List of World War II aces from Germany: Q–S

Last updated

This is a list of fighter aces in World War II from Germany with their surname starting from Q to S. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. [1] Aces are listed alphabetically by last name.

Contents

Aces

By surname: A–F  • G–L  • M–P  • T–Z

  This along with the * (asterisk), indicates that the pilot was either killed in action (KIA), missing in action (MIA), died of wounds (DOW), killed in a flying accident (KIFA), or killed in a car accident (KICA).
  This and the / (slash) indicates information discrepancies listed by Aders, Boiten, Caldwell, Girbig, Held, Obermaier, Spick, Ring, Mathews, Foreman and Zabecki.

Q

NameRankClaimsUnitNotes
Wilhelm Quack*Feldwebel17 [2] JG 54 KIA 8 January 1942
Klaus Quaet-Faslem*Major49 [3] JG 53, JG 3 Knight's Cross
KIFA 30 January 1944
Richard Quante*Oberfeldwebel49 [4] /41 [2] JG 51 KIA 14 August 1942
Josef Quarde*Fähnrich52 [2] JG 54 KIA 5 March 1945
Karl-Heinz Quaritsch*Leutnant9 [2] JG 53 KIA 14 June 1942
Ernst QuasinowskiOberleutnant19 [2] J/88, JG 52
Werner Quast Fahnenjunker-Oberfeldwebel84 [5] [6] JG 52 Knight's Cross
Gerhard QuerengasserFeldwebel5+ [2] JG 2

R

NameRankClaimsUnitNotes
Rudolf Rademacher Oberleutnant126 [7] /93 [2] JG 54, JG 7 Knight's Cross
Waldemar Radener 37 [8] /23 [2] JG 26, JG 300 Knight's Cross
Günther Radusch Oberst64 (+1 in Spain) [9] [2] NJG 1, NJG 2, NJG 3 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Gerhard Raht Hauptmann58 [10] /59 [2] NJG 2 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Alfons RaichOberleutnant10 [2] JG 3
Günther Rall Major 275 [11] /274 [2] JG 52, JG 11 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
mission-to-claim ratio of 2.26. [12]
Karl Rammelt 41 [2] JG 51 Knight's Cross
Alfred RauchLeutnant60 [13] JG 51 Knight's Cross
Paul-Hubert Rauh Hauptmann31 [2] NJG 4 Knight's Cross
Karl-Wolfgang Redlich*Major41 (incl. 2 in Spain) [14] JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 29 May 1944
Hans ReiffOberfeldwebel54 [15] JG 3
Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert Oberleutnant174 [16] /168 [15] JG 77, JG 27 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Hans-Günther ReinhardOberfeldwebel42 [15] JG 54
Peter ReischerOberleutnant20 [15] JG 26
Hans Remmer*Hauptmann27 [17] /21 [15] JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 2 April 1944
Anton Resch Oberleutnant91 [18] JG 52 Knight's Cross
Rudolf Resch*Major94 (incl. 1 in Spain) [18] JG 52, JG 51 Knight's Cross
KIA 11 July 1943
Willi Reschke Oberfeldwebel28 [19] JG 302, JG 301 Knight's Cross
incl. 20 heavy bombers [20]
Ralph von Rettberg Oberst8 [19] ZG 26, ZG 1 Knight's Cross
Ernst RichterOberfeldwebel8 [15] JG 54
Hans RichterLeutnant22 [15] JG 27
Eckhard RochOberleutnant5 [21] JG 26
Gustav Rödel Oberst98 [22] JG 27 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Hans Röhrig*Hauptmann75 [23] JG 53 Knight's Cross
KIA 13 July 1943
Detlev Rohwer 38 [24] JG 3, JG 1 Knight's Cross
Heinz Rökker 64 [10] NJG 2 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Herbert Rollwage Oberleutnant102 [22] JG 53 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Oskar Romm 92 [18] JG 51, JG 3 Knight's Cross
Theodor Rossiwall Oberstleutnant19 (incl. 2 in Spain) [24] ZG 76, NJG 4 Knight's Cross
Edmund Roßmann Leutnant93 [25] JG 52 Knight's Cross
Willi Roth20 [21] JG 26, JG 103, JG 102, JV 44
Günther RübellHauptmann50 [25] JG 51, JG 104 Knight's Cross
Hans-Ulrich Rudel Oberst9+ [21] SG 2 Knight's Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds (sole recipient in the entire Wehrmacht)
Erich Rudorffer Major222 [11] /219 [21] JG 2, JG 54, JG 7 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
13 in one mission
Helmut Rüffler Oberfeldwebel98 [22] /88 [26] JG 3 Knight's Cross
Franz Ruhl*Oberleutnant36 [26] JG 3 Knight's Cross
KIA 24 December 1944
Friedrich Rupp*Leutnant52 [27] JG 54 Knight's Cross
KIA 15 May 1943
Martin RysavyOberleutnant8 [28] JG 26

