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A spirochaete or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetes, which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled cells. Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 3 and 500 μm and diameters around 0.09 to at least 3 μm.
Spirochaeta is a genus of bacteria classified within the phylum Spirochaetes.
Deinococcus–Thermus is a phylum of bacteria with a single order, Deinococci, that are highly resistant to environmental hazards, also known as extremophiles. These bacteria have thick cell walls that give them gram-positive stains, but they include a second membrane and so are closer in structure to those of gram-negative bacteria. Cavalier-Smith calls this clade Hadobacteria.
Verrucomicrobia is a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria that contains only a few described species. The species identified have been isolated from fresh water, marine and soil environments and human faeces. A number of as-yet uncultivated species have been identified in association with eukaryotic hosts including extrusive explosive ectosymbionts of protists and endosymbionts of nematodes residing in their gametes.
The Chlamydiae are a bacterial phylum and class whose members are remarkably diverse, including pathogens of humans and animals, symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa, and marine sediment forms not yet well understood. All of the Chlamydiae that humans have known about for many decades are obligate intracellular bacteria; in 2020 many additional Chlamydiae were discovered in ocean-floor environments, and it is not yet known whether they all have hosts. Historically it was believed that all Chlamydiae had a peptidoglycan-free cell wall, but studies in the 2010s demonstrated a detectable presence of peptidoglycan, as well as other important proteins.
The Thermodesulfobacteria are a phylum of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria.
The Thermotogae are a phylum of the domain Bacteria. The phylum Thermotogae is composed of Gram-negative staining, anaerobic, and mostly thermophilic and hyperthermophilic bacteria.
Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws. Treponema carateum is the cause of pinta. Treponema paraluiscuniculi is associated with syphilis in rabbits. Treponema succinifaciens has been found in the gut microbiome of traditional rural human populations.
The Gemmatimonadetes are a phylum of bacteria established in 2003. The phylum contains two classes Gemmatimonadetes and Longimicrobia.
The Synergistetes is a recently recognized phylum of anaerobic bacteria that show Gram-negative staining and have rod/vibrioid cell shape. Although Synergistetes have a diderm cell envelope, the genes for various proteins involved in lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis have not yet been detected in Synergistetes, indicating that they may have an atypical outer cell envelope. The Synergistetes inhabit a majority of anaerobic environments including animal gastrointestinal tracts, soil, oil wells, and wastewater treatment plants and they are also present in sites of human diseases such as cysts, abscesses, and areas of periodontal disease. Due to their presence at illness related sites, the Synergistetes are suggested to be opportunistic pathogens but they can also be found in healthy individuals in the microbiome of the umbilicus and in normal vaginal flora. Species within this phylum have also been implicated in periodontal disease, gastrointestinal infections and soft tissue infections. Other species from this phylum have been identified as significant contributors in the degradation of sludge for production of biogas in anaerobic digesters and are potential candidates for use in renewable energy production through their production of hydrogen gas. All of the known Synergistetes species and genera are presently part of a single class (Synergistia), order (Synergistiales) and family (Synergistaceae).
Nitrospirae is a phylum of bacteria. It contains only one class, Nitrospira, which itself contains one order (Nitrospirales) and one family (Nitrospiraceae). It includes multiple genera, such as Nitrospira, the largest. The first member of this phylum, Nitrospira marina, was discovered in 1985. The second member, Nitrospira moscoviensis, was discovered in 1995.
The phylum Elusimicrobia, previously known as "Termite Group 1", has been shown to be widespread in different ecosystems like marine environment, sewage sludge, contaminated sites and soils, and toxic wastes. The high abundance of 'Elusimicrobia' representatives is only evidenced for the lineage of symbionts found in termites and ants.
The Negativicutes are a class of bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes, whose members have a peculiar cell wall with a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane which stains gram-negative, unlike most other members of the Firmicutes. Although several neighbouring Clostridia species also stain gram-negative, the proteins responsible for the unusual diderm structure of the Negativicutes may have actually been laterally acquired from Proteobacteria. Additional research is required to confirm the origin of the diderm cell envelope in the Negativicutes.
Megasphaera is a genus of Firmicutes bacteria classified within the class Negativicutes.
The Cryptosporangiaceae are the only family of the order Cryptosporangiales, which is a part of the phylum "Actinobacteria".
The Geodermatophilaceae are an actinomycete family within the highly polyphyletic suborder Frankineae.
The Nakamurellaceae are an actinomycete family.
Meiothermus is a genus of Deinococcus–Thermus bacteria. Members of Meiothermus can be reliably distinguished from other genera in the family Thermaceae as well as all other bacteria by the presence of three conserved signature indels (CSIs) found in the proteins: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate–homocysteine methyltransferase, cadmium transporter and polynucleotide phosphorylase and are exclusively shared by species of this genus.
The Desulfurobacteriaceae family are bacteria belonging to the Aquificae phylum.
Lentisphera araneosa is a marine bacteria strain in the bacterial phylum Lentisphaerae. They are able to produce viscous transparent exopolymers and grow attached to each other by the polymer in a three-dimensional configuration. They are part of the natural surface bacterial population in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. They are less than 1% of the total bacterial community. This species is gram negative, non-motile, non-pigmented, aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, and facultatively oligotrophic sphere-shaped. Its genome has been sequenced.
References
- ↑ Cho J, Vergin K, Morris R, Giovannoni S (2004). "Lentisphaera araneosa gen. nov., sp. nov, a transparent exopolymer producing marine bacterium, and the description of a novel bacterial phylum, Lentisphaerae". Environ Microbiol. 6 (6): 611–21. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00614.x. PMID 15142250.
- ↑ Limam RD, Bouchez T, Chouari R, et al. (October 2010). "Detection of WWE2-related Lentisphaerae by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization in landfill leachate". Can. J. Microbiol. 56 (10): 846–52. doi:10.1139/w10-065. PMID 20962908. Archived from the original on 2012-12-16. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- 1 2 Choi, Ahyoung; Yang, Seung-Jo; Rhee, Kwang-Hyun; Cho, Jang-CheonYR 2013. "Lentisphaera marina sp. nov., and emended description of the genus Lentisphaera". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (Pt_4): 1540–1544. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.046433-0. ISSN 1466-5034.
- ↑ "16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database . Retrieved 2016-03-20.
- ↑ J.P. Euzéby. "Lentisphaerae". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2016-03-20.
- ↑ Sayers; et al. "Lentisphaerae". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
