The table below lists the Finnish Meteorological Institute's data on annual extreme temperatures in Finland since 1961. [1]
Year | Location | Temperature °C (°F) | Date |
---|---|---|---|
1961 | Kemi-Tornio Airport | 30.8 °C (87.4 °F) | July 14 |
1962 | Kronoby | 26.0 °C (78.8 °F) | June 20 |
1963 | Utti | 32.8 °C (91.0 °F) | August 2 |
1964 | Kronoby | 31.0 °C (87.8 °F) | June 15 |
1965 | Utti | 29.0 °C (84.2 °F) | July 21 |
1966 | Varkaus Käpykangas | 32.0 °C (89.6 °F) | June 20 |
1967 | Utti | 31.2 °C (88.2 °F) | August 3 |
1968 | Lahti Laune | 30.4 °C (86.7 °F) | June 19 |
1969 | Naantali | 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) | August 1 |
1970 | Kemi-Tornio Airport | 32.9 °C (91.2 °F) | July 20 |
1971 | Hattula Leteensuo | 29.3 °C (84.7 °F) | July 6 |
1972 | Outokumpu | 33.6 °C (92.5 °F) | July 8 |
1973 | Anjalankoski Anjala | 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) | July 6 |
1974 | Utsjoki Kevo | 32.8 °C (91.0 °F) | June 18 |
1975 | Ruotsinpyhtää Keitala | 32.0 °C (89.6 °F) | August 8 |
1976 | Muhos kk Laitasaari | 27.0 °C (80.6 °F) | August 14 |
1977 | Kankaanpää Niinisalo | 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) | June 15 |
1978 | Kuopio Inkilänmäki | 29.6 °C (85.3 °F) | August 1 |
1979 | Tuusula Hyrylä | 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) | June 8 |
1980 | Lapinjärvi Ingermanninkylä | 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) | July 31 |
1981 | Kotka Sunila | 29.6 °C (85.3 °F) | July 10 |
1982 | Ylistaro Pelma | 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) | July 16 |
1983 | Kotka Sunila | 32.3 °C (90.1 °F) | July 10 |
1984 | Utti | 29.1 °C (84.4 °F) | May 17 |
1985 | Lappeenranta | 30.4 °C (86.7 °F) | August 10 |
1986 | Lapinjärvi Ingermanninkylä | 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) | June 27 |
1987 | Utsjoki Kevo | 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) | July 20 |
1988 | Utsjoki Kevo | 32.9 °C (91.2 °F) | July 20 |
1989 | Lapinjärvi Ingermanninkylä | 31.1 °C (88.0 °F) | July 9 |
1990 | Utsjoki Kevo | 29.2 °C (84.6 °F) | June 25 |
1991 | Lapinjärvi Ingermanninkylä | 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) | July 31 |
1992 | Vihti Maasoja | 33.2 °C (91.8 °F) | July 17 |
1993 | Lapinjärvi Ingermanninkylä | 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) | May 20 |
1994 | Jyväskylä | 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) | July 28 |
1995 | Ylämaa Ylijärvi | 31.2 °C (88.2 °F) | June 15 |
1996 | Utti | 28.2 °C (82.8 °F) | August 21 |
1997 | Kauhava lentokenttä | 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) | July 1 |
1998 | Joensuu | 32.0 °C (89.6 °F) | June 16 |
1999 | Joensuu, Vieremä Kaarakkala | 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) | July 16 |
2000 | Inari Sevettijärvi | 32.4 °C (90.3 °F) | July 19 |
2001 | Savonlinna Ruunavuori | 31.9 °C (89.4 °F) | July 18 |
2002 | Pori | 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) | August 13 |
2003 | Mietoinen Saari | 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) | July 15 |
2004 | Inari Sevettijärvi | 29.8 °C (85.6 °F) | July 3 |
2005 | Inari Sevettijärvi | 30.8 °C (87.4 °F) | July 9 |
