Lee Ving

Last updated

Lee Ving
Lee Ving at Warped Tour 2010-08-10 01.jpg
Ving performing with Fear on the 2010 Warped Tour
Background information
Birth nameLee James Jude Capallero
Born (1950-04-10) April 10, 1950 (age 73)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Genres Hardcore punk, blues, country
Occupation(s)Musician, actor
Instrument(s)Vocals, guitar
Years active1968–present
Labels Slash, Fear, Sector 2
Website fearleeving.com

Lee James Jude Capallero [1] (born April 10, 1950 [2] [3] [ additional citation(s) needed ]), also known as Lee Ving, is an American guitarist, singer and actor. Ving is the frontman of the Los Angeles-based hardcore punk band Fear. As an actor, Ving played topless club owner Johnny C. in Flashdance (1983), motorcycle gang leader Greer in Streets of Fire (1984) and murder victim Mr. Boddy in the murder mystery film Clue (1985). [4] [5] [6]

Contents

Early life

Ving was born Lee James Jude Capallero in Philadelphia and grew up in the city's Kensington neighborhood. [1] [7] The Capallero family later moved to the suburbs and Ving attended St. Luke's Elementary School in Glenside as well as St. John of the Cross in Roslyn, before graduating from Abington Senior High School. [1]

Ving's mother taught him to play the mandolin at four years of age. [1] He began studying guitar at age eleven and later studied with musicians Jim Hall and John Abercrombie. [1] He also studied with Ted Greene after moving to Los Angeles. [1] As a teen he listened to blues records and particularly enjoyed their striking guitar sounds. [7] He was also interested in Jimi Hendrix, the Rolling Stones, as well as the experimental New York rock group The Fugs. [7] He joined his first band while still in high school. [7]

In 1966 Ving enlisted in the army and served stateside during the Vietnam War. [1]

Music career

After leaving the army, Ving became involved in Philadelphia's folk, blues and R&B music scenes while studying Sociology at Villanova University. [1] He joined the electric blues band Sweet Stavin Chain (SSC) as a vocalist and harmonica player. [1] SSC frequently collaborated with jazz saxophonist Michael Brecker. [1] The band also opened for The Who at the Electric Factory in 1968 and also opened for Cream at the Spectrum during Cream's farewell tour later that same year. [1] [8] After leaving SSC, Ving moved to New York and studied voice and guitar. [1] In the mid-1970s he moved to Los Angeles, playing briefly with heavy metal bands before forming the hardcore punk band Fear. [7] The band's first concert was in 1978. [7]

Ving is Fear's lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist and harmonica player and is the only member to have remained with the band since its inception. [5] [9] During Fear's performances at the L.A. punk scene, Ving was known for baiting his audience with insults, earning him the nickname "the Don Rickles of rock." [7] [6] [10] Ving's vocals have been described as "bluesy", [11] evoking Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters, [6] [5] while also having a "commanding, drill-sergeant vocal delivery and surly attitude helped to build a new breed of bad-tempered hardcore" [12] and "a vein-busting rage that lends [Ving] the air of a loco Marine on a rampage." [13]

1981 marked an important year for Ving and Fear. The band was featured in the documentary The Decline of Western Civilization about Los Angeles's punk scene. [1] [14] Ving was initially approached by the film's director, Penelope Spheeris, while he was posting concert promo flyers to telephone poles in Los Angeles. [15] Spheeris also introduced Fear to her husband Bob Biggs, the founder and then president of Slash Records, who signed the group to his label; [15] [16] Fear released their debut album The Record with the label in 1982. [14]

