List of shorthand systems

Last updated

This is a list of shorthands, both modern and ancient. Currently, only one shorthand (Duployan) has been given an ISO code, in preparation for inclusion in the Unicode Standard, although the Tironian et has already been included in Unicode.

Script nameISO 15924Year createdCreatorPrimary languagesNotes
Abbreviated Longhand [1] 1908Angus Weaver English Short forms based around longhand writing.
Abbreviatrix1945William Paul Mishkin
Aimé Paris Shorthand [2] 1820 Aimé Paris French
Alpha Hand [3]
AgiliWriting [4]
Bezenšek Shorthand [5] 1923 Anton Bezenšek Bulgarian
Boyd's Syllabic Shorthand [6] 1903Robert Boyd English
Brachygraphie (Folkingham) [7] 1622William Folkingham English
Brachygraphy (Bales) [8] 1590Peter Bales English
Brachygraphy (Dix) [9] 1641Henry Dix English
Brachygraphy (Shelton) [10] 1672Samuel Shelton English Based on Thomas Shelton's Tachygraphy from whom he first learned shorthand.
Burmese Shorthand1952Zwe Ohn CheinBurmese
Burnz' Fonic Shorthand1896 Eliza Boardman Burnz English
Carissimi Shorthand [11] 1940Juan Antonio Carissimi Spanish
Caton Scientific Shorthand [12] [13] Thomas Jasper Caton
Century 21 Shorthand [14]
Characterie [15] 1588Timothy Bright English
Conen de Prépean Shorthand [16] 1813Louis Félix Conen de Prépean French
Coulon de Thévenot Shorthand [17] 1776Jean Coulon de Thévenot French
Current Shorthand [18] 1892 Henry Sweet English
Cursive Shorthand [19] 1889 Hugh Longbourne Callendar English
Dacomb Shorthand [20] 1934Beatrice Eliza Dacomb English
Dement's Aristography [21] 1896Isaac Strange Dement
Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift [22] 1924 German Used in Germany.
Duployé Shorthand [23] Dupl 7551868Émile Duployé French, Romanian, English, Chinook Jargon
Dutton Speedwords [24] 1922 Reginald J. G. Dutton English, French, German, Latin Intended as an International auxiliary language
EasyScript Speed Writing [25]
Eclectic Shorthand [26] 1878J.G. Cross English
Edmond Willis's Shorthand [27] 1627Edmond Willis English
Faulmann Shorthand [28] 1875Carl Faulmann German
Forkner shorthand [29] 1952 Hamden L. Forkner English
Gabelsberger shorthand [30] 1817 (approx.) Franz Xaver Gabelsberger German
Graham shorthand [31]
Gregg Shorthand [32] 1888 John Robert Gregg English, Esperanto, French, German, Italian, Mandarin Chinese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish
Gregg Computer Shorthand /
Productivity Plus [33]
Groote [34] 1899Arnold Willem Groote Dutch Used in the Netherlands
Herout-Mikulík [35] Alois Herout and Svojmír Mikulík Czech Used in the Czech parliament.
Hy-Speed Longhand [36] 1932Andrew Graham Sexton and R. B. Sexton English
Larralde Shorthand [37] Gabriel Hilario Larralde Spanish Used in the Argentine congress.
Legible Shorthand [38] 1882Edward Pocknell English
Leite Alves Shorthand [39] 1929Oscar Leite Alves Portuguese
Lightning Legible Shorthand [40] 1906David Rose Glass English
Malone Shorthand [41]
Maron Shorthand [39] 1932Afonso Maron Portuguese
Melin Shorthand [42] 1880 Olof Werling Melin Swedish Dominant Shorthand system in Sweden.
Merrill Shorthand [43] [44] 1942Albert Merrill English Also called ABC shorthand.
Michela Shorthand [45] 1862Antonio Michela Zucco Italian Used in the Italian Senate and the Regional Council of Piedmont.
Moat's Short-hand Standard [46] 1833Thomas Moat English
Munson Shorthand [47] 1867 James Eugene Munson English
National Simplex Shorthand [48] 1919Rev. Percival Hubert Chase
Natural Shorthand [49] 1917August Mengelkamp English
New Art of Real Shorthand [50] 1919John Malham-Dembleby
New Rapid [51] 1890C.E. McKee
Notescript [52] 1964Laurence F. Hawkins English
Paragon Shorthand [53] 1895A. Lichtentag
Personal Shorthand [54] Carl W. Salser, C. Theo Yerian and Mark R. Salser English Originally called "Briefhand."
Pitman Shorthand [55] 1837 Isaac Pitman English
Polygraphy [56] 1747 Aulay Macaulay English
Prévost-Delaunay Shorthand [57] 1878Hippolyte Prévost and Albert Delaunay French
Reformed Phonetic Short-Hand [58] 1868Andrew J. Marsh English
Scheithauer Shorthand1896Karl Friedrich Scheithauer German Used in Germany.
Scheithauer/Steinmetz Shorthand [59] 2020Markus Steinmetz German Used in Germany.
Short-Writing [60] 1690Theophilus Metcalfe English
Simson Shorthand [61] 1881James Simson English
Speedwriting [62] 1924Emma Dearborn English
State Unified Stenography System (GESS) [63] 1937Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov Russian Used in the Soviet Union; also adapted for English, French, and some of the languages of the Soviet Union.
Stenographie [64] 1618John Willis English
Stenography Compleated [65] 1727James Weston English
Stenoscript 1950Manuel C. Avancena English
Stiefografie [66] 1966 Helmut Stief German Used in Germany.
SuperWrite [67]
Tachygraphy [68] 1626 Thomas Shelton English, French, German Originally called "Short-Writing."
Taylor shorthand [69] 1786 Samuel Taylor English Also known as Universal Stenography
Teeline Shorthand [70] 1968James Hill English
Thomas Natural Shorthand [71] 1935Charles A. Thomas English
Tironian notes [72] 63 BC Marcus Tullius Tiro Latin
Typed Shorthand [73] 1917William Baines English Also known as Baines' Typed Shorthand.
Universal English Shorthand [74] about 1740 John Byrom English
Wang-Krogdahl's system [75] 1936Leif Wang and Olav Krogdahl Norwegian Used in the Norwegian parliament.
Weston's Short-hand [76] 1727James Weston English
Zeiglographia1650 Thomas Shelton English
Phillips Code [77] 1879 Walter P. Phillips English Intended for English transmitted over Telegraph in Morse code.
Evans Basic English Code [78] 1947John Evans English Based on the earlier Phillips Code but for more general use.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shorthand</span> Abbreviated symbolic writing method

Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek stenos (narrow) and graphein. It has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek brachys (short), and tachygraphy, from Greek tachys, depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal.

Dutton Speedwords, transcribed in Speedwords as Dutton Motez, is an international auxiliary language as well as an abbreviated writing system using the English alphabet for all the languages of the world. It was devised by Reginald J. G. Dutton (1886–1970) who initially ran a shorthand college promoting Dutton Shorthand, then offered a mail order (correspondence) self-education course in Speedwords while still supporting the Dutton Shorthand. The business was continued by his daughter Elizabeth after his death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gregg shorthand</span> Writing system

Gregg shorthand is a system of shorthand developed by John Robert Gregg in 1888. Distinguished by its phonemic basis, the system prioritizes the sounds of speech over traditional English spelling, enabling rapid writing by employing elliptical figures and lines that bisect them. Gregg shorthand's design facilitates smooth, cursive strokes without the angular outlines characteristic of earlier systems like Duployan shorthand, thereby enhancing writing speed and legibility.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teeline Shorthand</span> Shorthand system for English developed in 1968 by James Hill

Teeline is a shorthand system developed in 1968 by James Hill, a teacher of Pitman Shorthand. It is accepted by the National Council for the Training of Journalists, which certifies the training of journalists in the United Kingdom.

Personal Shorthand, originally known as Briefhand in the 1950s, is a completely alphabetic shorthand.

Thomas Natural Shorthand is an English shorthand system created by Charles A. Thomas which was first published in 1935. Thomas described his system as "designed to meet the existing need for a simple, legible shorthand that is based on already familiar writing lines, and that is written with a minimum number of rules." The system has fallen into disuse with the decline of pen shorthand in the later 20th century, but the spirit of the system lives on in Teeline shorthand, with which it shares a number of characteristics.

Théodore-Pierre Bertin was the author of fifty-odd works on various subjects, but is primarily remembered as the person responsible for adapting Samuel Taylor's shorthand to the French language and introducing modern shorthand to France.

Speedwriting is the trademark under which three versions of a shorthand system were marketed during the 20th century. The original version was designed so that it could be written with a pen or typed on a typewriter. At the peak of its popularity, Speedwriting was taught in more than 400 vocational schools and its advertisements were ubiquitous in popular American magazines.

Forkner Shorthand is an alphabetic shorthand created by Hamden L. Forkner and first published in 1955. Its popularity grew through the 1980s as those who needed shorthand every day began to favor the easier learning curve of alphabetic systems to the more difficult symbol-based ones. Forkner was taught in high-schools and colleges throughout North America along with comparable shorthands such as AlphaHand, Speedwriting, Stenoscript and Personal Shorthand.

The Munson Shorthand system was a form of shorthand devised by James Eugene Munson, who was an official court stenographer in New York State. It is a slightly revised version of Pitman shorthand designed to make it more systematic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel Taylor (stenographer)</span> British stenographer

Samuel Taylor was the British inventor of a widely used system of stenography.

Jeremiah Rich was an English stenographer, who published a pioneering system of shorthand writing.

Stenoscript or Stenoscript ABC Shorthand is a shorthand system invented by Manuel Claude Avancena (1923–1987) and first published in 1950. Encyclopædia Britannica, perhaps erroneously, claims it was based on a system published in London in 1607. An unrelated project also called Stenoscript was written by George A.S. Oliver and published in London in 1934.