S

NameRankClaimsUnitNotes
Heinz Sachsenberg Leutnant104 [29] [30] JG 52 Knight's Cross
Florian SalwenderFeldwebel25 [30] JG 77, JG 5 POW Died in Soviet Prison
Carl Sattig*Hauptmann53 [30] JG 54 Knight's Cross
KIA 10 August 1942
Erwin Sawallisch*Oberfeldwebel35 [30] JG 27 Suicide
Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein*Major83 [31] [6] /79 [30] NJG 2, NJG 3 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
KIA 21/22 January 1944
Günther Schack Hauptmann174 [16] [30] JG 51, JG 3 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Hans SchäferFeldwebel6 [30] JG 3
Hans SchäferOberleutnant12 [30] NJG 2, NJG 3
Johann Schalk Oberst15 [32] ZG 26, NJG 3, NJG 4 Knight's Cross
Franz Schall*Hauptmann137 [33] /133 [30] JG 52, Kdo Nowotny, JG 7 Knight's Cross
KIFA 10 April 1945
mission-to-claim ratio of 4.01. [34]
Ludwig ScharfUnteroffizier7+ [35] JG 5
Gerhard SchaschkeHauptmann19+ [35] ZG 76
Paul Schauder21 [28] JG 26
Jakob SchausLeutnant23 [36] NJG 4
Günther Scheel*Leutnant71 [37] JG 54 Knight's Cross
MIA 16 July 1943
only 70 combat missions, with a mission-to-claim ratio of 0.99. [38]
Klaus ScheerLeutnant24 [36] /23 [35] NJG 100
Rudolf Scheffel Hauptmann7 [39] ZG 1, ZG 26 Knight's Cross
Wolfgang Schellmann*Oberstleutnant26 (incl. 12 in Spain) [39] JG 2, JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 22 June 1941
Fritz SchellwatOberfeldwebel19 [36] NJG 1
Wolfgang Schenck Oberstleutnant18 [40] SG 2, ZG 1, SKG 210, KG 51 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Georg Schentke*Oberleutnant90 [6] /87 [5] JG 3 Knight's Cross
KIA 25 December 1942
Karl-Heinz Scherfling*Oberfeldwebel33 [41] NJG 1 Knight's Cross
KIA 21 July 1944
Ernst Scheufele Oberleutnant14 [35] JG 5, JG 4
Erich ScheydaOberfeldwebel20 [42] JG 26
Franz Schieß*Hauptmann67 [43] JG 53 Knight's Cross
KIA 2 September 1943
Wilhelm Schilling Oberleutnant63 [44] JG 54, EJG 1 Knight's Cross
Hans Schleef*98 [18] JG 3, JG 5, JG 4 Knight's Cross
KIA 31 December 1944
Hermann Schleinhege Leutnant97 [6] /96 [18] JG 3, JG 54 Knight's Cross
Joachim Schlichting Major8 (incl. 5 in Spain) [45] JG 27 Knight's Cross
Karl-Friedrich SchlossteinHauptmann5+ [46] JG 77, JG 5
Johann Schmid*Major45 [47] JG 2, JG 26 Knight's Cross
KIA 6 November 1941
mission-to-claim ratio of 3.34. [12]
Dietrich Schmidt Hauptmann39 [48] NJG 1 Knight's Cross
Erich Schmidt*Oberleutnant47 [49] JG 53 Knight's Cross
KIA 31 August 1941
Franz Schmidt*Unteroffizier6 [46] JG 77 KIA 4 November 1941
Heinz Schmidt*Hauptmann173 [16] [46] JG 52 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
MIA 5 September 1943
mission-to-claim ratio of 4.05. [34]
Johannes SchmidtOberleutnant12 [50] JG 26
Rudolf Schmidt*Feldwebel42 [51] JG 77 Knight's Cross
KIA 6 April 1942
Winfried Schmidt Hauptmann19 [46] JG 3
Lothar SchmittLeutnant7 [46] LG 2, SG 1
Hans Schmoller-HaldyHauptmann12 [46] JG 54
Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer Major121 [31] /119 [46] NJG 1, NJG 4 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds
Top Night Fighter Ace of World War II
August SchneiderLeutnant9 [46] JG 5
Gerhard Schneider41 [46] JG 51, JGr Ost
Hugo SchneiderOberleutnant6 [46] JG 27
Walter Schneider20 [50] JG 26
Karl-Heinz Schnell Major72 [23] JG 51, JG 53, JV 44 Knight's Cross
