Laonidae

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Laonidae
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Infraclass: Euthyneura
Superfamily: Philinoidea
Family: Laonidae
Pruvot-Fol, 1954
Synonyms

Laoninae Pruvot-Fol, 1954 (original rank)

Laonidae is a family of small marine snails belonging to the superfamily Philinoidea, [1] [2] though Laonidae and Philinoidea are genetically distinct. [3] They are monophyletic, meaning they are developed from a single ancestor. [4] Laonidae also has the synonymised name Laoninae, which is largely unaccepted in the modern day scientific community. The name Laoninae is introduced by Alice Pruvot-Fol who proposes it as the subfamily to the genea Loana, A.Adams 1865. [5]

Contents

Genera: [1]

Genera brought into synonymy

Anatomy

Shell

Most species of Laonidae have umbilicated shells with a net-like pattern or smooth surface. The only exception to this is the species P. quadrata. This species has a non-umbilicated, quadrangular shell with chain-like spiral lines. [6] The pigmented bands on their shells are not a characteristic of any other family under Philinoidea. [7] Most shells will only grow to a maximum of 10mm. [8] Like other sea snails, animals in the Laonidae family have calcareous shells secreted by a mantle which covers the body. Laonidae specifically have a parietal wall extending into the posterior of their shell aperture. [6]

Locomotion

A ventral muscular foot aids in locomotion by using periodic muscular waves along the foot to move the animals across a surface. These waves attach to the substrate with a thin layer of pedal mucus. The adhesion provided by the mucus is the key to Gastropod locomotion. [9]

Digestion

Digestion involved salivary and digestive glands that release digestive enzymes. These animals have a "non-muscularized" gizzard and lack gizzard plates: [6] 3 hardened plates inside the muscular esophageal crop (or gizzard) to help crush the shells of prey, found in Cephalaspidean gastropods. [10] In order to feed, Laonidae have a ribbon of small, chitinous teeth, otherwise known as a radula. The teeth are attached to a membrane pulled across a surface by inner mouth muscles. The teeth attach to that membrane then tears through the algae or seaweed on that surface and it is then brought into the mouth. [11] Their radula is used for a herbivorous diet, specialized to remove algae and slice seaweed. They have a 6.1.0.1.6 radular formula. [7] According to the common radula formula, this means the radula has 6 marginal teeth and 1 lateral tooth on each side, and no rachidian or central tooth. [12]

Respiration and circulation

They have an open circulatory system and a dorsal muscular heart that pumps blood to all tissues. [13]

Reproduction

As opithsobranchs, these species are simultaneous hermaphrodites, meaning they have both sets of reproductive organs within one individual at the same time. [14]

Diet

Within the clade Cephalaspidea, there are both herbivorous and carnivorous diets. However, due to the small size of species in Laonidae, their diet most likely consists of diatoms, filamentous algae, and foraminiferans. [15]

Geographic distribution

Many species of Laonidae are found on Atlantic coastlines, such as the Eastern United States and Western Europe. [16] A few species are found on the Northern California coast, like the Philine californica Willett, 1944 recently proven to be part of Laonidae. Species in the family Laonidae are typically found in shallow tropical and temperate waters, however they can be very diverse in cold waters. [15] Within the water column, species in this family are mostly found in soft-bottoms of sand or mud and sometimes near seagrass or algae. [15]

Related Research Articles

The radula is an anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus. The radula is unique to the mollusks, and is found in every class of mollusk except the bivalves, which instead use cilia, waving filaments that bring minute organisms to the mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opisthobranchia</span> Informal group of gastropods

Opisthobranchs is a now informal name for a large and diverse group of specialized complex gastropods which used to be united in the subclass Opisthobranchia. That taxon is no longer considered to represent a monophyletic grouping.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cephalaspidea</span> Order of gastropods

The order Cephalaspidea, also known as the headshield slugs and bubble snails, is a major taxon of sea slugs and bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the larger clade Euopisthobranchia. Bubble shells is another common name for these families of marine gastropods, some of which have thin bubble-like shells. This clade contains more than 600 species.

Diaphanoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haminoeoidea</span> Superfamily of gastropods

Haminoeoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of small sea snails or bubble shells, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haminoeidae</span> Family of gastropods

Haminoeidae, commonly known as the haminoeid bubble snail family, is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Haminoeoidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conoidea</span> Superfamily of predatory sea snails

Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered by one authority to contain 4,000 named living species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philinoidea</span> Superfamily of gastropods

Philinoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, specifically headshield slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the order Cephalaspidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bulloidea</span> Superfamily of gastropods

Bulloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cylichnidae</span> Family of gastropods

Cylichnidae, common name the "chalice bubble snails" or "canoe bubble snails" is a family of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cylichnoidea.

Runcinoidea is a taxonomic superfamily or a clade Runcinaecea of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the order Runcinida

<i>Haminoea</i> Genus of gastropods

Haminoea is a genus of medium-sized sea snails or bubble snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the family Haminoeidae, the haminoea bubble snails, part of the clade Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails.