2006 | Lammi Evo | 32.1 °C (89.8 °F) | July 8 |
2007 | Parikkala Koitsanlahti | 30.7 °C (87.3 °F) | August 14 |
2008 | Salo Kiikala airport | 29.7 °C (85.5 °F) | June 6 |
2009 | Jämsä (Halli ) Lentoasemantie | 29.8 °C (85.6 °F) | July 4 |
2010 | Joensuu Airport | 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) | July 29 [2] |
2011 | Ylitornio Meltosjärvi | 32.8 °C (91.0 °F) | June 10 |
2012 | Lieksa Lampela | 31.0 °C (87.8 °F) | July 30 |
2013 | Liperi Tuiskavanluoto | 32.4 °C (90.3 °F) | June 26 |
2014 | Pori Railway Station | 32.8 °C (91.0 °F) | August 4 |
2015 | Kouvola Utti Lentoportintie | 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) | July 2 |
2016 | Utsjoki Kevo | 29.1 °C (84.4 °F) | July 23 |
2017 | Utsjoki Kevo | 27.6 °C (81.7 °F) | July 28 |
2018 | Vaasa Klemettilä | 33.7 °C (92.7 °F) | July 18 |
2019 | Porvoo Emäsalo | 33.7 °C (92.7 °F) | July 28 [3] |
2020 | Kankaanpää Niinisalo | 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) | June 25 |
2021 | Heinola Asemantaus | 34.0 °C (93.2 °F) | July 15 |
2022 | Utsjoki | 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) | June 29 [4] |
2023 | Rauma Pyynpää | 33.6 °C (92.5 °F) | August 7 |
Year | Location | Temperature °C (°F) | Date |
---|---|---|---|
1961 | Sodankylä Vuotso | −41.2 °C (−42.2 °F) | February 6 |
1962 | Inari /Ivalo | −41.4 °C (−42.5 °F) | January 24 |
1963 | Sodankylä Vuotso | −43.2 °C (−45.8 °F) | December 19 |
1964 | Sodankylä Lokka | −40.4 °C (−40.7 °F) | January 26 |
1965 | Enontekiö Kalmankaltio | −40.3 °C (−40.5 °F) | January 11 |
1966 | Inari/Ivalo | −48.6 °C (−55.5 °F) | February 1 |
1967 | Enontekiö Kilpisjärvi | −44.2 °C (−47.6 °F) | January 27 |
1968 | Alajärvi Möksy | −42.0 °C (−43.6 °F) | January 12 |
1969 | Taivalkoski kk | −41.6 °C (−42.9 °F) | February 5 |
1970 | Utsjoki Kevo | −43.2 °C (−45.8 °F) | February 16 |
1971 | Salla Tuntsa | −46.0 °C (−50.8 °F) | February 28 |
1972 | Salla Tuntsa | −39.7 °C (−39.5 °F) | March 10 |
1973 | Kittilä Kaukonen | −40.3 °C (−40.5 °F) | December 8 |
1974 | Kittilä Pokka | −37.7 °C (−35.9 °F) | January 29 |
1975 | Salla Naruskajärvi | −40.2 °C (−40.4 °F) | February 18 |
1976 | Salla Naruskajärvi | −44.2 °C (−47.6 °F) | February 1 |
1977 | Kittilä Pokka | −44.5 °C (−48.1 °F) | January 23 |
1978 | Salla Naruskajärvi | −45.5 °C (−49.9 °F) | January 27 |
1979 | Salla Naruskajärvi | −43.2 °C (−45.8 °F) | February 13 |
1980 | Salla Naruskajärvi | −43.3 °C (−45.9 °F) | January 26 |
1981 | Kittilä Pokka | −42.8 °C (−45.0 °F) | March 12 |
1982 | Salla Naruskajärvi | −43.5 °C (−46.3 °F) | January 1 |
1983 | Salla Naruskajärvi | −40.1 °C (−40.2 °F) | December 10 |
1984 | Kittilä Pokka | −39.1 °C (−38.4 °F) | January 25 |
1985 | Salla Naruskajärvi | −50.4 °C (−58.7 °F) | January 6 |
1986 | Muonio kk Alamuonio | −41.9 °C (−43.4 °F) | December 20 |
1987 | Salla Naruskajärvi | −45.5 °C (−49.9 °F) | January 8 |
1988 | Salla Naruskajärvi | −41.4 °C (−42.5 °F) | December 22 |
1989 | Kuusamo Kiutaköngäs | −37.4 °C (−35.3 °F) | January 1 |
1990 | Inari/Ivalo | −40.6 °C (−41.1 °F) | January 11 |
1991 | Salla Naruska | −38.5 °C (−37.3 °F) | January 29 |
1992 | Utsjoki Kevo | −35.3 °C (−31.5 °F) | January 10 |
