List of historic Black churches in Cleveland, Ohio

Last updated

This list of historic Black churches in Cleveland, Ohio, consists of buildings owned by congregations which are majority Black and which have architectural significance. The congregation may be historic, or the building, or historic events may have occurred there. [1] This list is incomplete; other structures could be identified in the future.

Contents

NameAddressCongregation FoundedImageBuilding ErectedArchitectStyleHistoric Events
Advent Evangelical Lutheran Church15309 Harvard Ave.1960 [2] Front - Advent Lutheran Church.jpg 1965 [3] William Whitley and James Whitley [1] [4] Mid-century modern [1] First predominantly Black Lutheran church in Cleveland; [5] Cleveland Historic Landmark
Antioch Baptist Church8869 Cedar Ave.1893 [6] Looking NW at S side - Antioch Baptist Church.jpg 1893—1894 [7] [a] William Warren Sabin [10] Romanesque Revival [10] Building designated a Cleveland Historic Landmark, 1975; [11] history of political and economic activism, including founding one of the earliest Black-owned credit unions in 1947; [12] establishment of the Antioch Development Corporation in 1999, [13] the first Christian church in the United States to open an HIV/AIDS testing center, 1999; [14] establishment of the Genesis Program in 2001 to provide skills training and employment services for the poor [14]
Cory United Methodist Church1117 E. 105th St.1875 [15] Main entrance - Cory United Methodist Church.jpg 1921—1922 [16] [b] Albert S. Janowitz [22] Neoclassical [23] Key meeting place in Cleveland during the civil rights movement; [24] Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. spoke there in May 1963; [25] Malcolm X first gave his "The Ballot or the Bullet" speech there on April 3, 1964; [26] first marker erected on the Cleveland Civil Rights Trail; [24] Cleveland Historic Landmark [27]
East Mount Zion Baptist Church9990 Euclid Ave.1908 [28] Euclid Avenue Christian Church.jpg 1906—1908 [29] [c] George W. Kramer and C.C. Hamilton [31] Romanesque Revival [32] The first Black church on Euclid Avenue, once an all-white enclave known as Millionaires' Row; [33] [34] major player in the civil rights movement in Cleveland [34] and a force for ending racial discrimination in education, employment, and housing; [35] oldest food bank in Cleveland; [35] featured in the 2022 documentary film 100th & Cedar; [35] Cleveland Historic Landmark [36]
Fellowship Missionary Baptist Church1754 E. 55th St.1964 [37] Main entrance - Fellowship Missionary Baptist Church.jpg 1907—1908 [38] [d] Bohnard & Parsson [41] English Gothic Revival [41] Structure added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2025; [42] Cleveland Historic Landmark [43]
Greater Abyssinia Baptist Church1161 E. 105th St.1946 [44] Looking NW - Greater Abyssinia Baptist Church.jpg 1919 [45] [e] Allen Sogg [45] Byzantine Revival [45] Pastor E.T. Caviness (1961-present) is a civil rights leader, honored by the International Civil Rights Walk of Fame; church was a hub for civil rights activism; church was the headquarters of the United Freedom Movement; congregation was a significant factor in helping Carl Stokes become the first Black mayor of Cleveland in 1967; site recognized on the Cleveland Civil Rights Trail; [49] Cleveland Historic Landmark; [50] hosted Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. the week after he won the Nobel Peace Prize [51]
Greater Friendship Baptist Church12305 Arlington Ave.1955 [52] Front entrance - Greater Friendship Baptist Church.jpg 1926 [53] [f] Corbusier, Lenski & Foster [53] Gothic Revival [55] One of four Black churches in Cleveland visited by Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. on May 14, 1963, after his release from Birmingham Jail; [56] Rev. C.T. Nelson recorded "Great Consolation"/"A Prayer" there in 1966, a reproduction of Sunday worship service that was one of the few worship service hits on gospel radio in the 1960s; [57] Cleveland Historic Landmark [58]
Lane Metropolitan Christian Methodist Episcopal Church2131 E. 46th St.1902 [59] Cleveland, Central, 2018 - Lane Metropolitan CME Church, Central, Cleveland, OH (28807011277).jpg 1899—1901 [60] [g] George F. Hammond [60] Neoclassical [1] Founded by the influential CME bishop, Isaac Lane; [62] by 1940, was one of the two largest CME congregations in the United States; [62] pastored by Joseph C. Coles Jr. from 1952 to 1963, during which time Coles gained national prominence; [63] pastored by Rev. Anzo Montgomery, a civil rights leader, from 1965 to 1978; [64] Cleveland Historic Landmark [65]
Liberty Hill Baptist Church8206 Euclid Ave.1918 [66] Main entrance - Liberty Hill Baptist Church.jpg 1911—1912 [67] [h] Lehman & Schmitt [69] mixed Moorish Revival and Romanesque Revival [70] Structure has eight stained glass windows designed and created by Tiffany Studios, [1] a mosaic designed and created by Tiffany Studios, [1] and a dome whose interior is clad in sky-blue Ludowici tile; [71] concert by Mahalia Jackson in October 1961 to raised funds for Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.; [72] hosted the Citizens' Committee for Review, which examined the causes of the 1966 Hough riots; [71] Cleveland Historic Landmark [73]
