2.
1 2 Sewell, Chan; Blum, Justin (May 10, 2001). "Council Candidate Brazile? Gore Aide Drops Hints". The Washington Post. p. T2.
↑ McElhatton, Jim (June 1, 2004). "Legal Work Boosts Salaries". The Washington Times. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
↑ Harris, Hamil R. (January 3, 1997). "Amid the Politics, New Term Begins: Campaign Rhetoric, Barry Barbs Mark D.C. Council's Swearing-In". The Washington Post. p.C1; Harris, Hamil R. (February 27, 1997). "Chavous the Crusader". The Washington Post. p.DC1.
↑ Harris, Hamil R.; Wheeler, Linda (January 16, 1997). "He's Now a Chief of a Different Sort". The Washington Post. p.J3.
↑ Strauss, Valerie (January 30, 1997). "Firing Leaves a Void; Council Employee Was Expert on Schools". The Washington Post. p.DC1.
↑ Williams, Vanessa; Harris, Hamil R. (May 22, 1997). "What? Me Worry? The Mayor Shrugs Off the Polls". The Washington Post. p.J1.
↑ Powell, Michael (February 11, 1998). "Chavous Makes It Official, Enters D.C. Mayor's Race". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ "Chavous Raises $117,000 in Mayor's Race". The Washington Post. March 12, 1998. p.B3.
↑ Woodlee, Yolanda (March 19, 1998). "Chavous Trails Evans in Donations". The Washington Post. p.J1.
↑ Powell, Michael (April 29, 1998). "Mayoral Bid Will Center On Schools, Chavous Says". The Washington Post. p.B8.
↑ Powell, Michael (July 21, 1998). "In D.C. Mayoral Race, Tax Cutting Takes Lead". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Williams, Vanessa (August 8, 1998). "Chavous's Emphasis Is Early Education". The Washington Post. p.B6.
↑ Williams, Vanessa (August 12, 1998). "Chavous Pledges Better Services for Latinos". The Washington Post. p.B4.
↑ Loeb, Vernon; Morin, Richard (May 19, 1998). "Survey Shows Barry Ahead of the Pack". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Loeb, Vernon; Woodlee, Yolanda (May 22, 1998). "Barry Says He Won't Seek Another Term". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Harris, Hamil R. (May 23, 1998). "The Race Is On As D.C. Candidates Scurry to Win Over Barry Backers". The Washington Post. p.F6.
↑ Vise, David A. (May 31, 1998). "Financial Officer to Run for D.C. Mayor". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Woodlee, Yolanda (June 11, 1998). "Evans Is Far Ahead In Fund-Raising Race". The Washington Post. p.D4.
↑ Fehr, Stephen C. (March 30, 2000). "Mayor Finds Support in Southeast for Tax, Spending Priorities". The Washington Post. p.B5.
↑ Loeb, Vernon (June 21, 1998). "Democrats In Ward 8 Tilt Slightly to Chavous". The Washington Post. p.B14.
↑ Powell, Michael (June 30, 1998). "Chavous Wins Union Backing in Mayor's Race". The Washington Post. p.D3.
↑ Williams, Vanessa (July 2, 1998). "Chavous's Campaign Manager Quits Amid Reports of Discord". The Washington Post. p.D5.
↑ Williams, Vanessa (July 10, 1998). "Teachers Union Endorses Williams". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Woodlee, Yolanda (August 11, 1998). "Williams Tops 3 Rivals In Recent Fund-Raising". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Woodlee, Yolanda (August 20, 1998). "2 Lend Money to Their Coffers". The Washington Post. p.J1.
↑ Morin, Richard (September 3, 1998). "Poll Puts Williams in Front". The Washington Post. p.DC6.
↑ Cottman, Michael H.; Williams, Vanessa (September 9, 1998). "Williams, Chavous Trade Barbs About Participation, Responsibility". The Washington Post. p.B4.
↑ Woodlee, Yolanda (September 9, 1998). "Williams, Evans Lead Pack in Fund-Raising". The Washington Post. p.B5.
↑ Powell, Michael; Cottman, Michael H. (September 16, 1998). "Williams Wins Mayoral Primary". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Chan, Sewell; Leonnig, Carol D. (May 31, 2001). "Ward 4 Challenge Targets Key Williams Ally". The Washington Post. p.T2.
