| Kluyveromyces wickerhamii | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Saccharomycetes |
| Order: | Saccharomycetales |
| Family: | Saccharomycetaceae |
| Genus: | Kluyveromyces |
| Species: | K. wickerhamii |
| Binomial name | |
| Kluyveromyces wickerhamii (Phaff, M.W. Mill & Shifrine) Van der Walt, 1971 | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Kluyveromyces wickerhamii is a fungus in the genus Kluyveromyces that exists as a yeast.
Upon discovery in 1956, K. wickerhamii was placed into the genus Saccharomyces . [1] [2] A 1965 reorganization of the genus Kluyveromyces included the introduction of K. wickerhamii to the genus. [3] [4] It was named after mycologist Lynferd Wickerham due to his contributions to yeast taxonomy. [2]
After growth on YM agar, the cells of K. wickerhamii have been described as "spherical to cylindrical" with colorations ranging from cream to pink or brown, due to the production of the iron chelate pulcherrimin. [5] Cells grown in malt extract media have been described as oval in shape, and can occur individually, paired, or in chains. [2] A thin pellicle can be observed when grown in glucose-yeast extract broth. [5] Pseudohyphae can be observed when grown on corn meal agar. [5]
K. wickerhamii has the ability to ferment certain compounds. It can ferment glucose, and can weakly ferment galactose and sucrose. It lacks the ability to ferment lactose, as well as maltose and raffinose. [2] [5]
Kluyveromyces wickerhamii is believed to be associated with insects. It was first isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of the fly species Drosophila pinicola and Drosophila montana in Aspen Valley, in Yosemite National Park . [1] [2] It has also been isolated from tree species Northern Red Oak ( Quercus rubra ) [6] and Fremont's Cottonwood ( Populus fremontii ). [7] These trees likely host K. wickerhamii due to their status as habitats to Drosophila flies. [5]
Kluyveromyces wickerhamii, like other members of Kluyveromyces, is known to naturally produce an antifungal substance. [8] It has been suggested that this antifungal production may be a useful tool to prevent wine spoilage by other yeasts such as Brettanomyces . [9]
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are estimated to constitute 1% of all described fungal species.
Brettanomyces is a non-spore forming genus of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae, and is often colloquially referred to as "Brett". The genus name Dekkera is used interchangeably with Brettanomyces, as it describes the teleomorph or spore forming form of the yeast, but is considered deprecated under the one fungus, one name change. The cellular morphology of the yeast can vary from ovoid to long "sausage" shaped cells. The yeast is acidogenic, and when grown on glucose rich media under aerobic conditions, produces large amounts of acetic acid. Brettanomyces is important to both the brewing and wine industries due to the sensory compounds it produces.
Torulaspora delbrueckii is a ubiquitous yeast species with both wild and anthropic habitats. The type strain of T. delbrueckii is CBS 1146T, equivalent to CLIB 230 or ATCC 10662, etc.. The type strain of T. delbrueckii CBS 1146 T was sequenced in 2009, and is composed of 8 chromosomes in addition to a mitochondrial genome.
Kluyveromyces marxianus in ascomycetous yeast and member of the genus, Kluyveromyces. It is the sexual stage of Atelosaccharomyces pseudotropicalis also known as Candida kefyr. This species has a homothallic mating system and is often isolated from dairy products.
Kluyveromyces is a genus of ascomycetous yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae. Some of the species, such as K. marxianus, are the teleomorphs of Candida species.
Lachancea kluyveri is an ascomycetous yeast associated with fruit flies, slime fluxes, soils and foods.
A killer yeast is a yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is able to secrete one of a number of toxic proteins which are lethal to susceptible cells. These "killer toxins" are polypeptides that kill sensitive cells of the same or related species, often functioning by creating pores in target cell membranes. These yeast cells are immune to the toxic effects of the protein due to an intrinsic immunity. Killer yeast strains can be a problem in commercial processing because they can kill desirable strains. The killer yeast system was first described in 1963. Study of killer toxins helped to better understand the secretion pathway of yeast, which is similar to those of more complex eukaryotes. It also can be used in treatment of some diseases, mainly those caused by fungi.
Herman Jan Phaff was a scientist who specialised in yeast ecology. He was born in the Netherlands before moving to California at age of 26. He was active in Californian universities until his death. During his career he accumulated thousands of strains of yeast from the wild, and described 60 new taxa of yeast.
Brettanomyces claussenii is a wild yeast of the genus Brettanomyces which has a negative Pasteur effect. It and Brettanomyces anomalus share identical mtDNA. In the wild, it is found on the skins of fruit. It has been shown to be useful for wine and beer fermentation as well as ethanol production.
Leucosporidium is a genus of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. The genus comprises fungi that are mostly known from their yeast states, though some produce hyphal states in culture that give rise to teliospores from which auricularioid basidia emerge. Species known only from their anamorphic yeast states were formerly referred to the genus Leucosporidiella, but, following changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the practice of giving different names to teleomorph and anamorph forms of the same fungus was discontinued, meaning that Leucosporidiella became a synonym of the earlier name Leucosporidium. Species have been isolated predominantly from cold environments and are regarded as psychrotolerant.
Hanseniaspora guilliermondii is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. In its anamorph form, it is called Kloeckera apis.
Trichosporon asteroides is an asexual basidiomycetous fungus first described from human skin but now mainly isolated from blood and urine. T. asteroides is a hyphal fungus with a characteristically yeast-like appearance due to the presence of slimy arthroconidia. Infections by this species usually respond to treatment with azoles and amphotericin B.
Phaeotremella foliacea is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces brownish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on the mycelium of Stereum sanguinolentum, a fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of conifers. It is widespread in north temperate regions. In the UK it has the recommended English name leafy brain and has also been called jelly leaf and brown witch's butter. Prior to 2017, the name Tremella foliacea was also applied to similar-looking species on broadleaf trees, now distinguished as Phaeotremella frondosa and Phaeotremella fimbriata.
Hanseniaspora lachancei is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It is associated with fermenting agave juice and a tequila production facility in Mexico.
Hanseniaspora occidentalis is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. In its anamorph form, it was called Kloeckera javanica. It has been isolated in the wild from soil samples and vineyards. Samples of a variant have been isolated from orange juice and rotten oranges. It has demonstrated potential as an organism to reduce malic acid in wine production.
Hanseniaspora osmophila is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It is found in soil and among the bark, leaves, and fruits of plants, as well as fermented foods and beverages made from fruit.
Vanderwaltozyma polyspora is a species of multi-spored yeast fungus in the family Saccharomycetaceae found in soil, first described by Johannes P. van der Walt, and moved to a new genus by Cletus P. Kurtzman in 2003.
Vanderwaltozyma is a genus of ascomycetous yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae.
Kluyveromyces aestuarii is a Kluyveromyces species of fungus occurring as a marine yeast. It was discovered in 1961 and was originally placed in the genus Saccharomyces.
Kluyveromyces dobhanskii is a species of Kluyveromyces fungus existing as a yeast.