Mt. Zion Congregational Church10723 Magnolia Dr.1864 [74] [75] Looking NNW - Mt Zion Congregational Church.jpg 1955—1956 [76] [i] Carr & Cunningham [79] Contemporary [80] Founded as a church for Black elites in Cleveland; [81] [82] by 1916, one of only three Black churches in Ohio to belong to a predominantly white denomination; [83] pastored by Russell S. Brown from 1925 to 1933, the second African American to serve on the Cleveland City Council (elected 1929); [84] bombed twice by segregationists in 1954; [78] designated by the Cleveland City Council as a contributing building to the Magnolia-Wade Park Historic District [85]
New Life at Calvary Presbyterian Church 2020 E. 79th St.1880 [86] Looking SW at N side - New Life at Calvary Presbyterian Church.jpg 1888—1890 [87] Charles F. Schweinfurth [88] Victorian Romanesque Revival [88] The then-predominantly white congregation formally took a stand against racial segregation in 1953; [89] became one of the first racially integrated congregations in Cleveland [90] by reaching out to local Black residents; [89] partnered with the Hough Area Council to foster improved race relations and stability in the Hough neighborhood at a time of extreme demographic change; [91] known for its youth programs in 1950s and 1960s; [89] [90] key Cleveland area advocate for racial tolerance and social justice in the 1950s and 1960s; [89] in the 21st century, still the largest predominantly African American church in Ohio; [89] Cleveland Historic Landmark [92]
Olivet Institutional Baptist Church8712 Quincy Ave.1931 [93] N side - Olivet Institutional Baptist Church.jpg 1950—1954 [94] [95] Not known [96] Modern [96] Physically, the largest Black church in Ohio built by its own congregation at the time; [95] while pastored by Rev. Odie Hoover (1952 to 1973), the congregation challenged racism early, when the civil rights movement did not have widespread support; [93] building served as Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.'s informal headquarters when he was in Cleveland; [97] Olivet welcomed Dr. King at a time when most churches would not do so; [93] established the Christian Community Center as a place for music and the arts, community organizing, and civil rights activism; [98] church played a key role in voter registration and mobilization int the election of Carl Stokes as Cleveland's first Black mayor; [97] a major supporter of Operation Breadbasket, which boosted Black-owned businesses; [97] Rev. Otis Moss Jr. (1974 to 2008), an important early figure in the civil rights movement, [99] served as chair of the board of People United to Save Humanity (PUSH); [98] congregation led the way in building the electoral coalition that elected Michael White mayor of Cleveland in 1990; [100] congregation partnered with University Hospitals to build the Otis Moss Jr.—University Hospitals Health Center in 1997; [101] site recognized on the Cleveland Civil Rights Trail [97]
St. Adalbert Catholic Church2347 East 83rd St.1922 [102] [j] Main entrance - St Adalbert Catholic Church.jpg 1911—1912 [106] [107] [k] William P. Ginther [107] [108] Baroque Revival [108] [109] Oldest predominantly Black Catholic parish in the state of Ohio, and the second oldest in the United States; [110] Cleveland Historic Landmark [111]
St. Andrew's Episcopal Church2171 E. 49th St.1892 [112] Front - St Andrew's Episcopal Church.jpg 1915—1916 [113] Charles Schneider [112] Gothic Revival [112] Founded as a church for Black elites in Cleveland; [81] [82] co-founded by John Patterson Green, first Black person elected to city office in Cleveland and to the Ohio Senate, and founder of Labor Day in Ohio; [114] co-founded by wealthy Cleveland seafood wholesaler Jacob E. Reed; [115] co-founded by Richard A. Jones, editor of the Negro Globe newspaper; [116] Cleveland Historic Landmark [117]
St. James African Methodist Episcopal8401 Cedar Ave.1889 [118] Looking NW at south side - St James AME Church.jpg 1895—1896 [119] [120] [l] Knox & Elliott [119] [126] Richardsonian Romanesque [126] During the pastorate of Rev. D. Ormonde B. Walker (1926 to 1937), founded the nationally acclaimed St. James Literary Forum in 1927; [127] Rev. Donald G. Jacobs (1955 to 1968) made the church a center of civil rights activism; [127] Rev. Jacobs co-chaired the Emergency Committee of Clergy for Civil Rights, [127] created in April 1964; [128] became only the third Black clergyperson in the U.S. to lead a major metropolitan area council of Christian churches [129] Cleveland Historic Landmark [130]
