This list of crinoid genera is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been considered to be crinoids, excluding purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomina dubia), or were not formally published (nomina nuda), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered crinoids.
Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.
Nomen oblitum (Latin for "forgotten name"): A name that has not been used in the scientific community for more than fifty years after its original proposal.
Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.
Columnals
Stukalina proposed a classification of columnals.[1][2] Most families in this classification are based on a single genus. It may also be that separate families have been erected for different parts of the stem of a single crinoid genus. No families have been added for columnal genera in the initial input of data in the following table. These genera may be identified by the use of "[columnal]" in the family column of the table. It should also be noted that, where the same generic name has been used for columnals and cups/crowns, there is often considerable uncertainty that they actually belong in the same genus. As studies of columnals continue, it is hoped that things will improve and a classification will emerge that is based on the whole animal.
Crinoids are marine invertebrates that make up the class Crinoidea. Crinoids that remain attached to the sea floor by a stalk in their adult form are commonly called sea lilies, while the unstalked forms, called feather stars or comatulids, are members of the largest crinoid order, Comatulida. Crinoids are echinoderms in the phylum Echinodermata, which also includes the starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers. They live in both shallow water and in depths of over 9,000 metres (30,000 ft).
Crinozoa is a subphylum of mostly sessile echinoderms, of which the crinoids, or sea lilies and feather stars, are the only extant members. Crinozoans have an extremely extensive fossil history.
Echmatocrinus is a Cambrian animal which resembles a crinoid or an octocoral. Its exact taxonomy is still a subject of debate. It is known only from the Burgess shale. Around 20 specimens of Echmatocrinus are known; these comprise < 0.02% of the community.
Paracrinoidea is an extinct class of blastozoan echinoderms. They lived in shallow seas during the Early Ordovician through the Early Silurian. While blastozoans are usually characterized by types of respiratory structures present, it is not clear what types of respiratory structures paracrinoids likely had. Despite the taxon's name, the paracrinoids are not closely related to crinoids.
Cystoidea is a class of extinct crinozoan echinoderms, termed cystoids, that lived attached to the sea floor by stalks. They existed during the Paleozoic Era, in the Middle Ordovician and Silurian Periods, until their extinction in the Devonian Period.
Pelmatozoa was once a clade of Phylum Echinodermata. It included stalked and sedentary echinoderms. The main class of Pelmatozoa were the Crinoidea which includes sea lily and feather star.
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2012.
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2013.
The Camerata or camerate crinoids are an extinct subclass of Paleozoic stalked crinoids. They were some of the earliest crinoids to originate during the Early Ordovician, reached their maximum diversity during the Mississippian, and became extinct during the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Camerates are the sister group of Pentacrinoidea, which contains all other crinoids. The two largest camerate subgroups are the orders Diplobathrida and Monobathrida.
This list of fossil echinoderms described in 2014 is a list of new taxa of echinoderms of every kind that have been described during the year 2014. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2015.
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2016.
Onychocrinus is an extinct genus of crinoids.
George Jennings Hinde was a British geologist and paleontologist.
Diploporita is an extinct class of blastozoan that ranged from the Ordovician to the Devonian. These echinoderms are identified by a specialized respiratory structure, called diplopores. Diplopores are a double pore system that sit within a depression on a single thecal (body) plate; each plate can contain numerous diplopore pairs.
This timeline of eurypterid research is a chronologically ordered list of important fossil discoveries, controversies of interpretation, and taxonomic revisions of eurypterids, a group of extinct aquatic arthropods closely related to modern arachnids and horseshoe crabs that lived during the Paleozoic Era.
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2018.
Disparida is an parvclass of extinct marine animals in the class Crinoidea. Disparids are a speciose and morphologically diverse group of crinoids distinguished by their monocyclic calyx and slender arms without pinnules. They range from the Early Ordovician (Tremadocian) to Middle Permian, reaching their highest diversity during the Late Ordovician.
Flexibilia is a superorder of specialized Paleozoic crinoids. They exhibited a conserved body plan and consistent suite of characteristics throughout their long history. Previously considered a subclass with unclear affinities, later investigation determined that flexibles are well-nested within Cladida, a broad group ancestral to living articulate crinoids. The Ordovician cladid Cupulocrinus acts as an intermediate form linking the generalized anatomy of other early cladids with the distinctive anatomy of flexibles, and several studies have considered it to be ancestral to the rest of the group. Although flexibles never reached the same abundance or diversity as many other crinoid groups, they remained a reliable component of crinoid faunas, particularly from the Silurian onwards. Flexible fossils are very rare in the Ordovician, but the Late Ordovician appears to have been an interval of rapid diversification for the group.
References
1 2 Stukalina, G. A., 1966. On the principles of classification of Paleozoic crinoid stems. Paleontological Journal(3), pp 94-102
1 2 Stukalina, G. A., 1988. Studies in Paleozoic crinoid-columnals and stems. Palaeontographica, v. 204, pp 1-66
↑ Roemer, F. A. (1850). "Acanthocrinus, ein neues Krinoiden-Genus"[Acanthocrinus, a new Crinoid genus]. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie (in German): 679–680.
↑ Yeltyschewa, R. S., 1979. Стебли Палеозойских лилий Прибалтики (Верхний Ордовик) [Stems of Paleozoic crinoids from the Pribaltic (Upper Ordovician)]. Вопросы палеонтологии, v. 8, pp 94-106 In Russian
↑ Biese, Walter. 1935–1937. Crinoidea jurassica. In W. Quenstedt, ed., Fossilium Catalogus, I. Animalia, pt. 70, 73, 76. W. Junk. s’Gravenhage. 739 p.
1 2 3 4 Wanner, J., 1924. Die permischen Krinoiden von Timor. Jaarbook van net Mijnwezen Nederlandes Oost-Indie, Verhandlungen (1921), Gedeelte, v. 3, pp 1-348
↑ Sisova, E. N., 1979. Флорициклиди позднего девона Восточного Казахстана и Средней Азии [Floricyclids of the Late Devonian of eastern Kazakhstan and central Asia]. Ежегодник Всесоюзного Палеонтологического Общества, v. 22, pp 166-172 In Russian
1 2 Schultze, L. (1867). "Monographie der Echinodermen des Eifler Kalkes"[Monograph of the Echinoderms of the Eifel Limestone]. Denkschriften der Kaiserlich Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe (in German). 26 (2): 113–230.
↑ Müller, J. (1841). "Über die Gattungen und Arten der Comatulen"[About the genera and species of Comatula]. Monatsberichte Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (in German). 1840–42: 179–189.
↑ Pabian, R. K., and Strimple, H. L., 1985. Classification, paleoecology and biostratigraphy of crinoids from the Stull Shale (Late Pennsylvanian) of Nebraska, Kansas, and Iowa. University of Nebraska State Museum Bulletin, v. 11, pp 1-81
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ausich, W. I. and Copper, P., 2010. The Crinoidea of Anticosti Island, Québec (Late Ordovician to Early Silurian). Palaeontolgraphica Canadiana, No. 29, 157 pp
1 2 Hall, J. (1858). "Chapter 8. Palaeontology of Iowa". Report of the Geological Survey of the State of Iowa. Embracing the Results of Investigations Made During Portions of the Years 1855, 56 &. 57. 1: 473–724 – via part II; Palaeontology.
1 2 Schewtschenko, T. W., 1967. Раннедевонские морские лилии семейства Parahexacrinidae fam. nov. Servschanskogo hrebta. Палеонтологический журнал, no. 3, pp 76-88 in Russian
1 2 Schewtschenko, T. W., 1968. Early Devonian sea lilies of the family Parahexacrinidae fam. nov. from the Zeravshan stage. Paleontological Journal. no. 3, pp 76-88
↑ Hashimoto, K., 1995. Akiyoshicrinus, a new erisocrinid crinoid genus from the Upper Carboniferous of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group, southwest Japan (Crinoid studies of Akiyoshi - 1). Bulletin of the Akiyoshi-dai Museum of Natural History, v. 30, pp 1-14
1 2 3 Stukalina, G. A., and Tujutjan, Yu. A., 1970. Новые представители группы пентамерата из ордовика Казахстана [New specimens of the group pentamerata from the Ordovician of Kazakhstan]. Известия Академии Наук Казахстанской ССР, Серия Геологище(1), pp 57-65 In Russian
1 2 3 4 5 Wanner, J., 1937. Neue beiträge zur kenntnis der Permischen echinodermen von Timor, VIII-XIII. Palaeontographica, Supplement 4, IV Abteilungen, Abschnitt 1, pp 1-212
↑ Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F., 1890. A new genus (Allocrinus) from the Niagara Group of western Tennessee. Illinois Geological Survey, v. 8, pt. 2, Palaeontology of Illinois, sec. 2, pp 206-208
1 2 3 Stukalina, G. A., 1979. Криноидеи Криволуцкого, Мангазейского, Долборского и Кецкого Горизонтов В кн. Фауна Ордовика Средней Сибири [Crinoids of the Krivolutsky, Mangazeisky, Dolbrosky and Ketsky Horizons. In: Menner, V. V., (ed.), Ordovician faunas of Middle Siberia]. Издательство Наука, Труды, v. 330, pp 131-158 In Russian
↑ Klikushin, V. G. 1984. Fossil crinoids of the suborder Hyocrinina. Palaeontologicheskiy Zhurnal 3:74–85, 2 fig., pl. 6–7. In Russian.