↑ Cottman, Michael H.; Woodlee, Yolanda (November 4, 1998). "Williams Wins Big in D.C. Mayor's Race". The Washington Post. p.A1; "Result Chart: District of Columbia". The Washington Post. November 4, 1998. p.A37.
↑ Woodlee, Yolanda (July 6, 2000). "Incumbents, 19 Others Enter Council Primary". The Washington Post. p.B4.
1 2 3 Sewell, Chan (August 16, 2000). "Chavous Accused of Inaction; Weak Fundraising a Sign, Foes Say". The Washington Post. p.B2.
1 2 3 4 Sewell, Chan (August 31, 2000). "4 Underdogs Seek to Block Third Term for Chavous". The Washington Post. p.DCE7.
↑ Leonnig, Carol D.; Sewell, Chan (August 17, 2000). "Political Nitty-Gritty". The Washington Post. p.J02.
1 2 Sewell, Chan (November 1, 2000). "In D.C. Council's Ward Races, Democrats Enjoy Advantage". The Washington Post. p.B5.
↑ Sewell, Chan (September 13, 2000). "Council Member Jarvis Ousted in D.C. Primary". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Sewell, Chan (November 8, 2000). "Delegate, Council: Norton, Other Incumbents Have an Easy Night of It". The Washington Post. p.A44; "Unofficial Returns: District of Columbia". The Washington Post. November 9, 2000. p.B7.
↑ Woodlee, Yolanda (April 10, 2002). "Council Members Fault Report on Williams". The Washington Post. p.B2.
↑ Pierre, Robert E. (March 3, 2001). "D.C. Mayor Smarting After Public Discord". The Washington Post. p.B1; Chan, Sewell; Goldstein, Avram (December 6, 2001). "Council Finds It Hard to Speak Kindly of Mayor". The Washington Post. p.T2; Goldstein, Avram (December 11, 2001). "Council Member Banishes Health Chief From Hearing". The Washington Post. p.B2.
↑ Sewell, Chan; Leonnig, Carol D. (April 12, 2001). "Democrat Committee's Reformist Leader Under Fire". The Washington Post. p.T2.
↑ Pierre, Robert E.; Chan, Sewell (June 6, 2001). "District Term Limits Tossed; Council Reverses Voters' Decision In Referendum". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Chan, Sewell (June 11, 2001). "D.C. Redistricting Meets Resistance East of River". The Washington Post. p.B1; Chan, Sewell; Bacon, Perry Jr. (June 20, 2001). "Redrawn Wards Approved In D.C.". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ "D.C. Council Approves Pared-Down Budget". The Washington Post. October 2, 2002. p.B4.
↑ Nakamura, David (January 27, 2003). "Residents, City Try New Paths to Take Back Vacant Areas". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Leonnig, Carol D. (December 20, 2001). "D.C. Mayor to Run for Second Term". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Timberg, Craig (January 13, 2002). "Williams's Mea Culpa Can't Quell Controversy". The Washington Post. p.C1.
↑ Timberg, Craig (January 17, 2002). "Chavous Ponders Slings and Arrows of New Mayoral Bid". The Washington Post. p.T2.
↑ Timberg, Craig (April 24, 2002). "D.C. Mayor's Troubles Embolden Past Rivals". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Twomey, Steve (May 4, 2002). "Mayor Has Critics But No Challenger For Nomination". The Washington Post. p.B6.
↑ Timberg, Craig; Deane, Claudia (May 26, 2002). "Williams Losing Support Of Blacks". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Timberg, Craig (June 7, 2002). "Chavous to Pass On Race for Mayor". The Washington Post. p.B5.
↑ Timberg, Craig (July 28, 2002). "Williams Scrambles as Ballot Ruling Energizes Race". The Washington Post. p.A1.
1 2 3 Strauss, Valerie (February 8, 2003). "President to Push Vouchers For D.C.". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ "Metro: In Brief". The Washington Post. February 7, 2002. p.B3.
1 2 Timberg, Craig; Woodlee, Yolanda (March 20, 2003). "Nobody Seems to Be Lining Up to Support Williams's Budget". The Washington Post. p.T2.