St. John African Methodist Episcopal Church 2261 E. 40th St.1836 [131] St. John's AME Church in Cleveland.jpg 1908 [132] [133] Badgley & Nicklas [131] [132] English Gothic [132] The first African American congregation in Cleveland; [134] established by six fugitive slaves; [134] a long history of civil rights activism; [131] "Station Hope" on the Underground Railroad; [135] under pastorate of Rev. Reverdy C. Ransom (1893 to 1896), implemented an extensive program of social outreach, including education classes, kindergarten, sports, and health; [136] hosted Booker T. Washington in 1897; [137] hosted W. E. B. Du Bois in 1908; [138] 1908 building was the then-largest ever built by Blacks in the city of Cleveland; [139] hosted singer Marian Anderson in her first Cleveland concert in 1925; [140] one of only two Black congregations to support the Congress of Racial Equality when it began work in Cleveland in 1946; [141] Cleveland Historic Landmark; [142] building on the National Register of Historic Places, 1982 [143]
St. Philip's Christian Church2303 E. 30th St.1953 [144] Main entrance - St Philip's Christian Church.jpg 1967—1968 [145] [146] Frederick S. Toguchi [145] Brutalist [147] Cleveland Historic Landmark [148]
Shiloh Baptist Church 5500 Scovill Ave.1850 [149] Cleveland, Central, 2018 - Temple B'nai Jeshurun Shiloh Baptist Church, Central, Cleveland, OH (28806979657).jpg 1905—1906 [150] [151] [152] [m] Harry A. Cone [151] Neoclassical [150] [155] The first African American Baptist congregation in Cleveland; [156] congregation was active in the civil rights movement; [156] hosted Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. in September 1967; [157] Cleveland Historic Landmark; [158] building listed on the National Register of Historic Places [159]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The structure was built for Bolton Avenue Presbyterian Church. [7] Cedar Avenue Baptist Church purchased the building in 1923, after Bolton Avenue merged with Calvary Presbyterian Church. [8] Antioch Baptist Church originally occupied a building at 2421 Central Ave. in Cleveland. It purchased the Cedar Avenue Baptist Church building in November 1934. [9]
  2. ↑ Anshe Emeth, a Jewish congregation, began planning the structure in October 1919. [17] The cornerstone for the building containing the auditorium, social hall, meeting rooms, school, and gymnasium, was laid in February 1921, [18] while the cornerstone for the synagogue was laid in July 1921. [19] The secular section, except for the gym, was completed in July 1921, [20] but the synagogue was not finished until October 1922. [16] Cory United Methodist Church acquired the building in March 1947. [21]
  3. ↑ The structure was built for Euclid Avenue Christian Church. [29] East Mount Zion Baptist Church purchased it in December 1955. [30]
  4. ↑ The structure was built in 1908 for Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church. [38] Grace Lutheran moved to Cleveland Heights, and sold the building in October 1925 to an Assembly of God congregation. [39] The Assembly of God congregation sold to Fellowship Missionary Baptist Church about the end of 1963 or in early 1964. [40]
  5. ↑ The structure was begun in June 1919 and built by a Jewish congregations, Beth Hamidrash Hagodol Beth Israel. [45] Construction was nearly complete by August 15, at which time the building was dedicated. [46] The worship space was completed about September 18. [47] Greater Abyssinia Baptist Church purchased the building in June 1946. [48]
  6. ↑ The structure was built for the First Evangelical Church in 1926. [53] Greater Friendship Baptist Church purchased the building from that congregation in October 1967. [54]
  7. ↑ The building was constructed for the First Church of Christ, Scientist. The cornerstone was laid in December 1899, [61] but it was not completed until December 1901. [60] Lane Metropolitan CME Church purchased the building in 1919. [59]
  8. ↑ The structure was built by Anshe Chesed Congregation and completed in March 1912. [67] Liberty Hill Baptist Church purchased the building from Anshe Chesed in January 1956. [68]
  9. ↑ Early 1954, Mt. Zion Congregational Church purchased the Grandin Mansion on Magnolia Avenue in Cleveland, intending to renovate the structure into a church. [77] The mansion was bombed twice on the evening of March 25, 1954, by white segregationists. [78] The Mt. Zion Congregation not only resolved to stay at Grandin Mansion, but to build an even larger church next to it. [75] Ground on the new building was broken on September 30, 1955, [79] and the new structure completed exactly a year later. [76]
  10. ↑ St. Adalbert Parish was erected in 1883, and primarily served a congregation of white, ethnically Bohemians. [103] Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament Parish was erected in 1922, and primarily served an African American congregation. [104] Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church was built at 2350 E. 79th Street, and dedicated in June 1923. [105] By the late 1950s, Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament Church was in very poor condition but had a large congregation. St. Adalbert Parish had an excellent physical plant, but extremely few parishioners. The diocese merged the two in February 1961. [102]
  11. ↑ This refers to the construction of St. Adalbert Church.