↑ Kurilenko, A. V., 2001, Возраст и криноидеи ильдиканской свит (нижний - средний Девон) Восточного Забайкалья. [Age and crinoids of Ildikan Formation (Lower-Middle Devonian) of eastern Transbaikal]. Биология Московского общества Испытателей Природы. Отдел Геологии, v. 76(6), pp 43-47 In Russian
↑ Hall, J. | year=1881. Prelimary notice of new species of fossils from the Niagara Formation at Waldron Indiana. (preliminary seaprate publication of Hall, 1882).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Moore, R. C., and Jeffords, R. M., 1968. Classification and nomenclature of fossil crinoids based on studies of dissociated parts of their columns. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Echinodermata Article 9, pp 1-86
↑ Austin, T., 1848. Observations on the Cystidea of M. Von Buch, and the Crinoidea generally. Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal, v. 4, pp 291-294
1 2 3 Moore, R. C., and Strimple, H. L., 1969. Explosive evolutionary differentiation of unique group of Mississippian-Pennsylvanian camerate crinoids (Acrocrinidae). University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 39, pp 1-44
1 2 3 Gislén T., 1924. Echinoderm studies. Academical Dissertation. Zoologiska bidrag från Uppsala v 9 pp 1-316
↑ Webster, G. D., Maples, C. G., Sevastopulo, G. D., Frest, T., and Waters, J. A., 2004. Carboniferous (Viséan-Moscovian) echinoderms from the Béchar Basin area of western Algeria. Bulletins of American Paleontology, No. 368, 98 pp
1 2 3 4 5 6 Dubatolova, Yu. A., 1971. Морские лилии раннего и среднего Девона Алтая и Кузбасса [Crinoidea of the Early and Middle Devonian of the Altai and Kuzbas]. Академия наук СССР, Сибирское отделение Труды Института геологии и геофизики, v. 124, pp 1-159 In Russian
↑ Clark, A. M., 1973. Some new taxa of recent stalked Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) v25(7) pp267–288
1 2 3 Webster, G. D., and Jell, P. A., 1999. New Permian crinoids from eastern Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, v. 43(1), pp 279-340
1 2 Clark A.H., 1918. The unstalked crinoids of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga Exped. v42b, pp 1-300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Goldring, W., 1923. The Devonian crinoids of the state of New York. New York State Museum, Memoir 16, pp 1-670
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Jaekel, O., 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläeontologische Zeitschrift, v. 3(1), p. 1-128
↑ Kirk, E., 1940. Anartiocrinus, a new crinoid genus from the Mississippian. American Journal of Science, v. 238(1), pp 47-55 Archived June 26, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
1 2 3 4 Webster, G. D., and Lane, N. G., 1987. Crinoids from the Anchor Limestone (Lower Mississippian) of the Monte Cristo Group Southern Nevada. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 119, pp 1-55
↑ Hall, J., 1862. Preliminary notice of some of the species of Crinoidea known in the Upper Helderberg and Hamilton groups of New York. New York State Cabinet of Natural History 15th Annual Report, pp 87-125 - Preprint. :published edition pp 115–153
↑ Stukalina, G. A., 1985. К характеристике иглокожих биогермных фатов ордовика центрального Казахстана [On the characteristic echinoderms of bioherm facies from the Ordovician of Kazakhstan]. Ежегодник Всесоюзного Палеонтологического Общества, v. 28, pp 176-198 In Russian
1 2 3 Clark, A. H., 1917. A revision of the crinoid family Antedonidae, with the diagnoses of nine new genera. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. v7(5) pp 127-131
↑ Webster, G. D., 1990. New Permian crinoids from Australia. Palaeontology, v. 33, pp 49-73
↑ Wright, J., 1938. Anemetocrinus N.G. a five-armed poteriocrinid from the Lower Carboniferous limestones of Scotland. Geological Magazine, v. 75, pp 337-346
1 2 Stukalina, G. A., 1980. Новые видои цистоидеи и криноидеи из ордовика и нижнего силура Центрального Казахстана и Северной Киргизии В кн. Новые види древних растений и беспозвоночных СССР, вып. 5 [New species of cystoids and crinoids from the Ordovician and Lower Silurian of Central Kazakhstan and Middle Kirghizia. In: Stukalina, G. A., (ed.), New species of ancient plants and invertebrates of the USSR no. 5]. Академия наук СССР Палеонтологический институт, pp 95-114 In Russian
↑ John D.D., 1939. Crinoidea. British Australia New Zealand (B.A.N.Z.) Antarctic Research Expedition (1929-1931), under the command of Sir Douglas Mawson, Zoology and botany Series B vol. 4, part 6. 24 pp
1 2 3 4 Clark A.H., 1936. Five new genera and two new species of unstalked Crinoids. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum v 83 pp245–250
↑ Summers, M. M., Messing, C. G. & Rouse, G. W., 2014. Phylogeny of Comatulidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Comatulida): A new classification and an assessment of morphological characters for crinoid taxonomy. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. v 80 pp 319-339
1 2 3 4 5 Donovan, S. K., 1989. Pelmatozoan columnals from the Ordovician of the British Isles. Part 2. Palaeontographical Society Monograph, v. 142(580), pp 69-114
↑ Meek, F. B., and Worthen, A. H., 1865. Descriptions of new species of crinoidea, etc. from the Paleozoic rocks of Illinois and some of the adjoining states. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, v. 17, pp 143-155
↑ Stukalina, G. A., 1961. Стебли криноидей из отложений верхнего силура гор Аксарлы (Центральный Казахстан) [Crinoid stems from Upper Silurian deposits of the Aksarli Mountains (Central Kazakhstan)]. Информационный Сборник Всесоюзного Научно-Исследовательского Геологического Института Труды, . 42, pp 31-42 In Russian
↑ Fréminville CP de la Poix de, 1811, Mémoire sur un nouveau genre de Zoophytes de l'ordre des Radiaires. Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences / par la Société Philomathique Paris v 2 pp 349–350
1 2 Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F., 1880-1886. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Pt. II. Family Sphaeroidocrinidae, with the sub-families Platycrinidae, Rhodocrinidae, and Actinocrinidae (1881), v 33 pp 177-411
↑ Clark, 1915. Der Crinoiden der Antarktis. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903, im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des Innern, Bd. 16, Heft 2, pp 101-210
↑ Eleaume M., Hess H. & Messing C.G., 2011. Nomenclatorial Note. Anthometrina, new name for the genus Anthometra A. H. Clark, 1915 (Crinoidea, Comatulidina), preoccupied by Anthometra Boisduval, 1840 (Arthropoda, Lepidoptera). In Hess H and Messing CG (2011) Articulata. In Seldon and Ausich WI, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2 Revised, Crinoidea 3.
↑ Müller, J. 1854. Über den bau der Echinodermen. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaft, Berlin, (1853) v. 44, pp 123-219
↑ Strimple, H. L., and Watkins, W. T., 1955. I. Three new genera. In: New Ordovician echinoderms. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, v. 45, pp 347-353
1 2 Schmidt, W. E., 1934. Die Crinoideen des Rheinischen Devons, I. Teil; Die Crinoideen des Hunsrückschiefers. Abhandlung der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, v. 163, pp 1-149
1 2 Ramsbottom, W.H.C., 1961. A monograph on British Ordovician Crinoidea. Palaeontographical Society, v. 114, pp 1-37
↑ Chauvel, J., and Le Menn, J., 1973. Echinodermes de L'Ordovicien Superieur de Coat-Carrec, Argol (Finistere). Bulletin de la Société Géologique y Mineralogie de Bretagne, ser. C, v. 4, Fasc. 1, pp 39-61
1 2 3 Stukalina, G. A., 1968. К систематике группы пентамерата (криноидеи). Палеонтологический журнал(1), pp 81-91 In Russian
1 2 3 Stukalina, G. A., 1970. Systematics of the Pentamerata (Crinoidea) Group. Paleontological Journal, v. 2(1), pp 73-82
↑ Messing, C.G., 1995. Redescription of a unique feather star (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Comasteridae) with the diagnosis of a new genus. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v 108(4) pp 656-661
↑ Guensburg, T. E., and Sprinkle, J. 2009. Solving the mystery of crinoid ancestry: new fossil evidence of arm origin and development. Journal of Paleontology, v. 83(3), pp 350-364
↑ Kirk, E., 1944. Aphelecrinus, a new inadunate crinoid genus from the Upper Mississippian. American Journal of Science, v. 242(4), pp 190-203 Archived June 26, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
↑ Hisinger, W., 1828. Anteckningar i Physik och Geognosie under resor uti Sverige och Norrige, Stockholm, v. 4, pp 1-260
1 2 Agassiz, L., 1836. Prodrome d'une Monographie des Radiaires ou Echinodermes. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences naturelles de Neuchâtel. v 1 pp 168-199
↑ Webster, G. D., and Delattre, M. P., 1993. Permian crinoid columnals from the Zamora Formation near El Volcan, Baja California Norte, Mexico. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 279, pp 91-95
1 2 Warn, J. M., and Strimple, H. L., 1977. The disparid inadunate superfamilies Homocrinacea and Cincinnaticrinacea (Echinodermata. Crinoidea), Ordovician-Silurian, North America. Bulletins of American Paleontology, v.72(296), pp 1-138
↑ Clark, H.L., 1938. Echinoderms from Australia, an account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College. v 55 pp 1-597
↑ Burke, J. J., 1974. Additions to the crinoid fauna of the Ames Limestone, Brooke County, West Virginia. Kirtlandia, v. 18, pp 1-12
↑ Peck, R.E. 1973. Applinocrinus: A new genus of Cretaceous microcrinoids and its distribution in North America. Journal of Paleontology 47:94–100, 1 fig., pl. 71–76, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1302870
↑ McIntosh, G. C., 1981 Apurocrinus sucrei, a new genus and species of camerate crinoid from the Lower Devonian of Bolivia. Journal of Paleontology, v. 55(5), pp 948-952
↑ Meek, F. B., and Worthen, A. H., 1866. Descriptions of invertebrates from the Carboniferous system. Illinois Geological Survey, v. 2(2), pp 143-411
↑ Le Menn, J., 1988. Un nouveau type d'organe distal de pédoncule de crinoide de l'Emsien supérieur d'Aragon (Espagne). Annales de Paléontologie (Vertebrate-Invertebrate), v. 74(1), pp 1-11
1 2 Stukalina, G. A., 1999. Позднепермские криноидеи Приморья, закаказья и Северного Кавказа. Палеонтологический журнал(2), pp 18-25 In Russian
1 2 Stukalina, G. A., 1999. The Late Permian crinoids from Primorye, Transcaucasia, and north Cucasus. Paleontological Journal, v. 33(2), pp 139-146
↑ Lewis, R. D., 1981. Archaetaxocrinus, new genus, the earliest known flexible crinoid (Whiterockian) and its phylogenetic implications. Journal of Paleontology, v. 55(1), pp 227-238
1 2 Dubatolova, Yu. A., and Yeltyschewa, R. S., 1969. Стебли Криноидей Девона и Нижнего Карбона Армении Вкн Верхний Палеозой Сибири и Дальнего Востока [Stems of Crinoids of the Devonian and Lower Carboniferous of Armenia. In: Ivanovsky, A.B., (ed.), Upper Paleozoic of Siberia and the Far East]. Академия наук СССР, Сибирское отделение, Труды Института геологии и геофизики, v. 68, pp 56-72 in Russian
↑ Hess, Hans, & Pia Ursula Spichiger. 2001. Argoviacrinus rarissimus n. g. n. sp., a new crinoid (Echinodermata) from the Middle Oxfordian of northern Switzerland. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 94:489–494, 8 fig.
