Kurdology

Kurdology or Kurdish studies is an academic discipline centered on the study of Kurds and consists of several disciplines such as culture, history and linguistics. ^[1] Kurdish studies traces its institutional history to 1916, when in St. Petersburg in the late Russian Empire, during World War I, Kurdish was first taught as a university course by Joseph Orbeli. ^[2]

Term

The modern historian Sacha Alsancakli explains that the term "kurdology" started gaining acceptance after 1934 and the first pan-Soviet Kurdological congress held in Yerevan, Armenian SSR, Soviet Union. ^[2]

Early Kurdology

Throughout the 17th and the 18th centuries, most works on the Kurds attempted to ascertain the origins of the Kurdish people and their language. Different theories existed including the beliefs that Kurdish was closely related to Turkic languages, that it was a rude and uneducated Persian dialect or that Kurds were originally Chaldeans. ^[3]

Early Kurdology is characterized by the lack of an institutionalized approach and tended to lack critical contextualization. ^[3] In a sanctioned trip by Russian Academy of Sciences from 1768 to 1774, naturalist Johann Anton Güldenstädt travelled to the southern border of the Russian Empire to explore the Caucasus and the Kurds in Georgia. In his travel notes published between 1787 and 1791, Güldenstädt erroneously claimed that Kurds were Tatars and his translations also had inaccuracies because of communication issues with his informants. His claim that Kurdish was related to Turkic languages was nevertheless rejected by German librarian Johann Adelung who argued that Kurds were related to Corduene basing his argument on Xenophon and his work Anabasis from around 370 BC. ^[3]

The Spanish Jesuit Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro also examined the Kurdish language in his Vocabolario poligloto (transl. Polyglot Vocabulary) in 1787 and argued that:

the Kurdistani (il Curdistano) is more akin to Persian than Turkish; so much so that among a hundred Kurdistani words (parole Curdistane) only fifteen bear similarity to their Turkish counterpart, and thirty-five to the Persian; it seems to me that the Kurdistani words are closer than both Turkish and Persian to the primitive Tatar idiom. ^[3]

Kurdology by region

Italy

Kurds became known for the first time in Europe through Dominican Order. In the beginning, it was Italians who carried out research on the Kurds on behalf of the Vatican. A monk, Domenico Lanza, lived between 1753 and 1771 near Mosul and published a book titled Compendiose realizione istorica dei viaggi fatti dal Padre Domenico Lanza dell'Ordine dei Predicatori de Roma in Oriente dall'anno 1753 al 1771. ^[4] The missionary and traveler Maurizio Garzoni spent 20 years with the Kurds of Amadiya and Mosul and wrote an Italian-Kurdish dictionary with around 4,500 words between 1764 and 1770. This work was published in Rome in 1787 under the name Grammatica e Vocabolario della Lingua Kurdi. ^[5] With the growing interest in Europe about the Ottoman Empire, other people became aware of the Kurds. Garzoni's book was reissued in 1826. The first European book dealing with the religion of the Kurds appeared in Naples in 1818. It was called Storia della regione Kurdistan e delle sette di religio ivi esistenti and was written by Giuseppe Campanile. ^[6] The Italian missionary and researcher Alessandro de Bianchi published in 1863 a book on Kurdish culture, traditions and history.

Germany

The earliest mention of the Kurds in a German work comes from Johann Schitberger from the year 1473. In 1799, Johann Adam Bergk also mentions Kurds in his geography book. During his stay in the Ottoman Empire, Helmuth von Moltke reported about Kurds in his work letters about the events in Turkey. The Kurds were also mentioned in the German literature, the most prominent example being Karl May's in 1892 published Durchs wilde Kurdistan. ^[7]

The period from 1840 to 1930 was the most productive period of Kurdology in Germany. Germany was at the time the center of Kurdish studies in Europe. Due to its good relations with the Ottoman Empire, German researchers were able to access to the Ottoman lands and its inhabitants with relative ease. ^[7]

At the present time Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Vienna, ^[8] University of Göttingen, ^[9] University of Erfurt ^[10] and Free University of Berlin ^[11] offer Kurdish oriented courses in Germany, either as a sole study or as a part of wider Iranian studies.

Russia

During its expansion Russia also was in contact with the Ottoman Empire, that often resulted in conflicts. Russia's access to Black Sea and the Caucasus brought the country in contact with eastern part of the Ottoman Empire, where they then began their research on the Kurds. ^[12] In 1879 Russian-Polish diplomat from Erzurum August Kościesza-Żaba published a Franco-Kurdish dictionary with the help of Mahmud Bayazidi. ^[12] The center of Kurdish studies was the University of St. Petersburg. Żaba and other diplomats like Basil Nikitin collected Kurdish manuscripts and recorded oral histories. Among other things, the Sharafnama was translated into Russian for the first time. ^[12]

Turkey

Due to the Turkish state policy, the Kurdish people and their culture were not deemed as a research topic for decades. ^[13] Some early works on Kurds, such as by Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, portrayed the Kurds as a Turkic or Turanian population group and were consistent with the state backed Turkish History Thesis. First studies that deviated from the state view were published by İsmail Beşikçi. It was only after the relaxation of Turkish-Kurdish relations that academic papers on the Kurds appeared. ^[13] At the Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi, which was founded in 2007, a chair for Kurdish language and literature was established as a part of the Institute of Living Languages.