  12. ↑ The structure was erected for Trinity Congregational Church, and completed in March 1896. [120] Trinity sold to St. James AME in November 1925. [121] The structure was gutted by fire in January 1938, with the loss of the roof and interior. [122] The rebuilt structure dedicated in May 1941. [123] The church was gutted by fire again in March 1950, with only the front facade and two side walls saved. [124] The new structure dedicated in April 1953. [125]
  13. ↑ The structure was built by the Jewish congregation of B'Nai Jeshurun and completed in September 1906. [152] Shiloh Baptist Church purchased the structure in May 1923, but could not take possession until the new synagogue was completed. [153] The new synagogue opened on August 27, 1926. [154]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Huesken, Mary Ellen Crowley; Perkins, Olivera (July 2, 2025). "Explore this map of some of Cleveland's historic Black churches". Signal Cleveland. Retrieved July 7, 2025.
  2. ↑ "Lutherans' Organizing Rite June 10". The Plain Dealer. June 2, 1962. p. 14.
  3. ↑ Nelson, Ralph (December 8, 1965). "Harvard Ave. Congregation Sees Dream for Church Coming True". The Cleveland Press. p. G9.
  4. ↑ "Architecture's New Wave". Ebony. June 1971. p. 34. Retrieved August 6, 2025.
  5. ↑ Nelson Strobert (December 2, 2024). "A Historical Moment in Black Lutheran History". The Seminary Explores (Podcast). United Lutheran Seminary. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
  6. ↑ "Twenty Members Less". The Cleveland Leader. January 16, 1893. p. 2.
  7. 1 2 "Lowered Into Place". The Cleveland Leader. May 22, 1893. p. 5; "The New Minister". The Cleveland Leader. October 25, 1894. p. 7.
  8. ↑ "Church Property Sold". The Cleveland Press. February 23, 1923. p. 15.
  9. ↑ "After 42 Years on Central Ave., Antioch Moves to New Home At 89th - Cedar". The Call and Post. November 10, 1934. p. 8.
  10. 1 2 Armstrong, Klein & Armstrong 1992, p. 137.
  11. ↑ "Attorney From Israel Will Speak". The Cleveland Press. June 14, 1975. p. 6.
  12. ↑ Higgins, Chester (January 21, 1965). "Church Credit Unions Lead". Jet. pp. 20–25. Retrieved July 17, 2025.
  13. ↑ "Antioch Baptist Church". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2025. Retrieved July 17, 2025.
  14. 1 2 Barnes 2010, p. 139.
  15. ↑ "Cory United Methodist Church". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2025. Retrieved July 8, 2025.
  16. 1 2 "To Open Jewish Center". The Cleveland Press. October 19, 1922. p. 15.
  17. ↑ "Union Planned". The Cleveland Press. October 14, 1919. p. 23.
  18. ↑ "Synagog is Started". The Cleveland Press. February 21, 1921. p. 6.
  19. ↑ "Center Synagog Cornerstone Laid". The Plain Dealer. July 4, 1921. p. 6.
  20. ↑ "Oppressive Laws in Europe Lead to Settlement of Many Jews in Cleveland". The Plain Dealer. July 24, 1921. p. 36.
  21. ↑ "Cory Methodist Moves Into New Home". The Call and Post. March 1, 1947. p. 1.
  22. ↑ Armstrong, Klein & Armstrong 1992, p. 96.
  23. ↑ Armstrong, Klein & Armstrong 1992, p. 97.
  24. 1 2 "Historic Cleveland church to receive marker honoring its role in city's civil rights trail, movement". News5Cleveland.com. December 10, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2025.
  25. ↑ Garling, Pat; Melnick, Norman (May 15, 1963). "Seeking U.S. Dream, King Tells Throngs". The Plain Dealer. pp. 1, 8; Stafford, Robert C. (May 15, 1963). "Meet the Rev. Martin Luther King". The Cleveland Press. p. 4.