1 2 Rowley, R. R., 1895. Description of a new genus and five new species of fossils from the Devonian and subcarboniferous rocks of Missouri. American Geologist, v. 16, October, pp 217-223
↑ Strimple, H. L., and Horowitz, A. S., 1971. A new Mississippian ampelocrinid. In: Fossil Crinoid Studies. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 56(5), pp 23-27
1 2 Lane, N. G., and Webster, G. D., 1966. New Permian crinoid fauna from southern Nevada. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 63, pp 1-60
1 2 3 Ausich, W. I., and Kammer, T. W., 2009. Generic concepts in the Platycrinitidae Austin and Austin, 1842 (Class Crinoidea). Journal of Paleontology, v. 83(5), pp 694-717
↑ Williams, H. S., 1883. On a crinoid with movable spines (Arthroacantha ithacensis). American Philosophical Society, Proceedings, v. 21, pp 81-88
↑ Wright, J., 1923. Artichthyocrinus, n. g., a flexible crinoid from the Carboniferous limestone of Fife. Geological Magazine, v. 60, pp 481-490
1 2 Donovan, S. K., 1995. Pelmatozoan columnals from the Ordovician of the British Isles. Part 3. The Palaeontographical Society, London, Monograph, pp 115-193
1 2 Stukalina, G. A., 1982. К систематике Палеозойских криноидей отрядов Ангулата и Стрилата [On the Systematics of the Paleozoic crinoid orders Angulata and Strialata]. Ежегодник Всесоюзного Палеонтологического Общества, v. 25, pp 184-196 In Russian
1 2 Breimer, A., 1962. A monograph on Spanish Paleozoic crinoidea. Overdruk uit Leidse Geologische Mededelingen, Deel 27, pp 1-190
↑ Hess, Hans. 2006. Crinoids from the Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Arzo, southern Switzerland. Schweizerische paläontologische Abhandlungen 126:143 p., 29 fig., 29 pl.
↑ Wanner, J., 1949. Neue Beiträge zur kenntnis der Permischen Echinodermen von Timor, Poteriocrinidae 16, Teil 4. Palaeontographica, Supplement 4, pp 1-56
1 2 Springer, F., 1920. The Crinoidea Flexibilia. Smithsonian Institution Publication 2501, v. 1, pp 1-486
↑ Bassler, R. S., 1915. Bibliographic index of American Ordovician and Silurian Fossils. U.S. National Museum Bulletin, v. 92, pt. 1, pp 1-718
1 2 3 4 Gregorio, A. de, 1930. Sul Permiano di Sicilia. Annales de Géologie et de Paléontologie, v. 52, pp 1-67
1 2 3 Kirk, E., 1940. Seven new genera of Carboniferous Crinoidea Inadunata. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, v. 30, pp 321-334
1 2 Stukalina, G. A., 1975. Морские лилии В кн характеристика фауни ограниченных слов силура и девона центрального Казахстана [Crinoids. In: Characteristic fauna of the boundary deposits of the Silurian and Devonian of Central Kazakhstan]. Материалы по биологии Центральное Казахстан, v. 12, Menner, V. V., (ed.), Московский Государственный Университет Im. M. V. Lomonosova. Центрально-Казахстанское Геологическое Управление Минисерства Геологии Казахской ССР, 248 pp In Russian
1 2 3 Hall, J., 1858. Crinoids of New York [in advance of Palaeontology of New York, vol. 3]. The American Journal of Arts and Science, ser. 2, v. 25, pp 277-279
1 2 Münster, G. G., 1839. Beschreibung einiger neuen Crinoideen aus der Uebergangs-formation. Beitrage zur Petrefacten-Kunde, v. 1
1 2 Lyon, S. S., 1857. In: Lyon, S. S., Cox, E. T., and Lesquereux, L., Palaeontological Report, Geological Report of Kentucky, v. 3, pp 467-497
1 2 3 Austin, T., and Austin, T., 1843. XXXIII. - Description of several new genera and species of Crinoidea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 1, v. 11, no. 69, pp 195-207
↑ Conrad, T. A., 1841. Fifth annual report on the paleontology of the state of New York. New York Geological Survey, Annual Report 5, pp 25-57
↑ Lambe, L. M., 1896. Description of a supposed new genus of Polyzoa from the Trenton Limestone of Ottawa. Canadian Record of Science, v. 7, pp 1-3
1 2 Roemer, C. F., 1852-54. Erste Periode, Kohlen-Gebirge. In: Lethaea Geognostica, H. G. Bronn, 1851-1856, 3rd edit. Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart, v. 2, pp 1-788
1 2 Yakovlev, N. N., and Ivanov, A. P., 1956. Морские лилии и бластоиды каменноугольных и пермских отложений СССР[Marine crinoids and blastoids of the Carboniferous and Permian deposits of Russia]. Всесоюзного Научно-Исследовательского Геологического Института Труды, v. 11, pp 1-142 in Russian
↑ Weller, S., 1916. Atactocrinus, a new crinoid genus from the Richmond of Illinois. Contributions of the Walker Museum of the University of Chicago, v. 1(10), pp 239-241
↑ Lyon, S. S., 1869. Remarks on thirteen new species of Crinoidea from the Palaeozoic rocks of Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, and a description of certain peculiarities in the structure of the columns of Dolatocrinus, and their attachment to the body of the animal. American Philosophical Society, Transactions, n.s., v. 13, pp 443-466
↑ Carpenter P.H., 1881. Reports on the results of dredging under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877–78), the Caribbean Sea (1878–79), and the east coast of the United States (1880). XVI. Preliminary report on the Comatulae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard v 9(4) pp 151–170 [1–20]
↑ Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F., 1880-1886. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Pt. III, Sec. 2. Discussion of the classification and relations of the brachiate crinoids, and conclusion of the generic descriptions (1886), v 38 pp 64-226
↑ Laudon, L. R., Parks, J. M., and Spreng, A. C., 1952. Mississippian crinoid fauna from the Banff Formation Sunwapta Pass, Alberta. Journal of Paleontology, v. 26(4), pp 544-575
↑ Guensburg, T.E., Sprinkle, J. Mooi, R., Lefebvre, B., David, B., Roux, M. & Derstler, K., 2020. Athenacrinus n. gen. and other early echinoderm taxa inform crinoid origin and arm evolution. Journal of Paleontology, v 94(2), 2020, pp 311–333
↑ Messing C.G., White C.M., 2001. A revision of the Zenometridae (new rank)(Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Comatulidina). Zoologica Scripta v30(3) pp159-180
↑ M'Coy, F., 1844. Echinodermata in Griffith, R. (ed.), A synopsis of the characters of the Carboniferous limestone fossils of Ireland. Dublin, University Press, pp 171-183
↑ Clark A.H., 1912. Description of twenty new unstalked crinoids, belonging to the families Antedonidae and Atelecrinidae, from the Dutch East Indies. Notes Leyden Museum v34 pp129–155
↑ Lane, N. G., 1970. Lower and Middle Ordovician crinoids from west-central Utah. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 17(1), pp 3-17 Archived July 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
↑ Kirk, E., 1948. Two new inadunate crinoid genera from the Middle Devonian. American Journal of Science, v. 246(11), pp 701-710 Archived June 24, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
↑ Strimple, H. L., 1975. Middle Pennsylvanian (Atokan) crinoids from Oklahoma and Missouri. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 76, pp 1-30
1 2 Wanner, J., 1929. Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Permischen Echinodermen von Timor. I. Allagecrinus. II. Hypocrinites. Dienst van den Mijnbouw in Nederlandsch-Indie, Wetenschappelijke Mededeelingen v. 11, pp 1-116
1 2 Jagt, J.W.M. Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K/T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and northeast Belgium — Part 2: Crinoids. — Scripta Geol., 116: 59-162, 51 figs., 46 pls, Leiden, May 1999. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/218997/SG116_061-162.pdf
1 2 3 4 5 Ulrich, E. O., 1925. New classification of the "Heterocrinidae". In: A. F. Foerste, Upper Ordovician faunas of Ontario and Quebec. Canada Geological Survey, Memoir 138, pp 82-106
↑ Broadhead, T. W., 1981. Carboniferous camerate crinoid subfamily, Dichocrininae. Palaeontographica, Abt. A, v. 176, pp 81-157
↑ Le Menn, J., 1970. Les Crinoides du Siegenien Superieur de la Rade de Brest (Finistera). Faculty Des Science, University Rennes, pp 1-107
1 2 Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F., 1897. The North American Crinoidea Camerata. Harvard College Museum of Comparative Zoology, Memoir, v. 20, pp 1-359
↑ Wright, J., 1942. New British Carboniferous crinoids. Geological Magazine, v. 79, pp 269-283
↑ Prokop, R. J., 1982. Aureocrinus gen. n. (Crinoidea, Inadunata) from the Lower Devonian, Dalejan of Bohemia. Casopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii, v. 27(12), pp 187-190
1 2 3 4 Clark, A.H., 1916. Seven new genera of echinoderms. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v 6(5) pp 115-122
↑ Almela, A., and Revilla, J., 1950. Especies fósiles nuevas del Devoniano de León. Notas y Communicaciones del Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, v. 20, pp 45-60
↑ Kristan-Tollmann, E., 1977. Zur Gattungsunterscheidung und Rekonstruktion der triadischen Schwebcrinoiden. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v 51, pp 185–198
1 2 3 Stukalina, G. A., 1969. Позднеопппдовикские морские лилии Центрального Казахстана [Late Ordovician crinoids from Central Kazakhstan]. Биостратиграфический сборник, Всесоюзного научно-исследовательского геологического института, 4, Труди n. s., v. 130, pp 202-217 In Russian
1 2 Hauser, J., 2007. Die Crinoidenwelt der Eifel vor 350.000.000 Jahren. Privately published, Bonn, 83 pp
1 2 Steininger, J., 1849. Die Versteinerungen des Uebergangs-Gebirges der Eifel. Jahresbericht über den Schul-Cursus 1848/49 an dem Gymnasium zu Trier, pp 1-50 (Crinoids, p. 21-22, by Schnur)
1 2 3 Quenstedt, F. A., 1874-1876. Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands, Erst Abtheilung, Vierter (4) Band, Echinodermen (Asteriden und Encriniden). pp 1-742 (1876)
↑ Volborth, A. von, 1864. Über Baerocrinus, eine neue Crinoideen-Gattung aus Ehstland. Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences, St.-Pétersbourg, v. 8, pp 177-181
↑ Prokop, R. J., Nohejlová, M., 2015. Baficrinus gen. nov. (Crinoidea, Inadunata) from the Bohemian Early Devonian (the Czech Republic). Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis, v 71(1-2) pp 25–30
↑ Troost, G., 1850. List of echionderms from the State of Tennessee. American Journal of Science, Proceedings (1849), ser. 2, v. 8, pp 419-420
↑ Desor, E., 1845. Bulletin de la Société des sciences naturelles de Neuchâtel. v 1, No 19, pp 211-222
↑ Clark A.H., 1909. New genera and higher groups of unstalked crinoids. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v 22 pp 173-178
↑ Bourrouilh, R., and Termier, G., 1973. Balearocrinus breimeri, Crinoïde nouveau du Visëen supérieur de Minorque (Baléares). Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord, v. 93(3) pp 225-232
↑ Stukalina, G. A., 1979. Новое семейство ордовикских криноидей. Палеонтологический журнал(4), pp 89-95 In Russian
↑ Stukalina, G. A., 1980. A new Ordovician crinoid family. Paleontological Journal, v. 13(4), pp 471-476
↑ Stiller, F., 2000. Two Early Millericrinids and an Unusual Crinoid of Uncertain Systematic Position from the Lower Upper Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Qingyan, Southwestern China. Journal of Paleontonlogy v 74(1) pp 32-51
↑ Meek, F. B., and Worthen, A. H., 1868. Remarks on some types of Carboniferous crinoidea, with descriptions of new genera and species of the same, and of one echinoid. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, v. 20, pp 335-359