Fear also appeared on the 1981 Halloween episode of Saturday Night Live (SNL) at the suggestion of SNL writer Michael O'Donoghue and then ex-SNL cast-member John Belushi. [16] Belushi became a fan of Fear after seeing them perform in 1980 on the L.A.-based music television show New Wave Theatre ; O'Donoghue had seen the band in The Decline of Western Civilization. [16] [17] Belushi had initially commissioned the band to record a song for his film Neighbors , but the movie studio rejected the recording and it never made the soundtrack. [1] [18] As a favor to Fear, Belushi and O'Donoghue made a deal with then producer Dick Ebersol whereby Belushi would make a cameo appearance on the show upon condition that Fear be allowed to perform as the episode's musical guests. [16] [18] A large portion of the crowd were punk music fans and included members of the bands Minor Threat, Cro-Mags, The Meatmen and Negative Approach who rushed the stage and were moshing. [1] One of the slam dancers, Ian MacKaye, yelled "New York Sucks!" which was broadcast live. [17] Dick Ebersol, who was stage manager at the time, decided to cut to tape once the obscenities could be heard. [16]

Fear's performance was initially pulled from subsequent SNL reruns and recorded releases of the episode, but has subsequently been released in an edited form. [17] The New York Post had initially reported that attendees of the performance caused $200,000 worth of damage, [1] however both the Los Angeles Times and Billboard later reported that a program spokesperson confirmed the cost of damages was actually a $40 fine for "labor penalties." [7] [16] Both The Decline of Western Civilization and the Halloween SNL performance were an integral part of the history of hardcore punk, having exposed the music genre to a much wider audience. [19]

Ving's vocals and harmonica playing were featured on the track "Got to Get Out of New York" from saxophonist Tom Scott's 1983 album Target. [14] Fear found it difficult to find clubs willing to let them perform after their SNL performance and the band stopped playing in 1987. [5] [6] That same year Ving formed a country band called Range War that toured California and Texas. [5] Two years later Ving moved with his wife and son to Austin. [5]

Fear re-formed briefly under the band's original lineup in 1993. [6] A couple of years later, Ving fronted an Austin-based band called Lee Ving's Army that later toured under the name Fear and included former Frank Zappa bassist Scott Thunes, drummer Andrew Jaimez and guitarist Sean Cruse. [5] [6]

Ving was also the vocalist for the band MD.45, which also featured Dave Mustaine of Megadeth. [6] The band released their only album The Craving in 1996, however in 2004 the album was remastered and re-released with Mustaine's vocals replacing those of Ving. [20]

Ving appeared in Dave Grohl's 2013 documentary Sound City and is a member of the supergroup Teenage Time Killers that came about due to the film. [9] [21] In 2015 Fear's recordings from the Belushi film Neighbors were recovered by Belushi's widow and Fear's music was re-mastered and re-mixed by Ving at Grohl's 606 studios in Los Angeles. [1] [17] Ving released the music digitally that same year. [1] [17] In an interview with Rolling Stone about Sound City, Grohl stated that Fear's performance in The Decline of Western Civilization inspired him to become a musician and that performing with Ving 30 years later was a "profound, life-altering moment." [22]

Acting career

Ving (credited as Lee James Jude) and the other members of Fear appeared in the 1981 rotoscope animated film American Pop , directed by Ralph Bakshi. [23]

In 1983, Ving appeared in several film roles. He played a murderer in the horror anthology film Nightmares [24] starring Emilio Estevez. He appeared in Flashdance as the owner of a topless club who tries to convince Jennifer Beals' character to work for him. [10] He played the over-the-top punk singer named 'Piggy' in the rock-and-roll comedy Get Crazy . [10]

A year later, Ving played Greer, the henchman of Willem Dafoe's character in the neo-noir rock musical film Streets of Fire [10] [25] and also appeared as a criminal in a police lineup in an episode of the short-lived Three's Company spin-off Three's a Crowd . [26]

In 1985, he played Mr. Boddy in the film Clue , based on the board game of the same name. While the film was unsuccessful in theaters on its first run, it later became a cult classic and it is often the role for which Ving is now most recognized.

In 1987 Ving appeared in the Who's the Boss episode titled "Walk on the Mild Side". [27] Ving played Jake McGuire, a motorcyclist bad boy who Angela dates while fulfilling a list of wild things she wanted to do while in high school. [27] Ving's country band Range War also performed two songs during the episode. [28] Also in 1987, Ving reunited with director Penelope Spheeris for her film Dudes . [6] Ving was cast as the main antagonist, a gang leader who murders one of the protagonists, Milo, portrayed by Flea, bassist of Red Hot Chili Peppers. [29] [30] The plot revolves around the murder victim's friends looking to bring the Ving's character to justice. [30]

Ving appeared in a cameo role in the 2009 National Lampoon comedy Endless Bummer . [31] He was also cast as a bartender in Death Rider in the House of Vampires, a Spaghetti Western horror film directed by Glenn Danzig released in 2021. [32]

Discography

Fear

Guitar and vocals on all.