  26. ↑ Duffy, Bernard K.; Leeman, Richard W. (2012). The Will of A People: A Critical Anthology of Great African American Speeches. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 270. ISBN   9780809330577.
  27. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: Cory United Methodist Church (Anshe Emeth Synagogue)". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved July 21, 2025.
  28. ↑ "East Mount Zion Baptist Church". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2025. Retrieved July 8, 2025.
  29. 1 2 "Important Structures". The Cleveland Leader. February 2, 1906. p. 4; "Sunday Services in Cleveland Churches". The Plain Dealer. April 11, 1908. p. 4; "New Green Stone Church Dedicated". The Plain Dealer. April 13, 1908. p. 5.
  30. ↑ "Christian Church to Open New Era". The Plain Dealer. December 10, 1955. p. 11.
  31. ↑ "Two Views of Fine New Euclid Avenue Christian Church". The Plain Dealer. August 23, 1905. p. 10.
  32. ↑ Gregor 2010, p. 116.
  33. ↑ Perkins, Olivera (June 23, 2025). "Hearing God, East Mt. Zion Baptist Church stays in Fairfax to serve the community". Signal Cleveland. Retrieved July 21, 2025.
  34. 1 2 Bridgeland, John; DiIulio, John (May 28, 2024). "Save America's Sacred Places for Civic Purposes". The Hill. Retrieved July 21, 2025.
  35. 1 2 3 Chakerian, Peter (November 15, 2023). "Kindland: Rev. Brian Cash, East Mount Zion are 'Lifeline' to Fairfax, surrounding neighborhoods". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved July 21, 2025.
  36. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: East Mount Zion Baptist Church". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved July 21, 2025.
  37. ↑ "Baptists to Hail 1st Anniversary". The Plain Dealer. April 15, 1965. p. 41.
  38. 1 2 "New Church Is Opened". The Plain Dealer. March 30, 1908. p. 10.
  39. ↑ "Grace Campaign to Start Today". The Plain Dealer. October 11, 1925. p. 14.
  40. ↑ "First Assembly Calls Andersons". The Cleveland Press. February 29, 1964. p. 6.
  41. 1 2 "New Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church". The Plain Dealer. July 26, 1907. p. 12.
  42. ↑ National Register of Historic Places (January 17, 2025). "Weekly List 2025 01 17". nps.gov. Archived from the original on April 3, 2025. Retrieved July 21, 2025.
  43. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: Fellowship Baptist Church of Christ". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved July 21, 2025.
  44. ↑ "Rev. Plummer Forms Abyssinia Church". The Call and Post. January 5, 1946. p. 8.
  45. 1 2 3 4 "Builds at Tacoma and E. 105th Street" (PDF). The Jewish Independent. July 11, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
  46. ↑ "Congregational Activities" (PDF). The Jewish Independent. August 8, 1919. p. 6. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
  47. ↑ "Congregational Activities" (PDF). The Jewish Independent. September 19, 1919. p. 7. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
  48. ↑ "Baptist Church Buys East Side Jewish Synagogue". The Call and Post. June 1, 1946. p. 1.
  49. ↑ Bottar, Abigail (November 2, 2023). "Greater Abyssinia Baptist Church honored with Cleveland Civil Rights Trail marker". Ideastream Public Media. Retrieved July 30, 2025.
  50. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: Greater Abyssinia Baptist Church". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved July 30, 2025.
  51. ↑ Hlavaty, Kaylyn (January 15, 2018). "Cleveland reverend recalls the day Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. walked the streets of Cleveland". News5 Cleveland. Retrieved July 30, 2025.
  52. ↑ "Greater Friendship Purchases New Home". The Call and Post. April 28, 1956. p. 14.
  53. 1 2 3 "Northeast Section of City Has Fine New Church". The Plain Dealer. May 16, 1926. p. C3.
  54. ↑ Widder, Milt (October 14, 1967). "Church Buys Church". The Cleveland Press. p. B7.
  55. ↑ Ellis 2012, p. 101.
  56. ↑ Wilson, Jamie (2023). Martin Luther King Jr.: A Life in American History. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 109. ISBN   9798216172000.
  57. ↑ Marovich, Robert M. (2021). Peace Be Still: How James Cleveland and the Angelic Choir Created a Gospel Classic. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 141. ISBN   9780252044113.
  58. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: Greater Friendship Baptist Church". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved July 31, 2025.
  59. 1 2 Phillips 1999, p. 170.
  60. 1 2 3 "In Their Own Building". The Cleveland Leader. December 23, 1901. p. 3.