1 2 Moore, R. C., Jeffords, R. M., and Miller, T. H., 1968. Morphological features of crinoid columns. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Echinodermata Article 8, p. 1-30
↑ Clark A.H., 1936. Biological results of the Snellius Expedition 1. The unstalked crinoids of the Snellius Expedition. Temminckia v 1 pp 295–320
1 2 3 4 5 Wanner, J., 1916. Die Permischen echinodermen von Timor, I. Teil. Palaontologie von Timor, v. 11, pp 1-329
1 2 Webster, G. D., Waters, J. A., Liao, Z.-T., and Maples, C. G., 2009. New Pennsylvanian (Moscovian) crinoids from the Qijiagou Formation, Taoshigo Valley, Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region, western China. Palaeoworld, v. 18(1), pp 41-52
↑ Strimple, H. L.,1962. Crinoids from the Oologah Formation. Oklahoma Geological Survey, Circular 60, pp 1-75
↑ Thomson, W., 1872. On the Crinoids of the "Porcupine" Deep-Sea Dredging Expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. v 7 pp 764-773
1 2 3 4 Clark A.H., 1908. New genera of unstalked crinoids. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v 21 pp 125-136
↑ Casseday, S. A., 1854. Beschreibung eines neuen Crinoideengeschlechts aus dem Kohlenkalkstein Nordamerikas. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, v. 6, pp 237-242
↑ Termier, H., and Termier, G., 1956. Rectification de nomenclature. Becharocrinus nov. gen., pro Triacrinus H. and G. Termier, 1950. Comptes Rendus de la Société Géologique de France, v. 15-16, pp 316-317
↑ Dubatolova, Yu. A., 1975. Девонские Криноидеи Минусинской Котловин [Devonian Crinoids of the Minusin Basin]. Академия Наук СССР, Сибирское Отделение Трудов Института Геологии и Геофизики, v. 272, p. 1-58 in Russian
↑ Strimple, H. L., and Levorson, C. O., 1969. Two Upper Devonian crinoids. In: Fossil Crinoid Studies. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 42(4), pp 17-20
↑ Arendt, Yu. A., and Zubarev, A. D., 1993. Аберрантные криноидеи. Палеонтологический журнал, v. 27(1) pp 25-35
↑ Arendt, Yu. A., and Zubarev, A. D., 1993. Aberrant crinoids. Paleontological Journal, v. 27(1) pp 31-44
↑ White, C. A., 1862. Description of new species of fossils from the Devonian and Carboniferous rocks of the Mississippi Valley. Boston Society of Natural History Journal, v. 9, pp 8-33 Pre-print
↑ Arendt, Yu. A., 1997. Новые подмосковные каменноугольные криноидеи с четырмящестью руками Палеонтологический журнал(4) pp 56-62 in Russian
↑ Arendt, Yu. A., 1997. New Carboniferous crinoids with four-six arms from the Moscow region. Paleontological Journal, v. 31(4) pp 400-408
↑ Mironov, A. N. & Sorokina, O. A., 1998. Sea lilies of the order Hyocrinida (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Zoologicheskie Issledovania, Moscow. v 2 pp 1-117 in Russian
1 2 3 Clark, A.H., 1909. On a collection of Crinoids from the Copenhagen Museum. Videnskabelige meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske forening i Kjöbenhavn. 1909. pp 115-194
↑ Stukalina, G. A., 1980. Новые представители квадрилатератов из ордовика Казахстана, Урала и Босточно-Европейской платформы В кн. Новые види древних растений и беспозвоночных СССР, вып. 5 [New species of quadrilateral from the Ordovician of Kazakhstan, Urals and eastern European platform. In: Stukalina, G. A., (ed.), New species of ancient plants and invertebrates of the USSR, no. 5]. Академия наук СССР Палеонтологический институт, pp 88-95 In Russian
1 2 3 Sisova, E. N., 1991. Позднетурнейские криноидеи Центрального и Иожного Казахстана. [Late Tournaisian crinoids from central and southern Kazakhstan]. Ежегодник Всесоюзного Палеонтологического Общества, v. 34, p. 151-170 In Russian
1 2 3 4 Waagen, W., and Jahn, J., 1899. in Barrande, J., Systeme Silurien du centre de La Bohême, Vol. VII, Classe des Echinodermes, pt. 2., Famille des Crinoides. Prague, Rivnác; Leipzig, Gerhard, 216 pp
↑ Ivanov, A. P., 1926. Средне- и верхнекаменноугольные отношения Московской губернии [Deposits of the middle and upper Carboniferous in the Moscow Province]. Московское Общество Испытателей Природы, [Moscow Society of Naturalists] Bulletin, sec. Geology, v. 4(1, 2), n. s., v. 34, pp 133-180 in Russian
↑ Strimple, H. L., 1975. New Chesterian Upper Mississippian crinoids from Illinois. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 79, pp 1-9
↑ Kristan-Tollmann, E., 1990. Mikrocrinoiden aus der Obertrias der Tethys. Geologisch-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck v 17 pp 51-100
↑ Ausich, W. I., 1985. New crinoids and revision of the superfamily Glyptocrinacea (Early Silurian, Ohio). Journal of Paleontology, v. 59(4), pp 793-808
↑ Miller, S. A., 1891. Palaeontology. Advance sheets, Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources, 17th Annual Report, pp 611-705
↑ Stukalina, G. A., 1998. On systematics of families Bazaricrinidae, Anthinocrinidae, and Facetocrinidae (Crinoidea, Middle Paleozoic). Zoosystematica Rossica, v. 7(1), pp 13-24. Abstract:
↑ Donovan, S. K., 1986. A new genus of inadunate crinoid with unique stem morphology from the Ashgill of Sweden. Palaeontology, v. 29, pp 235-242
↑ Schmidt, W. E. 1937. Fósiles paleozoicos de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia (Cordillera de Bogotá). Republic de Colombia, Ministerio de Industrias y Trabajo, Estudios Geológicos y Paleontologicos Sobre la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia, v. 2, pp 1-6
↑ Bohatý, J., Hein U., and Webster, G. D., 2014. Articulated endoskeletons of the Devonian disparid Storthingocrinus: implications for the revision of a misunderstood crinoid genus. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 88, pp 27-53
1 2 Grygar, R., and Vasícek, Z., 1983. Стебли морских лилий продуктивного карбона щехословацкой шасти верхнесилезского бассейна (Namurian A) [Stems of crinoids of the producing Carboniferous from the Czechoslovakian part of the Upper Silesian Basin (Namurian A)]. Casopis Slezského Muzea Opava, A, v. 32, pp 271-284 In Russian
↑ Pander, C. H., 1830. Beiträge zur Geognosie des russischen Reiches. St. Petersburg, 165 pp
↑ McIntosh, G. C., 1988. Boliviacrinus isaacsoni, a new genus and species of Middle Devonian camerate crinoid from Bolivia. Journal of Paleontology, v. 62(4), pp 622-626
1 2 3 Wright, J., 1950-1960. The British Carboniferous Crinoidea. Palaeontographical Society, Monograph v. 1(3), pp 47-102
1 2 Ausich, W.l. & Sevastopulo, G.D. 2001. The Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) crinoids from Hook Head, County Wexford, Ireland. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, v. 155, 617.
↑ d’Orbigny, A. 1840–1841. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, des Crinoïdes, vivants et fossiles, comprenant la description géologique et zoologique de ces animaux. Published by the author. Paris. Livraison 1:1–32, pl. 1–6 (1840); livraison 2–3:33–98, pl. 7–18 (1841) (republished 1858).
↑ Prokop, R. J., 2011. Carpocrinus chlupaci sp. n. and Bouskacrinus solus gen. et sp. n. (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) from the Koneprusy Limestone (Lower Devonian, Pragian) of the Barrandian area, Czech Republic. Journal of the National Museum {{rp|p=rague), Natural History Series, v. 180(9), pp 127-133 Archived July 9, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
1 2 Strimple, H. L., and Moore, R. C., 1971. Crinoids of the LaSalle Limestone {{rp|p=ennsylvanian) of Illinois. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Article 55, Echinodermata 11, pp 1-48
↑ Arendt, Y. A. 1974. Morskie lilii. Tsirtokrinidy [Sea lilies, cyrtocrinids]. Trudy Paleontologicheskego Instituta, Akademia Nauk SSSR 144:251 p., 38 fig., 37 pl.
↑ Wanner, J., 1929. Die Krinoiden-Gattung Holopus im Lichte der Palaontologie. Paläontologiche Zeitschrift, v. 11(4), pp 318-330
1 2 Sollas, W. J., 1900. Fossils in the Oxford University Museum. II. On two new genera and species of Crinoidea (Brahmacrinus ponderosus and Cicerocrinus elegans). Quarterly Journal of the London Geological Society, v. 56, pp 264-272
↑ Ausich, W. I., Bolton, T. E., and Cummings, L. M., 1998. Whiterockian (Ordovician) crinoid fauna from the Table Head Group, western Newfoundland, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 35(2), pp 121-130
1 2 3 Arendt, Yu. A., 2002. Early Carboniferous echinoderms of the Moscow region. Paleontological Journal, v. 36, Supplement 2, pp 115-184
↑ Prokop, R. J., and Petr, V., 1991. New microcriniods from theTrebotov Limestone of the Bohemian Lower Devonian (Dalejan = upper Emsian). Casopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii, v. 36(2-3), pp 131-136
↑ Strimple, H. L., 1951. New Carboniferous crinoids. Journal of Paleontology, v. 25(5), p. 669-676
↑ Ausich, W. I., Peter, M E., and Ettensohn, F. R., 2015. Echinoderms from the lower Silurian Brassfield Formation of east-central Kentucky. Journal of Paleontology, v. 89(2), pp 245-256
1 2 Rasmussen, H. W., 1961, A monograph on the Cretaceous Crinoidea. Biologiske Skrifter, v. 12(1), 428 pp
↑ Prokop, R. J., and Petr, V., 1989. New Silurian and Devonian crinoid taxa from Bohemia. Casopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii, v. 34(1), pp 45-57
↑ Klikushin, V. G. 1977. Sea-lilies of the genus Isselicrinus. Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal 1:87–95. In Russian.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Stukalina, G. A., 1980. Новые даны об ордовикских криноидеях Центрального Казахстана [New information about Ordovician crinoids from central Kazakhstan]. Ежегодник Всесоюзного Палеонтологического Общества, v. 23, pp 216-249 In Russian
↑ Kurilenko, A. V., 2002. Нижняя И Верхняя Границы Девона в Забайкалье [Lower and upper boundaries of the Devonian] In Geology of the Devonian System. Institute Geologii Komi Nauchnogo Tsentra Uro RAN, 340 pp
↑ Meek, F. B., and Worthen, A. H., 1861. Descriptions of new Palaeozoic fossils from Illinois and Iowa. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, v. 13, pp 128-148
↑ Yeltyschewa, R. S., and Stukalina, G. A., 1963. Стебли ордовикских и нижнесилурийских криноидей Центрального Таймыра, Новой Земли и Байгача [Stems of the Ordovician and Lower Silurian Crinoidea of the Central Taymyr, Novaya Zemlya, and Vaigach Island]. Ученые записки Наука Известия Институт Геологии Арктики Палеонтология и Биостратиграфия, Издательство, v. 2, pp 23-62 In Russian
1 2 Döderlein L., 1912. Die gestielten Crinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftl. Ergebnisse deutsche Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer "Valvidia" (1898–1899), Gustav Fisher (Ed.) Jena, v 17(1) pp 1–34
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Troost, G., 1850. A list of the fossil crinoids of Tennessee. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Proceedings (1849), ser. 2, v. 8, pp 59-64
↑ Xu, I-w., 1962. Caelocrinus новый род родских лилий из среднесилурийского отделения в провинции Сычуань [Caelocrinus, new genus of crinoid of Middle Silurian age from the province of Sichuan]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 10, pp 45-54 in Chinese {{rp|p=p 45-49) & in Russian {{rp|p=p 50-53)
↑ Forbes, Edward. 1852. Monograph of the Echinodermata of the British Tertiaries. Palaeontographical Society. London. 36 p., 4 pl.