Range War

MD.45

With Sound City Players

Filmography

YearTitleRoleNotes
1981 American Pop Punk Rocker (voice)Credited as Lee James Jude
1983 Flashdance Johnny "Johnny C"
Get Crazy "Piggy"
Nightmares William Henry GlazierCredited as Lee James Jude
1984 The Wild Life Installer
Streets of Fire Greer
The Ratings Game AKA The MogulDawn PatrolTV movie
1985 Clue Mr. Boddy
1986 Black Moon Rising Marvin Ringer
Oceans of Fire PembrokeTV movie
1987 Scenes from the Goldmine Ian Weymouth
Dudes Missoula
1989Grave Secrets AKA Silent ScreamsZack
1990 Masters of Menace Roy "Roy Boy"
1991 The Taking of Beverly Hills VarneyCredited as Lee Ving James
2001 Fast Sofa Leather Jacket
2009 Endless Bummer Hot Rod Guy
2009I'm Calling FrankFrankDirected by Peter D'Angelo Neil

Television appearances

YearTitleRoleNotes
1984 Legmen ColeEpisode: "Take the Credit and Run"
Fame FredEpisode: "The Monster That Devoured Las Vegas"
1985 Streethawk Virgil PowellEpisode: "Dog Eat Dog"
The New Alfred Hitchcock Presents Curt VennerEpisode: "Pilot"; segment: "Incident in a Small Jail"
1986 Fast Times Intimidating GuyEpisode: "The Last Laugh"
1987 Crime Story Sam TaylorEpisode: "The Battle of Las Vegas"
Who's the Boss? Jake MaguireEpisode: "Walk on the Mild Side"
Fame FredEpisode: "That Was the Weekend That Was"

Documentaries

YearTitleRoleNotes
1981 The Decline of Western Civilization HimselfDocumentary about the Los Angeles hardcore punk scene; Ving performs with Fear.
1982The Slog MovieHimselfDocumentary about the Los Angeles hardcore punk scene; Ving performs with Fear.
200125 Years of PunkHimselfTV documentary; Ving is interviewed about the Los Angeles hardcore punk scene.
2013 Sound City HimselfDocumentary about Sound City Studios; Ving is interviewed about recording The Record at Sound City.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Belushi</span> American actor, comedian, and musician (1949–1982)

John Adam Belushi was an American comedian, actor, and musician. He was one of the seven original cast members of the NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live (SNL). Throughout his career, Belushi had a personal and artistic partnership with his fellow SNL star Dan Aykroyd, whom he met while they were both working at Chicago's Second City comedy club.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Germs (band)</span> American punk rock band

The Germs were an American punk rock band from Los Angeles, California, originally active from 1976 to 1980. The band's "classic" lineup consisted of singer Darby Crash, guitarist Pat Smear, bassist Lorna Doom and drummer Don Bolles. They released only one album, 1979's (GI), produced by Joan Jett, and were featured in Penelope Spheeris' seminal documentary film The Decline of Western Civilization, which chronicled the Los Angeles punk movement. The Germs disbanded following Crash's suicide in 1980. Their music was influential to many later rock acts, and Smear went on to achieve greater fame performing with Nirvana and Foo Fighters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dan Aykroyd</span> Canadian actor (born 1952)

Daniel Edward Aykroyd is a Canadian actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, and musician.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hardcore punk</span> Aggressive and fast subgenre of punk rock

Hardcore punk is a punk rock music genre and subculture that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock. Its roots can be traced to earlier punk scenes in San Francisco and Southern California which arose as a reaction against the still predominant hippie cultural climate of the time. It was also inspired by Washington D.C. and New York punk rock and early proto-punk. Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the established music industry and "anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock" and often addresses social and political topics with "confrontational, politically-charged lyrics".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moshing</span> Style of dance