  61. ↑ "Christian Scientists' New Granite Church". The Plain Dealer. December 10, 1899. p. 29.
  62. 1 2 Murphy, T.F. (1941). Religious Bodies: 1936. Volume II, Part 2. Denominations K to Z. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce. p. 1221.
  63. ↑ Murphy, Larry G.; Melton, J. Gordon; Ward, Gary L., eds. (1993). "Coles, Joseph Carlyle, Jr.". Encyclopedia of African American Religions. New York: Routledge. p. 191. ISBN   9780815305002.
  64. ↑ "Montgomery, Rev. Anzo". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2025. Retrieved August 1, 2025.
  65. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: Lane Metropolitan CME Church". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved August 1, 2025.
  66. ↑ Johnson, Mark Louis (2025). Black Church, White Convention: A Pastor's Story of Hope. Brentwood, Tenn.: B&H Academic. p. 3. ISBN   9781430088400.
  67. 1 2 "Jewish Temple Is Dedicated With Solemn Ceremony". The Cleveland Press. March 23, 1912. p. 8.
  68. ↑ "Negro Church Buys Temple at Euclid—82". The Plain Dealer. January 27, 1956. p. 1.
  69. ↑ "Architects Selected". The Plain Dealer. May 31, 1908. p. 12.
  70. ↑ Huesken, Mary Ellen Crowley (June 28, 2024). "Liberty Hill Baptist Church Shows Off". Signal Cleveland. Retrieved July 12, 2025.
  71. 1 2 Perkins, Olivera (June 23, 2025). "Liberty Hill Baptist Church Aims to Be a Light for the Fairfax Neighborhood and Beyond". Signal Cleveland. Retrieved August 2, 2025.
  72. ↑ "Mahalia Jackson, Great Gospel Singer, Trouper". The Plain Dealer. October 2, 1961. p. 5.
  73. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: liberty Hill Baptist Church". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved August 2, 2025.
  74. ↑ Johnson 1879, p. 271.
  75. 1 2 Stewart, Frank (November 20, 1954). "University Circle Gets $213,000 Church". The Cleveland Press. p. 5.
  76. 1 2 Stewart, Frank (October 1, 1956). "Eisenhower Praises Church Dedication Here". The Cleveland Press. p. 24.
  77. ↑ "Zoning Unit Hears Fight on Church". The Cleveland Press. March 22, 1954. p. 2; "Mt. Zion to Build". The Call and Post. March 27, 1954. p. 1.
  78. 1 2 "Blast Hit Mansion in Zion's Deal". The Plain Dealer. March 26, 1954. pp. 1, 4; Richardson, Marty (April 3, 1954). "Question: Who Hired Mt. Zion Bombers..?". The Call and Post. p. 1.
  79. 1 2 "Break Ground for Mt. Zion Congregational". The Call and Post. October 1, 1955. p. 16.
  80. ↑ American Institute of Architects (1958). Cleveland Architecture, 1796-1958. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation. p. 63. OCLC   1032987.
  81. 1 2 Gomez-Jefferson, Annetta (2002). The Sage of Tawawa: Reverdy Cassius Ransom, 1861-1959. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p. 38. ISBN   9780873387484.
  82. 1 2 Phillips 1999, p. 166.
  83. ↑ Giffin, William Wayne (2005). African Americans and the Color Line in Ohio, 1915-1930. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN   9780814210031.
  84. ↑ Kusmer, Kenneth L. (1978). A Ghetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland, 1870-1930. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. p. 272. ISBN   9780252006906 ; "A New Councilman". The Plain Dealer. February 19, 1929. p. 24; "Brown, Russell S." Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2025. Retrieved August 2, 2025.
  85. ↑ "Wade Park Allotment". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2025. Retrieved August 2, 2025.
  86. ↑ "Calvary Chapel". The Cleveland Leader. June 9, 1880. p. 8.
  87. ↑ "A Top-Heavy Payroll". The Cleveland Leader. August 11, 1888. p. 5; "Dedicated to God". The Cleveland Evening Post. January 6, 1890. p. 8.
  88. 1 2 Armstrong, Klein & Armstrong 1992, p. 30.
  89. 1 2 3 4 5 Nemeth, Sarah (December 6, 2016). "Calvary Presbyterian Church: The Successful Integration of an Inner-city Congregation". ClevelandHistorical.org. Cleveland State University. Retrieved August 2, 2025.
  90. 1 2 Rice, Karen Connelly (August 31, 2023). "New Life At Calvary Church: A Symbol of Integration, Social Justice, and Community Giving". Freshwater Cleveland. Retrieved August 2, 2025.