↑ Agassiz A., 1890. Notice of Calamocrinus diomedae, a new stalked crinoid from the Galapagos, dredged by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross." Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard v 20(6) pp 165–167
1 2 Meyer H. v., 1847. Mitteilungen an Prof. Bronn gerichtet. Frankfurt am Main, 18 Juni 1847. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie, Paläontologie, Jahrgang, 1847, pp572-580.
1 2 3 Hall, J., 1852. Palaeontology of New York. Volume II. Containing descriptions of the organic remains of the lower middle division of the New-York system, (equivalent in part to the Middle Silurian rocks of Europe). Albany, C. van Benthuysen, 362 pp
↑ Etheridge, R. Jr., 1915. Western Australian Carboniferous fossils, chiefly from Mount Marmion, Lennard River, West Kimberley. Western Australia Geological Survey, Bulletin 58 (1914), pp 7-49
↑ Gerth, H., 1936. The occurrence of isolated calicular plates of Dinocrinus in the Permocarboniferous of Australia and India and its stratigraphical significance. Koninklijke Akademiya van Wetenschappente Amsterdam, Proceedings, v. 39, pp 865-870
↑ Wright, J., 1946. Caldenocrinus gen. nov. and related Scottish crinoids. Geological Magazine, v. 83, pp 33-38
↑ Améziane-Cominardi N., Bourseau J.-P., Avocat R., Roux M., 1990. Les Crinoïdes pédonculés de Nouvelle-Calédonie: inventaire et réflexions sur les taxons archaïques. in de Ridder C, Dubois P, Lahaye M-C, Jangoux M (eds.) Echinoderm Research, Proceedings Second European Conference Echinoderms Brussels, Belgium, 18–21 September 1989. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp 117–124
↑ Follmann, O., 1887. Unterdevonische Crinoiden. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande. v 44 pp 113-138
1 2 3 Clark A.H., 1916, Six new genera of unstalked crinoids belonging to the families Thalassometridae and Charitometridae. Washington Academy of Sciences, Journal v6 (17) pp 605-608
↑ Hagdorn, H., 2004. Cassianocrinus varians (Münster, 1841) aus der Cassian-Formation (Trias, Oberladin/Unterkarn) der Dolomiten—ein Bindeglied zwischen Encrinidae und Traumatocrinidae (Crinoidea, Articulata). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien, 105 A, pp 231–255
↑ Hall, J., 1879. Notice of some remarkable crinoidal forms from the Lower Helderberg Group. Annual report on the New York State Museum of Natural History, by the Regents of the University of the State of New York. No. 71, in Senate, March 10, 1875, Albany, Weed, Parsons and Company Printers, pp 205-210
↑ Jell, P. A., and Willink, R. J., 1993. Early Permian cladid crinoids from the Gharif Formation of Oman. in Jell, P. A., (ed.), Palaeontological studies in honour of Ken Campbell. Memoir Association Australasian Palaeontologists, v. 15, pp 305-312
↑ Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F., 1880-1886. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Pt. III, Sec. 1. Discussion of the classification and relations of the brachiate crinoids, and conclusion of the generic descriptions (1885), v 37 pp 225-364
↑ Clark A.H., 1909. The type of the genus Comaster. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v 22 pp 87
1 2 Billings, E., 1857. New species of fossils from Silurian rocks of Canada. Canada Geological Survey, Report of Progress 1853-1856, Report for the year 1856, pp 247-345 Archived July 18, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
↑ Laudon, L. R., 1941. New crinoid fauna from the Pitkin Limestone of Northeastern Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, v. 15(4), pp 384-391
↑ Koenen, A. von, 1895. Über Lophocrinus H. v. Meyer. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie, Paläontologie, Jahrgang 1895, v. 2, pp 209-210
↑ Wright, J., 1933. Two new crinoids from the Scottish Carbonifeous Limestones, with notes on the Allagecrinidae. Geological Magazine, v. 70, pp 193-208
↑ Müller, H., 1840 Über den bau des Pentacrinus Caput. Medusae. Berlin Berricht, p. 88-106; Berlin, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Academie der Wissenschafften zu Berlin 1841. pp 177-248
↑ Laube, G.C., 1865. Die Fauna von Schichten von St. Cassian. Ein Beitrag zur Paläontologie der alpinen Trias. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 24, Abt. 2, pp 223-296
↑ Ringueberg, E.N.S., 1889. The Calceocrinidae. A revision of the family, with descriptions of some new species. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, v. 4, pp 388-408
↑ Stukalina, G. A., 1968. Зависимость стратиграфического значения стеблеина от криноиде от различных принзипов классификации [Dependence on stratigraphic importance of stems of crinoids for different principles of their classification]. Тезиси докладов XIV сессия Всесоюзного Палеонтологического Общества, g. Leningrad, pp 44-45 In Russian
1 2 Eckert, J. D., 1984. Early Llandovery crinoids and stelleroids from the Cataract Group (Lower Silurian), southern Ontario, Canada. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences, Contributions, no. 137, pp 1-83
↑ Kolata, D. R., 1983. Cataraquicrinus elongatus, a new disparid inadunate crinoid from the Middle Ordovician of Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 20, pp 1609-1613
↑ Shumard, B. F., 1865-1866. Catalogue of Palaeozoic fossils, Part 1, Echinodermata. Transactions of the St. Louis Academy Science, v. 2(2), pp 334-394
↑ Clark A.H., 1908. On a collection of feather stars, or comatulids, from Japan. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum v 34 pp 305-319
↑ Clark A.H., 1912. The Crinoids of the Indian Ocean. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. 325 pp [www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/237534.pdf]
↑ Botting, J. P., 2003. Llanvirn (Middle Ordovician) echinoderms from Llandegley Rocks, central Wales. Palaeontology, v. 46(4), pp 685-708
↑ Donovan, S. K., and Cope, J.C.W., 1989. A new camerate crinoid from the Arenig of south Wales. Palaeontology, v. 32, pp 101-107
↑ Le Menn, J., 1976. Les Crinoides. in H. Lardeux (coordinateur), Les schistes et calcaires eodevoniens de Saint-Cenere (Massif Armoricain, France). Mëmoires de la Société Géologique et Minéralogique de Bretagne, v. 19, pp 279-282
↑ Thomson, C.W., 1864. Sea lilies. The Intellectual Observer. v 6 pp 1-11
↑ Clark, A.H., 1916. The first New Zealand crinoid. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. v 29 pp.48
↑ Bather, F. A., 1899. A phylogenetic classification of the Pelmatozoa. British Association for the Advancement of Science (1898), pp 916-923
↑ Austin, T., and Austin, T., 1843-1847. A monograph on recent and fossil Crinoidea, with figures and descriptions of some Recent and fossil allied genera. v. 1&2, pp 1-32
↑ Müller, J., 1855. Über die Echinodermen in the Umgegend von Coblenz and in dem Eifeler Kalke. In: Zeiler, F. and Wirtgen, Ph., Bemerkungen uber die Petrefacten der altern devonischen Gebirge am Rheine, insbesondere uber die in die Umgegend von Coblenz vorkommenden Arten. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalen, v. 12, pp 79-85
↑ Strimple, H. L., and Levorson, C. O., 1973. Additional crinoid specimens from the Shellrock Formation (Upper Devonian) of Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, v. 80(4), pp 182-184
↑ White, C. A., 1880. Contributions to paleontology, Part I. Geology and paleontology. U. S. Geological Survey, 12th Annual Report, no. 6, Contributions to invertebrate paleontology, Certain Carboniferous fossils from the Western states and territories, pp 119-141
↑ Kirk, E., 1940. Cestocrinus, a new fossil inadunate crinoid genus. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, v. 88(3080), pp 221-224
↑ Stukalina, G. A., 2000. Силурийские криноидеи Сибирской Платформы [Silurian crinoids of the Siberian Platform]. Российская Академия Наук, Труды Палеонтологического Института, v. 278, 108 pp In Russian
↑ Chen, Z-t., Yao, J-h., and Yu, G-r., 1985. Two new genera of Middle Devonian crinoids from western Yunnan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 24(5), pp 548-552
↑ Donovan, S. K., 1993. A Rhuddanian (Silurian, lower Llandovery) pelmatozoan fauna from south-west Wales. Geological Journal, v. 28, pp 1-19
↑ Brett, C. E., 1981. Systematics and paleoecology of Late Silurian (Wenlockian) calceocrinid crinoids from New York and Ontario. Journal of Paleontology, v. 55(1), pp 145-175
↑ Salter, J. W., 1859. in Murchison, R. I., Siluria, A history of the oldest fossiliferous rocks and their foundations. 3rd edit. London, John Murray, 592 pp