1993 | Utsjoki Kevo, Kittilä Pulju and Pokka | −37.2 °C (−35.0 °F) | January 15 and 20 |
1994 | Salla Naruska | −41.1 °C (−42.0 °F) | February 11 |
1995 | Kittilä Pokka | −42.0 °C (−43.6 °F) | December 29 |
1996 | Sodankylä Lisma Aapa | −37.0 °C (−34.6 °F) | January 6 |
1997 | Kuusamo Kiutaköngäs | −41.4 °C (−42.5 °F) | February 10 |
1998 | Sodankylä Lokka | −43.1 °C (−45.6 °F) | February 17 |
1999 | Kittilä Pokka | −51.5 °C (−60.7 °F) | January 28 [5] |
2000 | Kuusamo Kiutaköngäs | −36.5 °C (−33.7 °F) | December 27 |
2001 | Pyhäjärvi Ol. Ojakylä | −42.5 °C (−44.5 °F) | February 8 |
2002 | Taivalkoski Fire Station | −40.7 °C (−41.3 °F) | December 31 |
2003 | Kuusamo Kiutaköngäs | −41.9 °C (−43.4 °F) | January 7 |
2004 | Salla Naruska | −38.7 °C (−37.7 °F) | February 11 |
2005 | Salla Naruska | −36.5 °C (−33.7 °F) | January 29 |
2006 | Kittilä Pokka | −43.6 °C (−46.5 °F) | January 20 |
2007 | Salla Naruska | −39.9 °C (−39.8 °F) | February 6 |
2008 | Kittilä Pokka | −33.7 °C (−28.7 °F) | February 24 |
2009 | Inari Sevettijärvi | −37.6 °C (−35.7 °F) | February 7 |
2010 | Kuhmo Kalliojoki | −41.3 °C (−42.3 °F) | February 20 |
2011 | Salla Naruska | −41.8 °C (−43.2 °F) | February 18 |
2012 | Inari Kaamanen | −42.7 °C (−44.9 °F) | February 6 |
2013 | Sodankylä Vuotso | −39.7 °C (−39.5 °F) | December 9 |
2014 | Utsjoki Kevojärvi | −40.7 °C (−41.3 °F) | January 20 |
2015 | Utsjoki Kevojärvi | −39.6 °C (−39.3 °F) | January 11 |
2016 | Muonio Kirkonkylä | −41.2 °C (−42.2 °F) | January 7 |
2017 | Muonio Kirkonkylä | −41.7 °C (−43.1 °F) | January 5 |
2018 | Utsjoki Kevo Kevojärvi | −37.1 °C (−34.8 °F) | February 4 |
2019 | Utsjoki Kevo Kevojärvi | −39.1 °C (−38.4 °F) | February 5 |
2020 | Utsjoki Kevo Kevojärvi | −41.1 °C (−42.0 °F) | December 27 |
2021 | Utsjoki Kevo Kevojärvi | −39.7 °C (−39.5 °F) | February 20 |
2022 | Enontekiö Airport | −35.7 °C (−32.3 °F) | January 8 |
2023 | Kittilä Airport | −37.5 °C (−35.5 °F) | March 24 |
Climate is the long-term weather pattern in a region, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the climate system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere and the interactions between them. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, longitude, terrain, altitude, land use and nearby water bodies and their currents.
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. It is often referred to as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone, although the word cyclone is used in meteorology to name a weather system with a low-pressure area in the center around which, from an observer looking down toward the surface of the Earth, winds blow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, and they are often visible in the form of a condensation funnel originating from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud, with a cloud of rotating debris and dust beneath it. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 180 kilometers per hour, are about 80 meters across, and travel several kilometers before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 480 kilometers per hour (300 mph), are more than 3 kilometers (2 mi) in diameter, and stay on the ground for more than 100 km (62 mi).