  91. ↑ Souther, J. Mark (2017). Believing in Cleveland: Managing Decline in "The best location in the nation". Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN   9781439913727.
  92. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: Calvary Presbyterian Church". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved August 2, 2025.
  93. 1 2 3 Harper 2005, p. 110.
  94. ↑ "Olivet Baptist Congregation Awaits Court Ruling on Unfinished Church". The Call and Post. December 6, 1952. p. 7; "Gov. Lausche Attends Dedication of Institutional Baptist Church". The Call and Post. May 8, 1954. p. 8.
  95. 1 2 "Mormon Chapel Dedicated Here". The Plain Dealer. May 3, 1954. p. 8.
  96. 1 2 Armstrong, Klein & Armstrong 1992, p. 139.
  97. 1 2 3 4 Johnson, Zaria (November 14, 2024). "Olivet Institutional Baptist Church Honored for Contribution to Cleveland's Black history". WCPN. Retrieved August 2, 2025.
  98. 1 2 Harper 2005, p. 111.
  99. ↑ Burnett, Niral R. (2005). Voices of Hope: Timeless Expressions of Faith From African Americans. Colorado Springs: Honor Books. p. 22. ISBN   9781562923426.
  100. ↑ Wofford, Willie (November 27, 1989). "How Coalition Politics Put Blacks in Power As Mayors Across Nation". Jet. p. 14. Retrieved August 2, 2025.
  101. ↑ Harper 2005, pp. 111–115.
  102. 1 2 "Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament Parish". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2025. Retrieved August 13, 2025.
  103. ↑ Houck, George F. (1890). The Church in Northern Ohio and in the Diocese of Cleveland From 1749 to 1890. Cleveland: Short & Forman. p. 206. OCLC   1260406.
  104. ↑ Blatnica, Dorothy Ann (Winter 1994). ""In Those Days": African-American Catholics in Cleveland, Ohio, 1922-1961". U.S. Catholic Historian. 12 (1): 106. Retrieved August 14, 2025.
  105. ↑ "Opens Church for Catholic Colored". The Plain Dealer. June 25, 1923. p. 10.
  106. ↑ "Lays Cornerstone of New Church". The Plain Dealer. October 9, 1911. p. 2.
  107. 1 2 Valleriano 2012, p. 109.
  108. 1 2 Johannesen 1979, p. 128.
  109. ↑ Armstrong, Klein & Armstrong 1992, p. 112.
  110. ↑ Jackson, Kevin; Demirer, Deniz (January 20, 2022). "When This Historic Black Catholic Parish Was Closed, Its Tight-Knit Community Fought Back—and Won". America. Retrieved August 3, 2025.
  111. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: St. Adalbert Church, School, and Rectory". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved July 21, 2025.
  112. 1 2 3 Armstrong, Klein & Armstrong 1992, p. 124.
  113. ↑ "Change Church Location". The Plain Dealer. July 10, 1915. p. 10; "Church Cornerstone Laid". The Plain Dealer. December 6, 1915. p. 3; "Dedicates New Edifice". The Plain Dealer. June 26, 1916. p. 16.
  114. ↑ "Green, John Patterson". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2025. Retrieved August 4, 2025.
  115. ↑ "Green, John Patterson". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2025. Retrieved August 4, 2025.
  116. ↑ "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2025. Retrieved August 4, 2025.
  117. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: St. Andrew Episcopal Church". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved August 3, 2025.
  118. ↑ "St. James African Methodist Episcopal Church". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2025. Retrieved July 14, 2025.
  119. 1 2 "Ground Broken". The Plain Dealer. March 9, 1895. p. 10.
  120. 1 2 "In Their Home". The Cleveland Leader. March 9, 1896. p. 4.
  121. ↑ "Church Buys in Heights". The Plain Dealer. November 14, 1925. p. 16.
  122. ↑ "$250,000 Is Loss in Fires at Week-End". The Plain Dealer. January 3, 1938. p. 1.
  123. ↑ "Open 2 Churches, 4 Shrines; Honor Priest over Week-End". The Cleveland Press. May 5, 1941. p. 23.
  124. ↑ "Fire Destroys Church; Loss Set at $200,000". The Cleveland Press. March 16, 1950. p. 1.
  125. ↑ "A.M.E. Bishop, at St. James Dedication, Hits Radio Cults". The Plain Dealer. April 13, 1953. p. 10.
  126. 1 2 Armstrong, Klein & Armstrong 1992, p. 134.
  127. 1 2 3 "St. James African American Episcopal (AME) Church". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2025. Retrieved August 4, 2025.
