List of invocations of the Insurrection Act

Last updated

This is a list of invocations of the Insurrection Act of 1807. [1]

The Act has been invoked for various different reasons over time. It has been used to quell individual rebellions and riots, as well as many incidents of post-civil war violence. [2] [3] The latest use of the act was during the 1992 Los Angeles riots. [4]

List

Date invokedInvokerCauseResults
April 19, 1808 Thomas Jefferson Violations of the Embargo Act of 1807 around Lake Champlain. [5] Violations continue, act repealed in 1809. [6]
February 10, 1831 Andrew Jackson Dispute around Arkansas-Mexico border. [7] Resolved before troops sent. [1]
August 24, 1831 Slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia. [8] Rebellion suppressed. [9]
January 28, 1834Riot over labor dispute in Maryland. [10] Resolved before troops sent. [10]
April 15, 1861 Abraham Lincoln Secession of southern states, American Civil War. [11] Civil war ends after four years. Beginning of Reconstruction era. [12]
October 17, 1871 Ulysses S. Grant White supremacist insurgency across former Confederacy. [13] Insurgency suppressed. [1]
May 22, 1873 Violence in Louisiana after contested election. [3] Resolved before troops sent. [1]
December 21, 1874White supremacist insurrection and massacre in Vicksburg. [14] Insurrection suppressed. [15]
May 15, 1874White supremacist attempted coup in Arkansas. [16] Resolved before troops sent. [1]
September 15, 1874 White supremacist insurgency and coup in Louisiana. [17] New Orleans and state government liberated, insurgency continues in other areas until 1877. [1]
October 17, 1876White supremacist paramilitaries in South Carolina. [18] Paramilitaries dispersed, troops stay until 1877. [1]
July 18, 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes Railroad strike in multiple states. [19] Strike suppressed. Eventual reform. [20]
October 7, 1878 War between rival business/gang factions in Lincoln County, New Mexico. [21] Most fighting stops. [22]
May 3, 1882 Chester A. Arthur Gang violence in the Arizona Territory. [23] Gangs suppressed. [1]
November 7, 1885; February 9, 1886 Grover Cleveland Riots against Chinese citizens in the Washington Territory. Occurred in 1885 and 1886. [24] Riots suppressed. [24]
July 8, 1894 Strike in multiple states. [25] Strike suppressed. Eventual reform. [26]
April 28, 1914 Woodrow Wilson Strike and uprising in Colorado. [27] Strike and uprising suppressed. Eventual reform. [28]
August 30, 1921 Warren G. Harding Strike and uprising in West Virginia. [29] Strike and uprising suppressed. Eventual reform. [30]
July 28, 1932 Douglas MacArthur Army general illegally invokes act against WW1 veterans marching for military bonuses in Washington, D.C.. [31] Protest suppressed. [32]
June 21, 1943 Franklin D. Roosevelt Race riot in Detroit. [2] Riot suppressed. [33]
September 23, 1957 Dwight D. Eisenhower Arkansas National Guard forbids Black students from a school in Little Rock. [34] Arkansas National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down. Federal troops escort Black students to school. [35]
September 30, 1962 John F. Kennedy Siege and riot of University of Mississippi due to racial integration. [36] Riot suppressed. [37]
June 11, 1963Governor of Alabama forbids Black students from a school in Tuscaloosa. [38] Alabama National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down. Federal troops escort Black students to school. [39]
September 10, 1963Alabama National Guard forbids Black students from all-white schools. [1] Alabama National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down.
March 20, 1965 Lyndon B. Johnson Alabama police suppress first Selma to Montgomery marches. [40] Federalization of Alabama National Guard before the third march.
July 24, 1967 Protests and riots against systematic racism in Detroit. [41] Riots suppressed. [42]
April 5, 1968 Riots and civil unrest in multiple states after the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.. [43] Riots suppressed. [44]
November 24, 1987 Ronald Reagan Prison riot in Atlanta over announced deportations of Cuban detainees. [45] Riot suppressed. [46]
September 20, 1989 George H. W. Bush Looting in the United States Virgin Islands after Hurricane Hugo. [47] Order restored. [48]
May 1, 1992 Riots and uprising in Los Angeles over acquittal of officers who attacked Rodney King. [4] Riot suppressed. [49]