"Wumm" Siegfried Schnell*93 [52] [6] JG 54, JG 2 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 25 February 1944
Karl "Quax" Schnörrer Leutnant46 [53] JG 54, JG 7, Kdo Nowotny Knight's Cross
Herbert Schob Hauptmann28 (incl. 6 in Spain) [54] LG 1, ZG 76, ZG 26 Knight's Cross
Rudolf Schoenert Major64 [10] NJG 1, NJG 2, NJG 3, NJG 100, NJGr 10, NJG 5 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Erich SchöfbockLeutnant8 [55] JG 27
Günther Scholz Major34 (+1 in Spain) JG 54, JG 5
Helmut Schönfelder Oberfeldwebel56 [54] JG 51 Knight's Cross
Gerhard Schöpfel Major45 [56] JG 26, JG 4, JG 6 Knight's Cross
Georg Schott*Oberleutnant21 [55] LG 2, JG 1 KIA 27 September 1943
Herbert Schramm*Hauptmann40 [55] JG 53, JG 27 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 1 December 1943
Alfred Schreiber*Leutnant5 [55] ZG 26, EKdo 262, Kdo Nowotny, JG 7 KIFA 26 November 1944
Georg SchröderHauptmann12 [55] JG 2
Werner Schröer Major 114 [29] /106 [55] JG 3, JG 27, JG 54 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
incl. 26 heavy bombers [20]
mission-to-claim ratio of 1.73. [38]
Fritz Schröter11 [57] JG 2, SKG 10, SG 5, SG 4 Knight's Cross
Walter Schuck Oberleutnant 206 [16] /181 [55] JG 5, JG 7 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Leo Schuhmacher Leutnant23 [57] ZG 76, JG 1, JV 44 Knight's Cross
Franz Schulte*Feldwebel46 [57] JG 77 Knight's Cross
KIA 12 August 1942
Helmuth SchulteHauptmann25 [58] NJG 5 Knight's Cross
Otto Schultz 73 [23] JG 51 Knight's Cross
Gerhard SchulwitzLeutnant9 [59] JG 26
Otto Schulz*Oberleutnant51 [60] JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 17 June 1942
Werner SchumacherUnteroffizier30 [61] JG 5
Heinz Schumann*Major21 [62] JG 51, JG 2 SKG 10 Knight's Cross
KIFA 8 November 1943
Franz Schwaiger*Leutnant67 [43] JG 3 Knight's Cross
KIA 24 April 1944
Günther SchwaneckeHauptmann14 [61] JG 77, JG 5
Gerhard SchwartzFeldwebel20 [63] JG 51
Günther SchwarzOberfeldwebel40 [63] /38 [61] JG 51
Georg SeckelHauptmann34 [61] JG 77, JG 200, JG 4
Günther Seeger Oberleutnant56 [64] JG 53, JG 2 Knight's Cross
Georg Seelmann 39 [64] JG 51, JG 103 Knight's Cross
Hermann SegatzHauptmann40 [63] /33 [61] JG 26, JG 51, JG 5, JG 1
Georg SeidelOberfeldwebel47 [63] /45 [61] JG 51
Alfred SeidlOberleutnant31 [61] JG 53, JG 3, JG 7
Johannes Seifert*Oberstleutnant57 [65] JG 26 Knight's Cross
KIA 25 November 1943
Reinhard Seiler Major109 (incl. 9 in Spain) [29] JG 54, JG 104 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Erich von Selle 7 JG 26
Waldemar Semelka Leutnant65 [66] JG 52 Knight's Cross
mission-to-claim ratio of 3.69. [34]
Paul Semrau*Major46 [67] NJG 2 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 8 February 1945
Fritz Sengschmitt15 ZG 76, ZG 26
Heinrich Setz*Major138 [33] JG 27, JG 77 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 13 March 1943
mission-to-claim ratio of 1.99. [38]
Peter Siegler*Feldwebel48 [68] JG 54 Knight's Cross
MIA 24 September 1942
Rudolf Sigmund*Hauptmann29 [68] NJG 1 Knight's Cross
KIA 4 October 1943
Friedrich SimonOberfeldwebel22+ [69] JG 51
Siegfried Simsch Hauptmann54 [70] JG 52, JG 11 Knight's Cross
KIA 8 June 1944
Rudolf SinnerMajor39 [71] JG 27
Kurt Sochatzy Oberleutnant38 [70] JG 3 Knight's Cross
Waldemar SöffingLeutnant35 [72] JG 26