  128. ↑ "McAllister Has Long, Hard Day". The Plain Dealer. April 10, 1964. p. 4.
  129. ↑ "Dr. Jacobs Is 3d Negro in U.S. to Head Council". The Plain Dealer. October 11, 1968. p. 52.
  130. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: St. James AME Church". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved August 3, 2025.
  131. 1 2 3 Rice, Karen Connelly (December 7, 2023). "St. John African Methodist Episcopal Church: A Pillar of Civil Rights and Community". FreshWater Cleveland. Retrieved July 14, 2025.
  132. 1 2 3 "New St. John's African Methodist Episcopal Church". The Plain Dealer. February 16, 1908. p. 8.
  133. ↑ "Bishop Praises Pastor". The Plain Dealer. December 14, 1908. p. 5.
  134. 1 2 LaRoche 2025, p. 51.
  135. ↑ Calarco, Tom; Vogel, Cynthia; Grover, Kathryn; Hallstrom, Rae; Pope, Sharron L.; Waddy-Thibodeaux, Melissa (2011). Places of the Underground Railroad: A Geographical Guide. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. p. 79. ISBN   9780313381461.
  136. ↑ Bryan, Mary Lynn; De Angury, De Maree, eds. (2017). Selected Papers of Jane Addams: Creating Hull-House and an International Presence, 1889-1900. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. p. 728. ISBN   9780252040979 ; Smith, Gary Scott, ed. (2021). American Religious History: Belief and Society Through Time. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC=CLIO. p. 232. ISBN   9781440861604.
  137. ↑ "In the South". The Cleveland Press. February 15, 1897. p. 2; "To Lift Up A race". The Cleveland Leader. February 15, 1897. p. 7.
  138. ↑ "Riot Deplored By Negro". The Plain Dealer. August 31, 1908. p. 2.
  139. ↑ Harris, Danita (December 23, 2024). "The Future of Faith: Historic St. John AME Church in Cleveland embraces change to secure its mission". WKYC. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  140. ↑ "Sokoloff Fills Hackneyed Art With New Life". The Cleveland Press. February 2, 1925. p. 22.
  141. ↑ Frazier, Nishani (2017). Harambee City: The Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the Rise of Black Power Populism. Fayetteville, Ark.: The University of Arkansas Press. p. 31. ISBN   9781682260180.
  142. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: St. John AME Church". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved August 3, 2025.
  143. ↑ National Park Service (December 17, 1982). "St. John's AME Church. National Register Information System ID:82001370". NPS.gov. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  144. ↑ "Organize 2 Churches". The Cleveland Press. March 26, 1955. p. 3; "2 Join Staff of Inner City Parish Here". The Plain Dealer. July 21, 1956. p. 7; "Church News at a Glance". The Cleveland Press. December 22, 1956. p. 10.
  145. 1 2 "Church Gets First Permanent Home". The Plain Dealer. August 5, 1967. p. 10.
  146. ↑ "Over 300 Attend Dedication of St. Philip Church". The Plain Dealer. May 20, 1968. p. 20.
  147. ↑ Armstrong, Klein & Armstrong 1992, p. 116.
  148. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: St. Philip Christian Church". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved August 6, 2025.
  149. ↑ "Shiloh Baptist Church". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2025. Retrieved July 8, 2025.
  150. 1 2 "At Work on Foundation". The Plain Dealer. June 17, 1905. p. 12.
  151. 1 2 "New Synagogue in the East End to Cost $75,000". The Plain Dealer. June 18, 1905. p. 15.
  152. 1 2 "Dedicate With Ancient Rites". The Plain Dealer. September 10, 1906. p. 10.
  153. ↑ "Contracts to Sell Temple". The Plain Dealer. May 9, 1923. p. 17.
  154. ↑ "Open Jewish Temple Tonight". The Cleveland Press. August 27, 1926. p. 7.
  155. ↑ Armstrong, Klein & Armstrong 1992, p. 129.
  156. 1 2 Perkins, Olivera (June 23, 2025). "Shiloh, Cleveland's oldest Black Baptist church, continues to serve the Central neighborhood". Signal Cleveland. Retrieved August 6, 2025.
  157. ↑ "King Raps Church on War, Race". The Plain Dealer. September 25, 1967. p. 19.
  158. ↑ Cleveland Planning Commission (2025). "Cleveland Designated Landmarks. Property Detail: Shiloh Baptist Church". planning.clevelandohio.gov. Retrieved August 6, 2025.
  159. ↑ National Park Service (December 17, 1982). "Shiloh Baptist Church. National Register Information System ID:82001371". NPS.gov. Retrieved August 6, 2025.

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