↑ Hall, J., 1860. Observations upon a new genus of Crinoidea. Cheirocrinus, in Appendix F. Contributions to Palaeontology, 1858 & 1859. Thirteenth Annual Report of the Regents of the University of the State of New York, on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, and the Historical and Antiquarian Collection Annexed thereto, State of New York in Senate Document 89, pp 121-124
↑ Meyer, H.v., 1837. Isocrinus und Chelocrinus, zwei neue Typen aus der Abtheilung der Crinoideen. Museum Senckenbergianum: Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der beschreibenden Naturgeschichte. v 2(3) pp 249-263
↑ Roux, M.; Eléaume, M.; Améziane, N., 2019. A revision of the genus Conocrinus d'Orbigny, 1850 (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Rhizocrinidae) and its place among extant and fossil crinoids with a xenomorphic stalk. Zootaxa. v 4560(1) pp 51-84
↑ Weller, S., 1900. The paleontology of the Niagaran Limestone in the Chicago area, the Crinoidea. Part 1 of the Natural History Survey. Chicago Academy of Sciences, Bulletin, v. 4, pp 1-153
↑ Lane, N. G., Waters, J. A., and Maples, C. G., 1997. Echinoderm faunas of the Hongguleleng Formation, Late Devonian (Famennian), Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China. Journal of Paleontology, v. 71 Memoir (Supplement to no. 2), pp 1-43
↑ Moore, R. C., 1962. Revision of Calceocrinidae. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Echinodermata Article 4, pp 1-40
↑ Weller, S., 1909. Description of a Permian crinoid fauna from Texas. Journal of Geology, v. 17, pp 623-635
↑ Mironov, A. N., 2000. New taxa of the stalked crinoids of the suborder Bourgueticrinina. Зоологический Журнал v 79(6) pp 712–728 in Russian
↑ Termier, H., and Termier, G., 1974. Une méthode nouvelle: L'utilisation des fragments d'échinoderms contenus dans le sédiments dévoniens et carboniféres du Maroc. Notes et Service Géologique de Maroc, v. 35(255), pp 27-53
↑ Rafinesque, C. S., 1819. Prodrome de 70 nouveaux genres d'animaux découverts dans l'intérieur des Etates-Unis d'Amérique, durant l'année 1818. Journal Physique, Chimie, Histoire Natural, Arts {{rp|p=aris), v. 88, pp 417-429
↑ Rowe F.W.E., Hoggett A.K., Birtles R.A., Vail L.L., 1986. Revision of some comasterid genera from Australia (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with descriptions of two new genera and nine new species. Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology) v 86(3) pp 197-277
1 2 Gislén T., 1922. The crinoids from Dr. S. Bock's expedition to Japan 1914. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis ser. 4 v 5(6) pp 1-183
↑ Polozhichina, A. I., 1980. Новые девонские и раннекаменноугольные морские лилии Центрального Казахстана в кн. Stukalina, G. A., (ed.), Новые види древних растений и беспозвоночных ССР [New Devonian and Lower carboniferous crinoids from Central Kazakhstan In: New species of ancient plants and invertebrates of the USSR]. Академия наук СССР Палеонтологический институт, v. 5, pp 224-119 In Russian
↑ Jaekel, O., 1898. Über einige paläozoische Gattungen von Crinoiden. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologishen Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen Jahrgang 1897, v. 49, pp 44-48
↑ Kirk, E., 1937. Clistocrinus, a new Carboniferous crinoid genus. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, v. 27, pp 105-111
↑ Ausich, W. I., and Kammer, T. W., 2008. Chapter 8. Evolution and extinction of a Paleozoic crinoid clade: Phylogenetics, paleogeography, and environmental distribution of the periechocrinids, p. 144-171. in Ausich, W. I., and Webster, G. D. (eds.), Echinoderm Paleobiology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 456 pp
↑ Kirk, E., 1937. Clithrocrinus, a new name for Clistocrinus Kirk. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, v. 27, pp 373-374
↑ Oehlert, D. P., 1879. Description de deux nouveaux genres de Crinoides du terrain devonien de la Mayenne. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, ser. 3, v. 7, pp 6-10
1 2 Müller, J., 1855. Über die Echinodermen in the Umgegend von Coblenz und in dem Eifeler Kalke. In: Zeiler, F. and Wirtgen, Ph., Bemerkungen uber die Petrefacten der altern devonischen Gebirge am Rheine, insbesondere uber die in dier Umgegend von Coblenz vorkommenden Arten. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalen, v. 12, pp 1-28
↑ White, C. A., 1863. Observations on the summit structure of Pentremites, the structure and arrangement of certain parts of crinoids, and descriptions of new species from the Carboniferous rocks of Burlington, Iowa. Boston Society of Natural History Journal, v. 7, p. 481-506
↑ Meek, F. B., and Worthen, A. H., 1866. Contributions to the palaeontology of Illinois and other western states. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1865), v. 17, pp 245-273
↑ Salter, J. W., 1866. Appendix A. in Ramsay, A. C., The geology of North Wales. Geological Survey of London Memoirs, v. 3, appendix
↑ Valette, D. A., 1934. Le Permien marin de l'extrême-sud de la Tunisien. III. Les Crinoides permiens du sud de la Tunisie. Memoir Service Carte Geologie. Tunisie, n. s., no. 1, pp 91-101
↑ Girty, G. H., 1908. The Guadalupian fauna. U. S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 58, pp 1-512
↑ Sprinkle, J., and Kolata, D. R., 1982. "Rhomb-bearing" camerate. in Sprinkle, J., (ed.), Echinoderm faunas from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Oklahoma. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Monograph 1, pp 206-211
1 2 3 Clark A.H., 1909. Revision of the crinoid family Comasteridae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the US National Museum v 36(1685) pp 493-507
↑ Springer, F., 1921. The fossil crinoid genus Dolatocrinus and its allies. Smithsonian Institution U.S. National Museum, Bulletin 115, pp 1-78
↑ Clark A.H., 1931. A monograph of the existing crinoids. 1(3) Superfamily Comasterida. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82. viii + 816 pp
1 2 Clark A.H., 1908. Preliminary notice of a collection of recent crinoids from the Philippine Islands. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, Quarterly Issue. v 52(2) pp 199-234
↑ Clark A.H., 1909. Comatilia, a remarkable new genus of unstalked crinoids. Proceedings of the US National Museum v 36 pp 361-367
↑ Lamarck, J.-B. M. de., 1816. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Tome second. Paris: Verdière, 568 pp
↑ Clark A.H., 1911. Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. v 3(13) Crinoidea. Gustav Fischer, Jena. pp 435-467
↑ Jobson, L., and Paul, C.R.C., 1979. Compagicrinus fenestratus, a new Lower Ordovician inadunate crinoid from North Greenland. Rapport Gronlands Geologic Undersog, v. 91, pp 1-81
↑ Miller, S. A., 1883. Glyptocrinus redefined and restricted, Gaurocrinus, Pycnocrinus and Compsocrinus established, and two new species described. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, v. 6(4), pp 217-234
↑ Stukalina, G. A., 1997. New Carboniferous crinoids in Mongolia. Paleontological Journal, v. 31(6), pp 605-608
↑ Eichwald, C. E. d' (Eduard von), 1860-68, Lethaea rossica ou paléontologie de la Russie, v. 1, Première Section de l'ancienne Periode, pt. 1, pp 1-681 (Echinoderms pp 572-667)
↑ Frest, T. J., 1977. Cyathocrinites from the Silurian (Wenlock) strata of southeastern Indiana. Fieldiana Geology, v. 35(7), pp 109-136
1 2 Orbigny, A. D. d', 1850-1852. Prodrome du paléontologie stratigraphique universelle des animaux mollusques et rayonnés faisant suite au cours élémentaire de plaéontologie et de géologie stratigraphique. Paris, Victor Masson, v. 2 (1850 [1852]), p. 1-427
1 2 Hynda, V. A., 1984. Стебли новых ордовикских морских лилий юго-западной окраины восточно-европейской платформы [Columns of new Ordovician crinoids of the southwestern margin of the east European platform]. Палеонтологический сборник, v. 21, pp 58-63 In Russian
1 2 3 Arendt, Yu, A., 1981. Трехрукие морские лилии [Three-armed crinoids]. Академия наук СССР, Труды Палеонтологического института, no. 189, pp 1-195 in Russian
↑ Murchison, R. I., 1839. The Silurian System, Part 1. Founded on geological researches in the counties of Solop, Hereford, Radnor, Montgomery, Caermarthen, Brecon, Pembroke, Monmouth, Gloucester, Worcester, and Stafford; with descriptions of the coal-fields and overlying formations. London, John Murray, 578 pp ; Part II. Organic remains, pp 579-768
1 2 3 Webster, G. D., and Becker, R. T., 2009. Devonian (Emsian to Frasnian) crinoids of the Dra Valley, western Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco, p. 131-148. In: Königshof, P. (ed.) Devonian change: case studies In: palaeogeography and palaeoecology. The Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 314.