Gerhard Sommer*Hauptmann20 [70] JG 11, JG 1 Knight's Cross
KIA 12 May 1944
Hermann Sommer*Oberfeldwebel19 [73] NJG 2, NJG 102KIA 11 February 1944
Wolfgang Späte Major99 [22] JG 54, JG 400, JG 7 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Günther Specht*Oberstleutnant34 [74] ZG 26, JG 11 Knight's Cross
MIA 1 January 1945
Wilhelm Spies*Major20 [75] ZG 26 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 27 January 1942
Robert SprecklesOberfeldwebel6+ [76] JG 11, JG 1
Peter Spoden Hauptmann24 [73] /23 [77] NJG 5, NJG 6
Gustav Sprick Oberleutnant31 [78] JG 26 Knight's Cross
Karl StadekOberfeldwebel25+ [69] JG 51
Hans-Arnold Stahlschmidt*Oberleutnant60 [79] JG 27 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
MIA 7 September 1942
Hermann Staiger Major63 [74] JG 51, JG 26, JG 1, JG 7 Knight's Cross
incl. 26 heavy bombers [20]
Friedrich-Wilhelm Stakejahn9 JG 5, SG 4
Otto Stammberger Oberleutnant7 [80] JG 26
Karl Steffen*Oberfeldwebel59 [81] [80] JG 52 Knight's Cross
MIA 8 August 1943
Hans-Joachim Steffens*Leutnant21 [80] JG 51 KIA 30 July 1941
Friedrich "Fritz" StehleOberleutnant21 [80] ZG 2, ZG 26, JG 6, JG 7 German Cross
Leopold "Bazi" Steinbatz*Leutnant99 [22] /98 [80] JG 52 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
KIA 23 June 1942
Franz SteinerOberfeldwebel8 [80] JG 27, JG 1, JG 11, JV 44
Günter Steinhausen*Leutnant40 [82] JG 27 Knight's Cross
KIA 6 September 1942
Ulrich Steinhilper Oberleutnant5 [80] JG 52
"Macky" Johannes Steinhoff Oberst176 [16] /168 [80] JG 26, JG 52, JG 77 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Wilhelm Steinmann Major44 [82] JG 27, JG 4, JV 44 Knight's Cross
Heinrich SteisLeutnant20 [80] JG 27 German Cross
Andreas SterlOberfeldwebel54 [80] JG 52 German Cross
Heinrich Sterr*Oberleutnant130 [7] JG 54 Knight's Cross
KIA 26 November 1944
Franz Stigler 26 [83] JG 27, JV 44 German Cross
Bruno Stolle Hauptmann35 [84] LG 1, JG 2, JG 11 Knight's Cross
"Max" Maximilian Stotz*189 [16] /182 [77] JG 54 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
MIA 19 August 1943
mission-to-claim ratio of 2.65. [12]
Friedrich-Wilhelm Strakeljahn*9 [84] JG 5, SG 4 Knight's Cross
KIA 6 July 1944
Hubert Strassl*Oberfeldwebel67 [84] JG 51 Knight's Cross
KIA 8 July 1943
mission-to-claim ratio of 3.30. [12]
Erwin Straznicky*Oberleutnant30 [83] LG 2, JG 77, JG 3 MIA 3 October 1942
Werner Streib Oberst66 [31] NJG 1 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Hans Strelow*Leutnant68 [37] JG 51 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 22 May 1942
mission-to-claim ratio of 2.94. [12]
Fritz StritzelStabsfeldwebel11 [83] JG 2
Karl StroheckerOberfeldwebel14 [83] NJG 100
Heinz Strüning*Hauptmann56 [10] ZG 26, KG 30, NJG 2, NJG 1 Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
KIA 25 December 1944
Werner Stumpf*Oberfeldwebel48 [85] JG 53 Knight's Cross
KIA 13 October 1942
Gustav Sturm Leutnant21 [86] JG 27, JG 3, JG 51, EJG 2, JG 7
Heinrich Sturm*Hauptmann158 [87] /157 [33] JG 52 Knight's Cross
KIA 22 December 1944
Alfred SurauLeutnant45 [83] JG 3
Ernst Süß*Oberleutnant68 [88] JG 52 Knight's Cross
KIA 20 December 1943
Paul Szameitat*Hauptmann29 [58] NJG 3 Knight's Cross
KIA 2 January 1944
Wilhelm SzuggarOberfeldwebel10 (incl. 5 in Spain) [83] JG 52, JG 26