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Guide to Invocations of the Insurrection Act". brennancenter.com. Brennan Center. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  2. 1 2 "RACE RIOT OF 1943". detriothistorical.org. Encyclopedia of Detroit. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  3. 1 2 "The Colfax Massacre". history.com. History. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  4. 1 2 "When LA Erupted In Anger: A Look Back At The Rodney King Riots". npr.org. NPR. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  5. ↑ Muller, H.N. "Smuggling into Canada; How the Champlain Valley Defied Jefferson's Embargo" (PDF). vermonthistory.org. Vermont History. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  6. ↑ United States Non-Intercourse Act - March 1, 1809 Rockcastle Karst Conservancy
  7. ↑ "Proclamation 42—Ordering Persons to Remove From Public Lands in Arkansas". presidency.uscb.edu. The American President Project. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  8. ↑ Schwarz, Frederic D. "1831 Nat Turner's Rebellion," American Heritage, August/September 2006. Archived December 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine "
  9. ↑ Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff (July 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Belmont" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 27, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  10. 1 2 "Andrew Jackson and the C & O Canal". werehistory.org. We're History. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  11. ↑ "The Civil War: The Senate's Story". senate.gov. Senate. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  12. ↑ Kelly, Martin. "Timeline of the Reconstruction Era". thoughtco.com. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  13. ↑ "Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era". georgiaencyclopedia.org.
  14. ↑ "Dec. 7, 1874: Vicksburg Massacre". zinnedproject.com. Zinn Education Project. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  15. ↑ Wright, Trudy Lee (2023-02-10). "Peter Crosby (1844-1884)". BlackPast.org . Archived from the original on 2023-12-13. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
  16. ↑ Driggs Jr., Orval Truman (1947). The issues of the Clayton regime (1868–1871). (Thesis: M.A.).
  17. ↑ The White Leaguers Make a Demonstration in New Orleans. Cincinnati Daily Gazette (Cincinnati, Ohio), Tuesday, September 15, 1874, Page: 1
  18. ↑ "Proclamation 232—Law and Order in the State of South Carolina". presidency.usbc.edu. The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  19. ↑ White, Richard (2017). The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1896. Oxford University Press. pp. 346–347. ISBN   978-0199735815.
  20. ↑ Piper, Jessica (2013). "The Great Railroad Strike of 1877: A Catalyst for the American Labor Movement". The History Teacher. 47 (1): 93–110. ISSN   0018-2745. JSTOR   43264188.
  21. ↑ Roberts, Calvin A.; Roberts, Susan A. (2004). A History of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press. p. 234. ISBN   978-0826335074.
  22. ↑ Nolan, Frederick (2009) [1992]. The Lincoln County War: A Documentary History. Santa Fe, NM: Sunstone Press. pp. 304–322. ISBN   978-0-86534-721-2.
  23. ↑ "Proclamation 253—Law and Order in the Territory of Arizona". presidency.ucsb.edu. The American Presidential Project. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  24. 1 2 Clayton David Laurie; Ronald H. Cole (1997). The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1877-1945. Government Printing Office. pp. 85–109. ISBN   978-0-16-088268-5 . Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  25. ↑ "Pullman Strike | Causes, Result, Summary, & Significance | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  26. ↑ "Online NewsHour: Origins of Labor Day – September 2, 1996". PBS. September 3, 2001. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  27. ↑ "The Arrival of Mother Jones". The Spirit of Mother Jones Festival. Shandon, Cork: Cork Mother Jones Committee. 25 March 2021. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  28. ↑ Hennen, John (2011). "Reviewed Work: Representation and Rebellion: The Rockefeller Plan at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1914–1942 by Jonathan H. Rees". The Journal of American History. 97 (4): 1149–1150. doi:10.1093/jahist/jaq129. JSTOR   41508986.
  29. ↑ Hood, Abby Lee (August 25, 2021). "What Made the Battle of Blair Mountain the Largest Labor Uprising in American History". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2022-08-16.
  30. ↑ "Coal Owners Want Government to Destroy Miners' Union". The Washington Times. October 15, 1921. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  31. ↑ "'Take Job in the Forest or Go Home' Is Alternative Given to Bonus Boys", Middlesboro (Kentucky) Daily News, May 17, 1933, p. 1; "Bonus Marchers Weaken; Accept Jobs in Ax Corps", Milwaukee Journal, May 20, 1933, p. 1
  32. ↑ "Heroes: Battle of Washington". Time . August 8, 1932. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved August 30, 2011. Last week William Hushka's Bonus for $528 suddenly became payable in full when a police bullet drilled him dead in the worst public disorder the capital has known in years.
  33. ↑ "Detroit race riot of 1943". blackfacts.com. BlackFacts. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  34. ↑ "Little Rock Nine". history.com. History. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  35. ↑ "The Little Rock Nine". nmaahc.si.edu. National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  36. ↑ Elliot, Debbie. "Integrating Ole Miss: A Transformative, Deadly Riot". npr.org. NPR. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  37. ↑ "Riots over desegregation of Ole Miss". history.com. History. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  38. ↑ "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door". encyclopediaofalabama.org. Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  39. ↑ "Executive Order 11111—Providing Assistance for the Removal of Obstructions of Justice and Suppression of Unlawful Combinations Within the State of Alabama". presidency.ucsb.edu. The American Presidential Project. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  40. ↑ Dallek, Robert (1998). Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973. Oxford University Press, p. 218.
  41. ↑ Boissoneault, Lorraine. "Understanding Detroit's 1967 Upheaval 50 Years Later". smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  42. ↑ Jay, Mark; Leavell, Virginia. "Material Conditions of Detroit's Great Rebellion". jstor.org. JSTOR. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  43. ↑ Taylor, Alan. "The Riots That Followed the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr". theatlantic.com. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  44. ↑ "Significant Illinois Fires: Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassination Riots". guides.library.illinois.edu. Encyclopedia to Illinois LibGuide. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  45. ↑ Harte, Tiffany. "Pandemonium at the Pen: Cuban Refugees Riot to Stay in the U.S." atlantahistorycenter.com. Atlanta History Center. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  46. ↑ Wheatly, Thomas. "When inmates facing deportation took over Atlanta's federal penitentiary". axios.com. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  47. ↑ "Hurricane Hugo Haunts Virgin Islands". washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  48. ↑ "U.S. Orders In Troops to Quell Island Violence : St. Croix Looting and Lawlessness in Wake of Hurricane Damage Spurs Authorization by Bush". lattices.com. LA Times. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  49. ↑ "The Insurrection Act was last used in the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Invoking it again could undo years of police reform, some warn". nbcnews.com. Retrieved 3 February 2024.


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