↑ Gil Cid, M. D., Alonso, P. D., and Pobes, E. S., 1998. Coralcrinus sarachagae gen. nov. sp. nov. primer crinoide (Disparida Inadunata) descrito en el Ordovícico medio de Sierra Morena. Cologuios de Paleontologia (COL-PA), v. 49, p. 115-128
↑ Regnéll, G., 1948. Swedish Hybocrinida (Crinoidea Inadunata Disparata; Ordovician-Lower Silurian). Arkiv for Zoologi, v. 40(9), pp 1-27
↑ Hall, J., 1859. Palaeontology. Volume 3. Containing descriptions and figures of the organic remains of the lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany Sandstone 1855-1859. Part I, Text. Natural History of New York, Geological Survey of New York, v. 3, 532 pp
↑ Kirk, E., 1934. Corynecrinus, a new Devonian crinoid genus. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, v. 83(2972), pp 1-7
↑ Kirk, E., 1946. Corythocrinus, a new inadunate crinoid genus from the Lower Mississippian. Journal of Paleontology, v. 20(3), pp 269-274
↑ Kirk, E., 1941. Four new genera of Mississippian Crinoidea Inadunata. Journal of Paleontology, v. 15(1), pp 81-88
↑ Jaekel, O., 1898. Über einen neuen devonischen Pentacrinoiden. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologishen Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen Jahrgang 1898, v. 50, pp 28-32
↑ Stukalina, G. A., 1966. О принсисипах классификации стеблей древних морских лилий. Палеонтологический журнал(3), pp 94-102 In Russian
↑ Philippi, R. A., 1876. Cothocrinites, ein neues Geschlecht der fossilen Crinoideen. Zeitschrift für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, ser. 2, v. 13, pp 68-71
↑ Brower, J. C. 1994. Camerate crinoids from the Middle Ordovician (Galena Group, Dunleith Formation) of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology, v. 68(3), pp 570-599
↑ Dahmer, G., 1922. Studien über die Fauna des Oberharzer Kahlebergsandsteins. II. Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt zu Berlin v 40(2) [for 1919] pp 161-306
1 2 Ulrich, E. O., 1886. Remarks upon the names Cheirocrinus and Calceocrinus, with descriptions of three new generic terms and one new species. Minnesota Geology and Natural History Survey, Annual Report 14, pp 104-113
↑ Kirk, E., 1944. Cribanocrinus, a new rhodocrinoid genus. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, v. 34, pp 13-16
↑ Moore, R. C., 1962. Ray structures of some Inadunate crinoids. University of Kansas, Paleontological Contributions, Echinodermata Article 5, pp 1-47
1 2 Hall, J., 1865. Descriptions of new or little-known species of fossils from rocks of the age of the Niagara Group. New York State Cabinet of Natural History, 18th Report, advance publication (of the 20th Annual report), pp 305-401
↑ Arendt, Yu. A., 1985. О биотичеккич связяч криноидеи. Палеонтологический журнал(2) pp 69-76 In Russian
↑ Arendt, Yu. A., 1986. Biotic relationships of crinoids. Paleontological Journal, v. 19(1) pp 67-73
↑ Trautschold, H., 1867. Einige crinoideen und andere Thierreste des Jungeren Bergkalks im Gouvernment Moskau. Bulletin de la Societie Imperial Naturalistes de Moscou, v. 40(3-4), pp 1-49
↑ Austin, T., and Austin, T., 1842. XVIII. - Proposed arrangement of the Echinodermata, particularly as regards the Crinoidea, and a subdivision of the Class Adelostella (Echinidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 1, v. 10(63), pp 106-113
↑ Clark A.H., 1909. New recent crinoids from the Indian Ocean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. v 22 pp75-86
↑ Kirk, E., 1929. Cryphiocrinus, a new genus of free-swimming crinoids. American Journal of Science, v. 17(98), pp 153-161
↑ Donovan, S. K., Doyle, E. N., and Harper, D.A.T., 1992. A flexible crinoid from the Llandovery (Silurian) of western Ireland. Journal of Paleontology, v. 66(2), pp 262-266
↑ Weller, S., 1897. Cryptodiscus Hall. Journal of Geology, v. 5, pp 803-808
↑ Meyer D.L., 1972. Ctenantedon, a new antedonid crinoid convergent with comasterids. Bulletin of Marine Science v 22(1) pp 53–66
↑ Bronn, H. G., 1840. Ctenocrinus ein neues Krinoiden-Geschlecht der Grauwacke. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie, und Paläontologie, pp 542-548
↑ Kesling, R.V., and Sigler, J.P., 1969. Cunctocrinus, a new Middle Devonian calceocrinid crinoid from the Silica Shale of Ohio. University of Michigan Contributions from Museum of Paleontology, v. 22(24), pp 339-360
1 2 Goldfuss, G. A., 1829-1831. Petrefacta Germaniae, tam ea, Quae in Museo Universitatis Regiae Borussicae Fridericiae Wilhelmiae Rhenanea, serventur, quam alia quaecunque in Museis Hoeninghusiano Muensteriano aliisque, extant, iconibus et descriiptionns illustrata. Divisio secunda. Radiariorum reliquiae, pp 115-221 (Echinodermata)
↑ Steenstrup, J., 1847. Ueber Korallen in der Faxöer Kreide, Moltkia und Cyathidium. Amtlicher Bericht über die 24. Versammlung Deustcher Naturforscher und Aerzte in Kiel im September 1846, pp 148–150
↑ Eichwald, C. E. d' (Eduard von), 1840. Über das silurische Schichtensystem Estlands. Academy Science St. Pétersbourg, Bulletin, v. 7, pp 1-210
↑ Yeltyschewa, R. S., 1955. Морские лилии (стебли морских лилий) В кн. Полевой атлас ордовикской и силурийской фауны Сибирской платформы [Crinoids, stems of crinoids. In: Field atlas of the Ordovician and Silurian fauna of the Siberian Platform]. Ленинградский Всесоюзный Научно-исследовательский Геологический Институт, Госгеолтехиздат, pp 40-47 In Russian
1 2 3 4 Wright, D. K., 1983. Crinoid ossicles in Upper Ordovician benthic marine assemblages from Snowdonia, North Wales. Palaeontology, v. 26(3), pp 585-603
↑ Clark, A.H., 1911. A new crinoid genus from the Indian Ocean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v 24 pp 87–88
↑ Dubatolova, Yu. A., 1980. Тип Echinodermata. Класс Crinoidea В кн Биостратиграфия нижнего и среднего Девона Рудного Алтая [Phylum Echinodermata, Class Crinodea. in Kulkov, N. P., (ed.), Lower and Middle Devonian biostratigraphy of the Rudny Altai]. Академия наук СССР, Сибирское отделение Труды Института геологии и геофизики, v. 425, pp 117-147 In Russian
↑ Bather, F. A., 1913. British fossil crinoids. IX. Cydonocrinus parvulus, n.g. et sp., Yoredale Beds, Yorkshire. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, v. 12(70), pp 388-394
↑ Miller, S. A., 1892. Palaeontology. Advance sheets, Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources, 18th Annual Report, pp 1-79
↑ Kirk, E., 1944. Cymbiocrinus, a new inadunate crinoid genus from the Upper Mississippian. American Journal of Science, v. 242(5), pp 233-245
↑ Miller, S. A., 1892. North American geology and paleontology, first appendix. Cincinnati, Western Methodist Book Concern, pp 665-718
↑ Kirk, E., 1943. A revision of the genus Steganocrinus. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, v. 33, pp 259-265
1 2 Roemer, C. F., 1860. Die silurische Fauna des westlichen Tennessee, eine paläontologische Monographie. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefakten-kunde, pp 759-763
↑ Faber, C. L., 1929. A review of the genus Lichenocrinus and descriptions of two new genera. American Midlands Naturalist, v. 11(9), p. 453-490
↑ Kirk, E., 1944. Cytidocrinus, a new name for Cyrtocrinus Kirk. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, v. 34, p 85
↑ Sladen, P. W., 1878. On the genus Poteriocrinus and allied forms. West Riding Geological and Polytechnical Society, Proceedings, n. s., v. 1, pp 242-253
1 2 Jell, P. A., 1999. Silurian and Devonian crinoids from central Victoria. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, v. 43(1), pp 1-114
↑ Kirk, E., 1939. Two new genera of Carboniferous Inadunate crinoids. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, v. 29, pp 469-473
↑ Stukalina, G. A., 1986. Закономерности исторического развития криноидеи в раннем средиземноморском палеозое СССР [Laws of historical development of crinoidea in the early and middle Paleozoic of the USSR]. Академия наук СССР, Палеонтологический институт им. Москвы, pp 1-142 In Russian
↑ Hoggett, A.K. & Rowe, F.W.E., 1986. A reappraisal of the family Comasteridae A. H. Clark, 1908 (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with the description of a new subfamily and a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v 88 pp 103-142
↑ Mu, E-z., and Wu, Y-r., 1974. Crinoid sections. In: A handbook of the stratigraphy and paleontology in southwest China. Nanking Institute of Geology and Paleontology Academia Sinica, Beijing, 455 pp In Chinese
↑ Yeltyschewa, R. S., 1957. О новом семействе палеосойских морских лилий [On a new family of Paleozoic crinoids]. Ежегодник Всесоюзного Палеонтологического Общества, v. 14, pp 218-234 In Russian
↑ Owen, D. D., 1843. Catalogue of geological specimens illustrating formations of the Ohio Valley; New Harmony, Indiana, 6 pp
↑ Wachsmuth, C., and Springer, F., 1880-1886. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Pt. I. The families Ichthyocrinidae and Cyathocrinidae (1880), v 31 pp 226-378
↑ Clark A.H., 1911. The recent crinoids of the coasts of Africa. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum v 40 pp 1–51
↑ Minckert W., 1905. Das Genus Promachocrinus, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Faunistik der Antarktis. Zoologischer Anzeiger v 28 pp 490–501
↑ Sisova, E. N., 1977, Новые позднедевонские и раннекаменноугольные морские лилии Казахстан В В кн. Новые виды древних рестовций и беспозвоночных СССР [New Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous crinoids from Kazakhstan in Stukalina, G. A., (ed.), New species of ancient plants and invertebrates of the USSR]. Академия наук СССР Палеонтологический институт, v. 4, pp 160-163 In Russian
↑ McIntosh, G. C., 2001. Devonian cladid crinoids: Families Glossocrinidae Goldring, 1923, and Rutkowskicrinidae new family. Journal of Paleontology, v. 75(4), pp 783-807
↑ Ausich, W. I., Sá, A. A., and Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C., 2007. New and revised occurrences of Ordovician crinoids from southwestern Europe. Journal of Paleontology, v. 81(6), pp 1374-1383
↑ Perrier E., 1883. Sur un nouveau Crinoïde fixé, le Democrinus Parfaiti, provenant des dragages du Travailleur. Comptes Rendus Académie des Sciences Paris v 96 pp 450–452
↑ Webster, G. D., and Jell, P. A., 1999a. New Carboniferous crinoids from eastern Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, v. 43(1), pp 237-278
↑ Schmidt, W. E., 1942. Die Crinoideen des Rheinischen Devons, II. Teil; A. Nachtrag zu Die Crinoideen des Hunsrückschiefers; B. Die Crinoideen des Unterdevon bis zur Cultrijugatus -Zone (mit Ausschluss des Hunsrückschiefers). Abhandlungen der Reichsstelle für Bodenforschung, n. s., v. 182, p. 1-253
↑ Hudson, G. H., 1907. On some Pelmatozoa from the Chazy Limestone of New York. New York State Museum Bulletin v. 107, Geology Papers, p. 97-127
↑ Strimple, H. L., 1966. Some notes concerning the Allagecrinidae. Oklahoma Geology Notes, v. 26(4), pp 99-111
1 2 3 Wright, J., 1950-1960. The British Carboniferous Crinoidea. Palaeontographical Society, Monograph v. 2(2), pp 255-272