Moshing is an extreme style of dancing in which participants push or slam into each other. Taking place in an area called the mosh pit, it is typically performed to aggressive styles of live music such as punk rock and heavy metal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Penelope Spheeris</span> American film director and producer

Penelope Spheeris is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. She has directed both documentary and scripted films. Her best-known works include the trilogy titled The Decline of Western Civilization, each covering an aspect of Los Angeles underground culture, and Wayne's World, her highest-grossing film.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pat Smear</span> American guitarist (born 1959)

Georg Albert Ruthenberg, better known by his stage name Pat Smear, is an American musician. He is best known for being the lead guitarist and co-founder of Los Angeles–based punk band the Germs and for being a rhythm guitarist for grunge band Nirvana, and Foo Fighters. After Nirvana disbanded following the suicide of its frontman Kurt Cobain, drummer Dave Grohl went on to become the frontman of Foo Fighters with Smear joining on guitar. Smear left Foo Fighters in 1997 before rejoining as a touring guitarist in 2005 and being promoted back to a full-time member in 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fear (band)</span> American punk rock band

Fear, stylized as FEAR, is an American punk rock band from Los Angeles, formed in 1977. The band is credited for helping to shape the sound and style of Californian hardcore punk. The group gained national prominence after an infamous 1981 performance on Saturday Night Live.

<i>The Decline of Western Civilization</i> 1980 film by Penelope Spheeris

The Decline of Western Civilization is a 1981 American documentary filmed through 1979 and 1980. The movie is about the Los Angeles punk rock scene and was directed by Penelope Spheeris. In 1981, the LAPD Chief of Police Daryl Gates wrote a letter demanding the film not be shown again in the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scream (band)</span> American hardcore punk band

Scream is an American hardcore punk band from Washington, D.C.; they originally formed in the suburb of Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia. Scream originally formed in 1981 within the vanguard of the Washington Hardcore explosion. In 2009, the band reunited, and as of January 2012 were on tour in Europe. As of 2017, the band was still touring in both America and the United Kingdom.

Frederick Charles Milner III, better known by his stage name Derf Scratch, was an American musician, best known as a former member of the punk rock band Fear and its original bass guitarist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joe Escalante</span> American musician and television producer

Joseph Patrick Escalante is an American television writer, film and television director, musician, radio host, and former television executive. He is known professionally as the bassist and songwriter for the punk rock band The Vandals, and creator and episodic director of the paranormal travel series Monsters Across America on Fox Nation.

<i>The Decline of Western Civilization Part III</i> 1998 film by Penelope Spheeris

The Decline of Western Civilization III is a 1998 documentary film, directed by Penelope Spheeris, that chronicles the gutter punk lifestyle of homeless teenagers. It is the third film of a trilogy by Spheeris depicting life in Los Angeles at various points in time. The first film, The Decline of Western Civilization (1981), dealt with the punk rock scene during 1980–1981. The second film, The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years (1988), covers the Los Angeles heavy metal movement of 1986–1988.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bags (Los Angeles band)</span> American punk rock band

Bags were an American punk rock band formed in 1977, one of the first generation of punk rock bands to emerge from Los Angeles, California.

<i>The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years</i> 1988 film by Penelope Spheeris

The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years is a 1988 documentary film directed by Penelope Spheeris. Filmed between August 1987 and February 1988, the film chronicles the late 80s Los Angeles heavy metal scene. It is the second film of a trilogy by Spheeris depicting life in Los Angeles at various points in time as seen through the eyes of struggling up-and-coming musicians. The first film, The Decline of Western Civilization (1981), dealt with the hardcore punk rock scene during 1979–1980. The third film, The Decline of Western Civilization Part III (1998), would later chronicle the gutter punk lifestyle of homeless teenagers in the late 1990s.

<i>The Record</i> (Fear album) 1982 studio album by Fear

The Record is the debut studio album by the American hardcore punk band Fear, released May 16, 1982, by Slash Records. It was produced by Gary Lubow. The album was reissued on CD in 1991 with the single "Fuck Christmas" as a bonus track. The band re-recorded the album in its entirety and released it under the title The Fear Record in 2012.