Notable academics

• Maurizio Garzoni (1730–1790)
• Johann Christoph Adelung (1732–1806)
• Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro (1735–1809)
• Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811)
• Johann Anton Güldenstädt (1745–1781)
• Giuseppe Campanile (1762–1835)
• Julius Klaproth (1783–1835)
• François Bernard Charmoy (1793–1869)
• August Kościesza-Żaba (1801–1894)
• Aleksander Chodźko (1804–1891)
• Ilya Berezin (1818–1896)
• Peter Lerch (1828–1884)
• Ferdinand Justi (1837–1907)
• Albert Socin (1844–1899)
• Nikolai Jakowlewitsch Marr (1865−1934)
• Ely Bannister Soane (1881–1923)
• Basil Nikitin (1885–1960)
• Celadet Alî Bedirxan (1893–1951)
• Arab Shamilov (1897–1978)
• Emînê Evdal (1906–1964)
• Heciyê Cindî (1908–1990)
• Roger Lescot (1914–1975)
• Mohammad Mokri (1921–2007)
• Margarita Borissowna Rudenko (1926–1976)
• Celile Celil (1936–)
• İsmail Beşikçi (1936–)
• Martin van Bruinessen (1946–)
• Mehmet Bayrak (1948–)
• Michael M. Gunter

See also

• Iranian studies
• A Modern History of the Kurds by David McDowall

References

1. Scalbert-Yücel, Clémence; Ray, Marie Le (31 December 2006). "Knowledge, ideology and power. Deconstructing Kurdish Studies". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (5). doi: 10.4000/ejts.777 . hdl: 10036/37913 . ISSN   1773-0546 . Retrieved 21 August 2019.
2. Alsancakli, Sacha (2016). "The Early History of Kurdish Studies (1787–1901)". Die Welt des Islams. 56 (1): 56. doi:10.1163/15700607-00561p05.
3. Alsancakli, Sacha (2016). "The Early History of Kurdish Studies (1787–1901)". Die Welt des Islams. Brill Publishers. 56: 55–88. doi:10.1163/15700607-00561P05.
4. Issawi, Charles Philip; Issawi, Bayard Dodge Professor of Near Eastern Studies Charles (1988). The Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914: A Documentary Economic History. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780195049510.
5. Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (2005-08-17). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. Routledge. p. 156. ISBN   9781134907663.
6. Campanile, Giuseppe (1818). Storia della regione del Kurdistan e delle sette di religione ivi esistenti del p.m. Giuseppe Campanile professore in sacra teologia, prefetto delle missione della Mesopotamia, e Kurdistan, . (in Italian). dalla stamperia de' fratelli Fernandes. Strada Tribunali, N.° 287.
7. Kurdologie, Kurdistan und die Kurden in der deutschsprachigen Literatur : kommentierte Bibliographie. Münster: Lit. 2000. ISBN   3-8258-4642-3.
8. "Kurdologie Wien" (in German). Retrieved 11 December 2019.
9. "Iranistik (B.A.) (2-Fächer)" (in German). Retrieved 11 December 2019.
10. "Mustafa Barzani Workplace for Kurdish Studies" (in German). Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
11. "Kurdische Sprache und Literatur Beschreibung des Schwerpunkts" (in German). 22 March 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
12. Kemper, Michael; Conermann, Stephan (2011-02-01). The Heritage of Soviet Oriental Studies. Routledge. ISBN   9781136838538.
13. Bajalan, Djene Rhys; Karimi, Sara Zandi (2017-07-06). Studies in Kurdish History: Empire, Ethnicity and Identity. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   9781317502166.

External links

• Lokman Meho: The International Journal of Kurdish Studies: A Cumulative Index. 1986–2002.
• Homepage: Kurdish Library and Museum. Archived 2008-10-14 at the Wayback Machine New York
• Homepage: kurdologie.de.

Further reading

• Peter Lerch (1857). Forschungen über die Kurden und die iranischen Nordchaldäer von Peter Lerch Erste abtheilung Kurdische Texte mit deutscher Übersetzung (in German). Saint Petersburg . Retrieved 23 June 2019.
• Peter Lerch (Pyotr Lerkh) (1857). Тексты на курдских нарѣчіях, Курḿāṅḑи и Зазá, с русским переводом (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Продаеця у Коммисіонеров Имп. Академіи наук. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
• Alexandre Jaba (1860). Recueil de Notices et de Récits kourdes servant à la connaissance de la langue, de la littéraire et des tribus du Kourdistan (in French). Saint Petersburg: Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
• Ferdinand Justi (1873). Über die Kurdischen Spiranten (PDF) (in German). Marburg. pp. 1–29. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
• Ferdinand Justi (1873). Les mots étrangers en kurde (PDF) (in French). Paris: Ferdinand Justi. pp. 89–104. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
• Ferdinand Justi (1877). Les noms d'animaux en kurde (PDF) (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. pp. 1–33. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
• Ferdinand Justi (1880). Kurdische Grammatik (in German). Saint Petersburg: Commissionäre der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
• Auguste Jaba (1879). Dictionnaire kurde-français (in French). Saint Petersburg . Retrieved 23 June 2019.