↑ Oehlert, D. P., 1891. Description de deux Crinoïdes nouveaux du Devonien de la Manche. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, ser. 3, v. 19, pp 834-853
↑ Wright, J., 1950-1960. The British Carboniferous Crinoidea. Palaeontographical Society, Monograph v. 1(5), pp 149-190
↑ Frest, T. J., Strimple, H. L., and McGinnis, M. R., 1979. Two new crinoids from the Ordovician of Virginia and Oklahoma, with notes on pinnulation in the Disparida. Journal of Paleontology, v. 53(2), pp 399-415
↑ Phillips, J., 1839. Chapter 48. Encrinites and zoophytes of the Silurian System. In: Murchison, R. T., The Silurian System. p. 670-675
↑ Pacht, R., 1853. Dimerocrinites oligoptilus. Ein beiträge zur kenntniss der Gattung Dimerocrinites. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Russischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft zu St. Petersburg, Jahrgang 1852 und 1853, pp 1-30
↑ Orbigny, A. D. d', 1849-51. Cours élémentaire de paléontologie et géologie stratigraphiques. Paris, Victor Masson, v. 1 (1849), pp 1-299
↑ Manni, R. & Nicosia, U., 1987. New crinoids from Liassic sediments nearby Tivoli (Centra Italy); rearrangent in the systematics of Eudesicrinids and Cotyledermatids. Geologica Romana v. 26 pp 81-92
↑ Kirk, E., 1941. Dinotocrinus, a new fossil inadunate crinoid genus. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, v. 89(3103), p. 513-517
↑ Moore, R. S., and Plummer, F. B., 1938. Upper Carboniferous crinoids from the Morrow Subseries of Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas. Denison University Bulletin, Journal of the Scientific Laboratories, v. 32, pp 209-314
↑ Peck, R.E., 1943. Lower Cretaceous Crinoids from Texas. Journal of Paleontology, v. 17(5) pp. 451–475
↑ Mironov, A.N., 2008. Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology. v 5(2) pp 133-153 [kmkjournals.com/upload/PDF/IZ/IZ%20Vol%2005/invert5_2_133_153_Mironov.pdf]
↑ Westphal, K. W., 1974. New fossils from the Middle Ordovician Platteville Formation of southwest Wisconsin. Journal of Paleontology, v. 48(1), pp 78-83
↑ Milicina, V. S., 2001. Новые виды криноидеи из силура Урала. Палеонтологический журнал(4),2001, pp 60-64 In Russian
↑ Milicina, V. S., 2001. New species of crinoids from the Silurian of the Ural Mountains. Paleontological Journal, v. 35(4), pp 396-400
↑ Prick, R., 1983. Inadunate Crinoiden aus dem Mittel-Devon der Eifel. Senckenbergiana. Lethaea, v. 64(2/4), pp 227-235
↑ Loriol, M. I. de, 1891. Description de la faune jurassique du Portugal; embranchement des échinodermes. [Crinoids pp 130-169]
↑ Warn, J. M., 1982. Long-armed disparid inadunates. In: Sprinkle, J., (ed.), Echinoderm faunas from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Oklahoma. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Monograph 1, pp 77-89
↑ Roemer, C. F., 1853. Dorycrinus, ein neues Crinoidengeschlecht aus dem Kohlenkalke Nord-Amerika's. Wiegmanns Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Jahrgang 19, v. 1, pp 207-218
↑ Stukalina, G. A., 1997. Криноидеи верхнего девона афганистана. Палеонтологический журнал(4), pp 63-69 In Russian
↑ Stukalina, G. A., 1997. Upper Devonian crinoids of Afghanistan. Paleontological Journal, v. 31(4), pp 404-414
↑ Mironov, A. N. & Sorokina O.A., 1998. Three genera of stalked crinoids of the family Hyocrinidae (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Zoologicheskii Journal, 77, 4, 404–416, in Russian
↑ Moore, R. C., 1967. Unique stalked crinoids from upper Cretaceous of Mississippi. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 17, pp 1-43
↑ Stukalina, G. A., and Tujutjan, Yu. A., 1967. Новые ордовикские морские лилии Касачстана [New Ordovician crinoids from Kazakhstan]. Сборник состояний. Известия Академии Наук Казахстанской ССР, Серия Геологище(4), pp 72-76 In Russian
↑ Sprinkle, J., 1973. Morphology and evolution of blastozoan echinoderms. Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology, Special Publication, 283 pp
↑ Hagdorn, H., & Głuchowski, E., 1993. Palaeobiogeography and Stratigraphy of Muschelkalk Echinoderms (Crinoidea, Echinoidea) in Upper Silesia. in H. Hagdorn, & A. Seilacher (Eds.), Muschelkalk. Scho¨ntaler Symposium 1991 {{rp|p=p. 165–176). Korb: Goldschneck.
↑ Jell, P. A., and Theron, J. N., 1999. Early Devonian echinoderms from South Africa. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, v. 43(1), pp 115-200
↑ Miller, S. A., 1889. North American geology and paleontology. Cincinnati, Western Methodist Book Concern, 664 pp (Echinoderms pp211-289)
↑ Wright, J., 1935. New crinoids from Coplow Knoll, Clitheroe, with lists of Carboniferous limestone crinoid species. Geological Magazine, v. 72, pp 193-213
↑ Schewtschenko, T. W., 1971. Нижнесилурийские Морсью Лилия Зеравшано-Гиссарской Горной Области [Lower Silurian crinoids of the Zeravshan-Gisar Mountain Region]. Управление геологии Совета Министоров Тадж. ССР. Труды, Палеонтология и Стратиграфия, v. 4, pp 3-32 In Russian
↑ Wanner, J., 1916b. Eifelocrinus und Peripterocrinus, nom. Nov. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Monatsbericht, v. 68, p 200
1 2 Webster, G. D., and Lane, N. G., 2007. New Permian crinoids from the Battleship Wash patch reef In: southern Nevada. Journal of Paleontology, v. 81(5), pp 951-965
↑ Peetz, H., 1916. St. Petersburg Transactions Society Naturalists, Section Geology, v. 35, pp 15-20
↑ Moore, R. C., 1940a. New genera of Pennsylvanian crinoids from Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas Denison University Bulletin, Journal of the Scientific Laboratories, v. 35, pp 32-54
↑ Prokop, R. J., 1973. Elicrinus n. gen. from the Lower Devonian of Bohemia (Crinoidea). Véstnik Ustrédniho Ustavu Geologickeho, v. 48(4), pp 221-224
↑ Prokop, R. J., and Slámová, R., 2009. New Crinoids (col.) from the Zlichovian Limestone (Lower Devonian, Lower emsian) of the Barrandian area (Czech Republic). Journal of the National Museum {{rp|p=rague), Natural History Series, v. 177(4), pp 37-47 Archived July 20, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
↑ Sprinkle, J., and Wahlman, G. P., 1994. New echinoderms from the Early Ordovician of west Texas. Journal of Paleontology, v. 68(2), pp 324-338
↑ Hudson, G. H., 1918. Some structural features of a fossil embryo crinoid. New York State Museum, Bulletin v. 196, pp 161-163
↑ Gislén, T., 1938. Crinoids of South Africa. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar (3) v. 17(2) pp 1-22
↑ Miller, S. A., and Gurley, W.F.E., 1895. Description of new species of Palaeozoic Echinodermata. Illinois State Museum, Bulletin 6, pp 1-62
↑ Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. de, 1801. Systême des animaux sans vertèbres; ou, Tableau général des classes, des classes, des orres et des genres de ces animaux.
↑ Clark A.H., 1908. Two New Crinoid Genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, v 21 pp 149-152
↑ Gluchowski, E., 1980. New taxa of Devonian and Carboniferous crinoid stem parts from Poland. Bulletin de L'académie Polanaise Des Sciences, Série Sciences Terre, v. 28(1), pp 43-49
↑ Donovan, S. K., and Gilmour, N., 2003. New camerate crinoids from the Ordovician of Scotland and Wales. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, v. 93, pp 155-161
↑ Clement, C. R. and Brett, C. E., 2015. Echinoderm faunas of the Decatur Limestone and Ross Formation (Upper Silurian to Lower Devonian) of West Central Tennessee. Bulletins of American Paleontology No. 388, 118 pp
↑ Prokop, R. J., 1970. Family Calceocrinidae Meek and Worthen, 1869 (Crinoidea) in the Silurian and Devonian of Bohemia. Sborník Geologickych véd Paleontologie, rada P sv, v. 12, pp 79-134
↑ Foerste, A. F., 1919. Echinodermata of the Brassfield (Silurian) Formation of Ohio. Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratory Denison University, v. 19(1), p. 3-32
↑ Ausich, W. I., 1986. Early Silurian inadunate crinoids (Brassfield Formation, Ohio). Journal of Paleontology, v. 60(3), p. 719-735
↑ Brower, J. C., 1973. Crinoids from the Girardeau Limestone (Ordovician). Palaeontographia Americana, v. 7(46) pp 263-499
↑ Li, Luozhao, 1993. Discovery of Eopetalocrinus (gen. nov.) in Lower Ordovician Dawan Formation at Liujiachang, Songzi, Hubei and its significance. Oil and Gas Geology v. 14(4), pp 272-277 In Chinese (English summary)
↑ Brower, J. C., and Veinus, J., 1982. Long-armed cladid inadunates. In: Sprinkle, J., (ed.), Echinoderm faunas from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Oklahoma. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Monograph 1, pp 129-144
↑ Zeiler, F., and Wirtgen, P. W., 1855. Ueber die Echinodermen in der Umgegend von Coblenz und in dem Eifeler Kalke. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorisch Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlands und Westfalen, v. 12, pp 79-85
↑ Sisova, E. N., 1960. Значение искораемых стеблей морских лилий для стратиграфии девона и карбона Центрального Казахстана [Significance of crinoid stems for the Devonian and Carboniferous stratigraphy of central Kazakhstan] In Сборник статей Материалы по геологии и полезным ископаемым Алтайя и Казахстан [Collected articles on materials on the geology and mineral resources of Altay and Kazakhstan]. Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский геологический институт труды, v. 33, pp 51-65 In Russian
1 2 Arendt, Yu. A., 1995. Морские лилии акрокриниды (Камерата) из углерода Москвы и Подомосковья. Палеонтологический журнал v. 29(2) pp 63-74 in Russian
1 2 Arendt, Yu. A., 1995. Carboniferous acrocrinids (Camerata) from the Moscow region. Paleontological Journal, v. 29(2) p. 75-90
↑ Arendt, Yu. A., 1965. К познанию морских лилий кальцеокринид [Contribution to the knowledge of crinoids from the family Calceocrinidae]. Палеонтологический журнал(1) pp 90-96 In Russian
↑ Clark A.H., 1911. On a collection of unstalked crinoids made by the United States Fisheries Steamer "Albatross" in the vicinity of the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 39(1798) pp 529-563
↑ Lyon, S. S., and Casseday, S. A, 1859. Description of nine new species of crinoidea from the Subcarboniferous rocks of Indiana and Kentucky. American Journal of Science and Arts, ser. 2, v. 28, pp 233-246
↑ Meek, F. B., and Worthen, A. H., 1865. Remarks on the Carboniferous and Cretaceous rocks of eastern Kansas and Nebraska. American Journal of Science, ser. 2, v. 39, pp 157-174
↑ Webster, G. D., 1976. A new genus of calceocrinid from Spain with comments on mosaic evolution. Paleontology, v. 19(4), pp 681-688
↑ Kirk, E., 1937. Eupachycrinus and related Carboniferous crinoid genera. Journal of Paleontology, v. 11(7), pp 598-607
↑ Hildebrand, E. 1926. Moenocrinus deeckei, eine neue Crinoidengattung aus dem fränkischen Wellenkalk und ihre systematische Stellung. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie, Paläontologie (Abt. B) 54:259–288, pl. 20.
↑ Klikushin, V. G. 1992. Fossil pentacrinid crinoids and their distribution in the USSR. Leningrad Paleontological Laboratory. Leningrad. 358 p., 152 fig., 22 pl. In Russian.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