↑ Meyer, Eugene (March 31, 2003). "Cafritz Is Criticized For Voucher Support". The Washington Post. p.B2; Timberg, Craig; Blum, Justin (May 2, 2003). "Mayor Endorses Vouchers in D.C.". The Washington Post. p.A1; Hsu, Spencer (July 18, 2003). "Foes Halt Vote on School Vouchers". The Washington Post. p.A1; Milbank, Dana (September 3, 2003). "From Iran, the 'Thomas Paine of School Choice'". The Washington Post. p.A15.
↑ Blum, Justin (July 24, 2003). "Mayor Pursues Vouchers, Public School Aid". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Hsu, Spencer (September 24, 2003). "Williams Touts Vouchers for D.C. Schools". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Hsu, Spencer; Blum, Justin (January 23, 2004). "D.C. School Vouchers Win Final Approval". The Washington Post. p.A1.
1 2 Timberg, Craig; Blum, Justin (September 25, 2003). "Williams Seeks School Takeover". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Timberg, Craig (January 4, 2004). "Mayor's Move to Take Over Schools Drags". The Washington Post. p.C1.
↑ Timberg, Craig (January 8, 2004). "Williams Considers Trying for a 3rd Term". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Blum, Justin (February 13, 2004). "Chavous Shifts View on Schools". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Blum, Justin (April 3, 2004). "Williams Rebuffed On School Takeover". The Washington Post. p.B3; Blum, Justin (April 21, 2004). "Williams's School Plan Defeated". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Blum, Justin (April 25, 2004). "Williams Softening Schools Proposal". The Washington Post. p.C1.
↑ Blum, Justin (May 19, 2004). "Mayor's School Takeover Defeated". The Washington Post. p.B1; Chan, Sewell (July 14, 2004). "Hybrid School Board Retained". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Timberg, Craig; Fainaru, Steve (June 8, 2003). "Financing In Doubt For Stadium". The Washington Post. p.C1.
↑ Kovaleski, Serge F.; Woodlee, Yolanda (September 30, 2004). "Council Majority Backs Proposal—With Reservations". The Washington Post. p.A12.
↑ Nakamura, David (November 3, 2004). "New Stadium Bill Adds Community Fund". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Nakamura, David (November 4, 2004). "D.C. Council Panels Back Stadium Plan". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Nakamura, David (December 1, 2004). "Council Backs Waterfront Stadium". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Nakamura, David (December 15, 2004). "Council Approves Altered Stadium Deal". The Washington Post. p.A11; Nakamura, David; Heath, Thomas (December 22, 2004). "Amended Deal on Stadium Approved". The Washington Post. p.A1.
↑ Weiss, Eric M. (January 3, 2005). "Council's New Arrivals Push to Spread Revival". The Washington Post. p.B1.
1 2 Nakamura, David (September 8, 2004). "Chavous Challenges Notion That He's Lost Touch". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Montgomery, Lori; Labbe, Theola (May 20, 2004). "Brazil Distances Himself From Mayor". The Washington Post. p.T2.
1 2 3 4 5 Woodlee, Yolanda (August 11, 2004). "Allen Has $100,000 For Ward 8 Campaign". The Washington Post. p.B1.
1 2 Montgomery, Lori; Woodlee, Yolanda (August 23, 2004). "For D.C. Council Incumbents, Major Challenges". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Woodlee, Yolanda (August 26, 2004). "Barry Filing Incomplete". The Washington Post. p.B2.
↑ Montgomery, Lori; Woodlee, Yolanda (September 1, 2004). "Party Committee Rejects Chavous, Backs Ward 7 Challenger". The Washington Post. p.B4.
↑ Nakamura, David (September 2, 2004). "Chavous Unfazed Party's Rebuff". The Washington Post. p.B1.
1 2 Montgomery, Lori; Woodlee, Yolanda (September 15, 2004). "Barry In, 3 D.C. Council Incumbents Out". The Washington Post. p.A1.
1 2 Woodlee, Yolanda; Strauss, Valerie (December 10, 2004). "Chavous Camp Missed Filings, Wrote Checks Without Funds". The Washington Post. p.B1.
↑ Nakamura, David (September 15, 2004). "East of the Anacostia, Anger Is Power". The Washington Post. p.A12.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