Extreme weather includes unexpected, unusual, severe, or unseasonal weather; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution—the range that has been seen in the past. Extreme events are based on a location's recorded weather history. They are defined as lying in the most unusual ten percent. The main types of extreme weather include heat waves, cold waves and heavy precipitation or storm events, such as tropical cyclones. The effects of extreme weather events are economic costs, loss of human lives, droughts, floods, landslides. Severe weather is a particular type of extreme weather which poses risks to life and property.
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and "precipitates" or falls. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but colloids, because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers.
A storm surge, storm flood, tidal surge, or storm tide is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low-pressure weather systems, such as cyclones. It is measured as the rise in water level above the normal tidal level, and does not include waves.
In meteorology, a low-pressure area, low area or low is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations. Low-pressure areas are commonly associated with inclement weather, while high-pressure areas are associated with lighter winds and clear skies. Winds circle anti-clockwise around lows in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, due to opposing Coriolis forces. Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence that occur in the upper levels of the atmosphere (aloft). The formation process of a low-pressure area is known as cyclogenesis. In meteorology, atmospheric divergence aloft occurs in two kinds of places:
An outflow boundary, also known as a gust front, is a storm-scale or mesoscale boundary separating thunderstorm-cooled air (outflow) from the surrounding air; similar in effect to a cold front, with passage marked by a wind shift and usually a drop in temperature and a related pressure jump. Outflow boundaries can persist for 24 hours or more after the thunderstorms that generated them dissipate, and can travel hundreds of kilometers from their area of origin. New thunderstorms often develop along outflow boundaries, especially near the point of intersection with another boundary. Outflow boundaries can be seen either as fine lines on weather radar imagery or else as arcs of low clouds on weather satellite imagery. From the ground, outflow boundaries can be co-located with the appearance of roll clouds and shelf clouds.
Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth. Extratropical cyclones are capable of producing anything from cloudiness and mild showers to severe gales, thunderstorms, blizzards, and tornadoes. These types of cyclones are defined as large scale (synoptic) low pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes of the Earth. In contrast with tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones produce rapid changes in temperature and dew point along broad lines, called weather fronts, about the center of the cyclone.
Natural calamities in India, many of them related to the climate of India, cause massive losses of life and property. Droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides brought by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslides, hurricanes etc. In order to be classified as a disaster, it will need to have a profound environmental effect and/or human loss and frequently incurs a financial loss. Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms, which usually track from north to south; they cause extensive property damage in North India and deposit large amounts of dust and dirt from arid regions. Hail is also common in parts of India, causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat and many more crops and effects many people.
Owing to tremendous differences in latitude, longitude, and altitude, the climate of China is extremely diverse. It ranges from tropical in the far south to subarctic in the far north, and alpine in the higher elevations of the Tibetan Plateau. Monsoon winds, caused by differences in the heat-absorbing capacity of the continent and the ocean, dominate the climate. During the summer, the East Asian Monsoon carries warm and moist air from the south and delivers the vast majority of the annual precipitation in much of the country. Conversely, the Siberian anticyclone dominates during winter, bringing cold and comparatively dry conditions. The advance and retreat of the monsoons account, in large degree, for the timing of the rainy season throughout the country. Although most of the country lies in the temperate belt, its climatic patterns are complex.
Wind is the natural movement of air or other gases relative to a planet's surface. Winds occur on a range of scales, from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by heating of land surfaces and lasting a few hours, to global winds resulting from the difference in absorption of solar energy between the climate zones on Earth. The two main causes of large-scale atmospheric circulation are the differential heating between the equator and the poles, and the rotation of the planet. Within the tropics and subtropics, thermal low circulations over terrain and high plateaus can drive monsoon circulations. In coastal areas the sea breeze/land breeze cycle can define local winds; in areas that have variable terrain, mountain and valley breezes can prevail.