<i>Bullacta exarata</i> Species of gastropod

Bullacta exarata, common name the Korean mud snail, is a species of a sea snail or bubble snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Haminoeidae, the bubble snails.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scaphandridae</span> Family of gastropods

Scaphandridae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Philinoidea.

Berghia dakariensis is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch. It is a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Aeolidiidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhizoridae</span> Family of gastropods

Rhizoridae is a family of very small sea snails, barrel-bubble snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. These are headshield slugs, in the superfamily Bulloidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornatinidae</span> Family of gastropods

Tornatinidae is a family of very small sea snails, barrel-bubble snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs. These are headshield slugs, in the superfamily Bulloidea.

Laona is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Laonidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alacuppidae</span> Family of gastropods

Alacuppidae is a family of often colorful, medium-sized, sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks.

<i>Phanerophthalmus</i> Genus of gastropods

Phanerophthalmus is a genus of medium-sized sea snails or bubble snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the family Haminoeidae, the haminoea bubble snails, part of the clade Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails.

References

  1. 1 2 "Laonidae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  2. ↑ MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Laonidae Pruvot-Fol, 1954. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=848158 on 2021-06-17
  3. ↑ Valdés, Ángel; Cadien, Donald B.; Gosliner, Terrence M. (2016-08-08). "Philinidae, Laonidae and Philinorbidae (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea: Philinoidea) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and the Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean)". Zootaxa. 4147 (5): 501–537. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4147.5.1. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   27515632.
  4. ↑ Oskars, Trond R.; Bouchet, Philippe; Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2015-08-01). "A new phylogeny of the Cephalaspidea (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) based on expanded taxon sampling and gene markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 89: 130–150. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.011 . hdl: 1956/10087 . ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   25916189.
  5. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Laonidae Pruvot-Fol, 1954". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  6. 1 2 3 Oskars, Trond R.; Bouchet, Philippe; Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2015-08-01). "A new phylogeny of the Cephalaspidea (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) based on expanded taxon sampling and gene markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 89: 130–150. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.011 . hdl: 1956/10087 . ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   25916189.
  7. 1 2 Valdés, Ángel; Cadien, Donald B.; Gosliner, Terrence M. (2016-08-08). "Philinidae, Laonidae and Philinorbidae (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea: Philinoidea) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and the Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean)". Zootaxa. 4147 (5): 501–537. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4147.5.1. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   27515632.
  8. ↑ Pruvot-Fol, Alice (1954). Mollusques opisthobranches. Lechevalier. OCLC   310086440.
  9. ↑ Iwamoto, Mayuko; Ueyama, Daishin; Kobayashi, Ryo (2014-07-21). "The advantage of mucus for adhesive locomotion in gastropods". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 353: 133–141. Bibcode:2014JThBi.353..133I. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.02.024 . ISSN   0022-5193. PMID   24631870.
  10. ↑ Shepelenko, Margarita; Brumfeld, Vlad; Cohen, Sidney R.; Klein, Eugenia; Lubinevsky, Hadas; Addadi, Lia; Weiner, Steve (2015-12-10). "The gizzard plates in the Cephalaspidean gastropod Philine quadripartita: Analysis of structure and function". Quaternary International. Malacological Studies from the Past and Present\: A Special Volume in Honor of Henk K. Mienis. 390: 4–14. Bibcode:2015QuInt.390....4S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.060. ISSN   1040-6182.
  11. ↑ Gorb, Stanislav N.; Krings, Wencke (2021-10-15). "Mechanical property gradients of taenioglossan radular teeth are associated with specific function and ecological niche in Paludomidae (Gastropoda: Mollusca)". Acta Biomaterialia. 134: 513–530. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.057. ISSN   1742-7061. PMID   34329785. S2CID   236530705.
  12. ↑ Gajera, Niyati; Vakani, Bhavik; Kundu, Rahul (2022). "Radular Morphology and Relationship Between Shell Size and Radula Size of Few Dominating Intertidal Gastropod Mollusks of Veraval Coast, Gujarat". Frontiers in Marine Science. 9. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.657124 . ISSN   2296-7745.
  13. ↑ Charles F. Sturm; Timothy A. Pearce; Ángel Valdés, eds. (2006). The mollusks: a guide to their study, collection, and preservation. Boca Raton, FL: Universal Publishers. ISBN   1-58112-930-0. OCLC   69028066.
  14. ↑ "6. The Planktonic Nudibranchs: Swimming Sea Slugs", Pelagic Snails, Stanford University Press, pp. 214–238, 1989-03-01, doi:10.1515/9781503623088-008, ISBN   978-1-5036-2308-8, S2CID   246181411
  15. 1 2 3 Oskars, Trond R.; Bouchet, Philippe; Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2015-08-01). "A new phylogeny of the Cephalaspidea (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) based on expanded taxon sampling and gene markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 89: 130–150. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.011 . hdl: 1956/10087 . ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   25916189.
  16. ↑ "Laonidae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
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