Catholic Discipline was an American punk rock band, formed in 1979 in San Francisco, California, by Slash Fanzine editor Claude Bessy. The initial line-up of the band featured Bessy on vocals, Phranc on guitar, Rick Brodey on bass guitar, Richard Meade on keyboards and Craig Lee on drums.

Since the mid-1970s, California has had thriving regional punk rock movements. It primarily consists of bands from the Los Angeles, Orange County, Ventura County, San Diego, San Fernando Valley, San Francisco, Fresno, Bakersfield, Alameda County, Sacramento, Lake Tahoe, Oakland and Berkeley areas.

Philo Cramer is an American musician best known as the lead guitarist for the Los Angeles punk band FEAR, from 1978 to 1993. He was a member of the band's classic lineup along with Spit Stix, Derf Scratch and frontman Lee Ving. He rejoined the group in 2018.

<i>Dudes</i> (film) 1987 film

Dudes is a 1987 American independent film directed by Penelope Spheeris, written by Randall Jahnson, and starring Jon Cryer, Catherine Mary Stewart, Daniel Roebuck, and Lee Ving. A Western revenge story in a contemporary setting, its plot concerns three punk rockers from New York City who attempt to make their way to California. When one of them is murdered by a vicious gang leader, the other two, played by Cryer and Roebuck, find themselves fish out of water as they pursue the murderer from Arizona to Montana, assisted by a tow truck driver played by Stewart.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 McCloskey, Tim (October 30, 2015). "The Life and Times of Philly Hardcore Pioneer Lee Ving". Philadelphia . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States: Metrocorp . Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  2. Fields, Connor (December 13, 2018). "Last Night: Lee Ving and Fear Uphold Their Legendary Reputation". Houston Press . Houston, Texas, United States. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  3. Norton, Justin M. (September 13, 2015). "Punk-Metal Supergroup Teenage Time Killers Tear Through Raucous Debut". Rolling Stone . New York City, New York, United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  4. Loud, Lance (March 1986). "Nothing to Fear - The granddaddies of punk satire yearn for the good old days". SPIN . Vol. 1, no. 11. New York City, New York, United States. p. 63. ISSN   0886-3032 . Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stegall, Tim (November 17, 1995). "Confessions and Misinformation". The Austin Chronicle . Austin, Texas, United States. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Coker, Matt (October 7, 1999). "The Punkiest Man in Punk". OC Weekly . Fountain Valley, California, United States. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hilburn, Robert (June 13, 1982). "Fear - 'It's a Universal Word,' Says Punk's Lee Ving" . Calendar. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California, United States. p. 68. Retrieved May 20, 2020 via Newspapers.com.
  8. Vettese, John (November 1, 2016). "Check out photos of Cream rocking The Spectrum, November 1, 1968". The Key. WXPN . Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  9. 1 2 Nowlin, Sanford (October 31, 2018). "Punk Legends Fear Will Rip into San Antonio as Part of 40-Year Anniversary Tour". San Antonio Current . San Antonio, Texas, United States. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Sylva, Bob (September 9, 1983). "Lee Ving - The Sleaze Of 'Flashdance' Proves Punks Can Act" . The Sacramento Bee . Sacramento, California, United States. p. G1. Retrieved May 20, 2020 via Newspapers.com.
  11. Weingarten, Christopher R. (March 9, 2017). "'Saturday Night Live' Rocks: 25 Greatest Musical Performances". Rolling Stone . New York City, New York, United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  12. Lees, Jaime (April 1, 2009). "No Fear of Music: Fear's multi-talented founder, Lee Ving, is more than just a punk icon". Riverfront Times . St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  13. McKenna, Kristine (August 25, 1979). "Rock 'n' Roil From L.A.'s Fear" . Part II. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California, United States. p. 7. Retrieved May 20, 2020 via Newspapers.com. Together just a year, Fear has hit its stride surprisingly quickly and functions as a well-oiled aural killing machine. Lead vocalist Lee Ving (ya' gotta' love 'im) is the heart of the band and sings with a vein-busting rage that lends him the air of a loco Marine on a rampage.