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References

Citations

  1. ↑ Spick 1996, pp. 3–4.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Mathews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1514.
  3. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 182.
  4. ↑ Aders & Held 1993, p. 264.
  5. 1 2 Spick 1996, p. 235.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Zabecki 2014, p. 1614.
  7. 1 2 Spick 1996, p. 230.
  8. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 183.
  9. ↑ Spick 1996, pp. 242–243.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Spick 1996, p. 243.
  11. 1 2 Spick 1996, p. 227.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Spick 1996, p. 248.
  13. ↑ Spick 1996, p. 241.
  14. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 184.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mathews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1515.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Spick 1996, p. 228.
  17. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 185.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Spick 1996, p. 234.
  19. 1 2 Obermaier 1989, p. 186.
  20. 1 2 3 Forsyth 2011, p. 90.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Mathews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1516.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Spick 1996, p. 233.
  23. 1 2 3 Spick 1996, p. 237.
  24. 1 2 Obermaier 1989, p. 188.
  25. 1 2 Obermaier 1989, p. 189.
  26. 1 2 Obermaier 1989, p. 190.
  27. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 191.
  28. 1 2 Caldwell 1998, p. 520.
  29. 1 2 3 Spick 1996, p. 232.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mathews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1517.
  31. 1 2 3 Spick 1996, p. 242.
  32. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 192.
  33. 1 2 3 Spick 1996, p. 229.
  34. 1 2 3 Spick 1996, p. 249.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Mathews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1518.
  36. 1 2 3 Aders 1978, p. 237.
  37. 1 2 Spick 1996, p. 238.
  38. 1 2 3 Spick 1996, p. 247.
  39. 1 2 Obermaier 1989, p. 193.
  40. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 55.
  41. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 194.
  42. ↑ Caldwell 1998, pp. 520–521.
  43. 1 2 Spick 1996, p. 239.
  44. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 195.
  45. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 196.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mathews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1519.
  47. ↑ Caldwell 1998, pp. 521–522.
  48. ↑ Spick 1996, p. 245.
  49. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 197.
  50. 1 2 Caldwell 1998, p. 522.
  51. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 198.
  52. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 46.
  53. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 199.
  54. 1 2 Obermaier 1989, p. 200.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mathews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1520.
  56. ↑ Caldwell 1998, pp. 522–523.
  57. 1 2 3 Obermaier 1989, p. 201.
  58. 1 2 Spick 1996, p. 246.
  59. ↑ Caldwell 1998, p. 523.
  60. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 202.
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mathews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1521.
  62. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 203.
  63. 1 2 3 4 Aders & Held 1993, p. 265.
  64. 1 2 Obermaier 1989, p. 204.
  65. ↑ Caldwell 1998, pp. 523–524.
  66. ↑ Spick 1996, p. 240.
  67. ↑ Spick 1996, p. 244.
  68. 1 2 Obermaier 1989, p. 206.
  69. 1 2 Aders & Held 1993, p. 266.
  70. 1 2 3 Obermaier 1989, p. 207.
  71. ↑ Ring & Girbig 1994, p. 330.
  72. ↑ Caldwell 1998, pp. 534–525.
  73. 1 2 Aders 1978, p. 238.
  74. 1 2 Obermaier 1989, p. 208.
  75. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 50.
  76. ↑ Mathews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1522.
  77. 1 2 Mathews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1525.
  78. ↑ Caldwell 1998, p. 525.
  79. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 60.
  80. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mathews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1523.
  81. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 209.
  82. 1 2 Obermaier 1989, p. 210.
  83. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mathews & Foreman 2015c, p. 1524.
  84. 1 2 3 Obermaier 1989, p. 211.
  85. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 212.
  86. ↑ Ring & Girbig 1994, p. 331.
  87. ↑ Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  88. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 213.

Bibliography

  • Aders, Gebhard (1978). History of the German Night Fighter Force, 1917–1945. London: Janes. ISBN   978-0-354-01247-8.
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