  14. 1 2 3 Coker, Matt (November 21, 2019). "Recalling Uncomfortable Silence with Lee Ving of Garden Amp-Bound Fear". OC Weekly . Fountain Valley, California, United States. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  15. 1 2 Thomas-Mason, Lee (May 6, 2020). "When John Belushi booked Fear for SNL and they were permanently banned from the show". Far Out Magazine. London, United Kingdom. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kozak, Roman (November 14, 1981). "'Saturday Night' Fights?; Siouxsie Battles Symbols". Billboard . Nielsen Business Media. p. 15. ISSN   0006-2510 . Retrieved January 16, 2022.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Grow, Kry (September 10, 2015). "Inside John Belushi's Long Lost Punk Song With Fear". Rolling Stone . New York City, New York, United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  18. 1 2 Swanson, Dave (March 16, 2014). "35 Years Ago: Fear Cause a Halloween Riot on 'SNL'". Diffuser.fm . Townsquare Media. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  19. Blush, Steven; Petros, George (2010). American Hardcore (Second Edition): A Tribal History. Feral House. pp. 331–332. ISBN   9781932595987. Fear's Saturday Night Live appearance on Halloween 1981 played a major role in Hardcore's rise. The show made headlines after a horde of kids invited by John Belushi trashed the studio (for years that was the only SNL episode NBC never re-aired)...A few films dealt with Hardcore, foremost Penelope Spheeris' 1980 documentary The Decline Of Western Civilization. The film explains, through interviews and performances by Black Flag, Circle Jerks, Fear and others, the collapse of the American Dream and the alienated kids left strewn in its path. Anyone into HC saw the film, and anyone associated with it attained elite status within the movement.
  20. Ferguson, Jason (August 5, 2004). "Legacy of Brutality". Orlando Weekly . Orlando, Florida, United States. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  21. Fadroski, Kelli Skye (September 4, 2015). "Teenage Time Killers take over the Fonda for one night only". Orange County Register . Anaheim, California, United States. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  22. Van Syckle, Katie (January 25, 2013). "Q&A: Dave Grohl on His 'Sound City' Doc and Taking Risks in Music". Rolling Stone . New York City, New York, United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 20, 2020. To be onstage with Lee Ving from Fear – I swear to God, The Decline of Western Civilization, the Penelope Spheeris movie, I got the record when I was like 12, and that really inspired me to become a musician and start a band and play punk rock music. So to stand next to Lee Ving and play "Beef Bologna," it doesn't sound like it would be this profound, life-altering moment, but it really was. It was 30 years ago that I discovered this guy, and now I'm onstage playing the songs that inspired me to become a musician. That's fuckin' nuts.
  23. Jackson, Matthew (April 4, 2019). "What the cast of Clue looks like today". Looper.com . Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  24. Palopoli, Steve (July 26, 2006). "Battlin' the Bishop: 'Nightmares' is a cult classic from the post-'Creepshow' heyday of '80s horror anthologies". Metroactive . San Jose, California, United States. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  25. Marcus, Greil (March 15, 2019). "Real Life Rock Top 10: Mekons, Jewel, Russian Dada". Rolling Stone . New York City, New York, United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  26. "Nashville Jug Band Benefit for Steve Runkle. Sunday, 8/19". Nashville Scene . Nashville, Tennessee, United States. August 16, 2001. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  27. 1 2 "Who's the boss? Season 3, Episode 21: Walk on the Mild Side". TV Guide . Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  28. Hochman, Steve (July 11, 1987). "Ving: Fearless Leader of Range War" . Calendar - Part VI. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California, United States. p. 3. Retrieved May 20, 2020 via Newspapers.com.
  29. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092933/
  30. 1 2 Maslin, Jane (November 6, 1988). "Dudes" . Arizona Republic . Phoenix, Arizona, United States. New York Times. p. S19. Retrieved May 20, 2020 via Newspapers.com.
  31. "Board to be wild". VC Reporter . Ventura, California, United States. June 18, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  32. "Death Rider in the House of Vampires". IMDB . Retrieved December 16, 2023.