Timothie Bright, M.D. (1551?–1615) was an English physician and clergyman, the inventor of modern shorthand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Duployan shorthand</span> Shorthand writing system

The Duployan shorthand, or Duployan stenography, was created by Father Émile Duployé in 1860 for writing French. Since then, it has been expanded and adapted for writing English, German, Spanish, Romanian, Latin, Danish, and Chinook Jargon. The Duployan stenography is classified as a geometric, alphabetic stenography and is written left-to-right in connected stenographic style. The Duployan shorthands, including Chinook writing, Pernin's Universal Phonography, Perrault's English Shorthand, the Sloan-Duployan Modern Shorthand, and Romanian stenography, were included as a single script in version 7.0 of the Unicode Standard / ISO 10646

John Willis, was a British clergyman, stenographer and mnemonician. He developed a simple style of shorthand based on the work by Timothy Bright.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eliza Boardman Burnz</span> American shorthand inventor and promoter

Eliza Boardman Burnz was a nineteenth century American shorthand inventor and promoter. Her simplified alphabet, arranged in the basis of Isaac Pitman's Phonography, was the subject of Mark Twain's essay A Simplified Alphabet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Theophilus Metcalfe</span> English stenographer

Theophilus Metcalfe was an English stenographer. He invented a shorthand system that became popular, in particular, in New England, where it was used to record the Salem witch trials.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Molineux (stenographer)</span>

Thomas Molineux (1759–1850) was an English stenographer and schoolteacher.

References

  1. ↑ Weaver, Angus (1908). Abbreviated Shorthand. Internet Archive: Angus Weaver, Buffalo, New York.
  2. ↑ Burckhardt, A. (1948), La Sténographie en une Heure par la Méthode Aimé-Paris modernisée (in French), Paris: Flammarion
  3. ↑ Rosen, Steve; Palmer, Rose (1980), Alpha hand, Dictation Disc Co, OCLC   6862153
  4. ↑ Gresham, Anne (2001), AgiliWriting : 21st century shorthand, AgiliTyping, ISBN   978-1-872968-02-5, OCLC   48487021
  5. ↑ Bezenšek, Anton; Gabelsberger, Franz Xaver; International Association of Stenographers (1907), Stammbuch des Gabelsbergerschen Systems. Bezenšek, Übertragung auf die südslavischen Sprachen (in German), Wolfenbüttel, Heckner, OCLC   36477209
  6. ↑ Boyd, Robert (1903), Boyd's syllabic shorthand : an instructor and dictionary : a system of shorthand in which characters represent syllables, W.T. Moon, OCLC   36932375
  7. ↑ Folkingham, William (1622), Brachygraphie, Post-Writt. : Or, the Art of Short-writing Where most letters consist of single strokes or motions of the Pen, in best formes of Penship, London: Thomas Snodham
  8. ↑ Bales, Peter (1590), The Writing Schoolemaster, London: Thomas Orwin
  9. ↑ Dix, Henry (1641), The Art of Brachygraphy or Short-writing: by characters faire, short, swift, easie, and legible., London: Henry Dix
  10. ↑ Henderson, Frances (2008). "'Swifte and Secrete Writing' in Seventeenth-Century England, and Samuel Shelton's Brachygraphy" (PDF). The British Library. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
  11. ↑ Carissimi, Juan Antonio (1940), Taquigrafía Carissimi, Biblioteca Nacional (Uruguay)
  12. ↑ Caton, Thomas Jasper (1918), Caton scientific shorthand, Minneapolis, Minn., The Scientific Pub. Co., OCLC   11954097
  13. ↑ "Thomas Jasper Caton Scientific Shorthand 1915 edition". babel.hathitrust.org. Retrieved 2015-01-30.
  14. ↑ Christensen, Edward L (1974), Century 21 shorthand, Cincinnati, South-western Pub. Co, ISBN   978-0-538-18100-6, OCLC   858136
  15. ↑ Bright, Timothy (1588), Characterie : an arte of shorte, swifte, and secrete writing by character, London: I. Windet
  16. ↑ Havette, René (1906). Bibliographie de la sténographie française (in French). Paris: Dorbon Ainé. pp. 31–32.
  17. ↑ Metilli, Danielle. "French Tachygraphic Notes in a 1504 copy of Homer's Odyssey" (PDF). metilli.com. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  18. ↑ Sweet, Henry (1892), A manual of current shorthand orthographic and phonetic by Henry Sweet, Clarendon, OCLC   250138117
  19. ↑ Callendar, Hugh (1889), A manual of cursive shorthand, C. J. Clay and Sons, OCLC   647172293
  20. ↑ Joy, J.; Dacomb, B. E.; Dacomb, C. T. (1962), Dacomb, the Australian shorthand, Dacomb College, OCLC   220975936
  21. ↑ Dement, Isaac Strange (1906). Aristography (2nd ed.). Dement Publishing Company. A system of shorthand writing combining the principles of straight joinable and insertable vowel strokes and curved consanant strokes, both being subject to similar rules of hooks and length
  22. ↑ Czerny, Karl (1925), Umlernbuch auf die deutsche Einheitskurzschrift : Für Gabelsbergersche Stenographen (in German), Eigenverl, OCLC   72106122
  23. ↑ Perrault, Denis R; Duploye, Emile; Gueguen, Jean Pierre; Pilling, James Constantine, La sténographie Duployé adaptée aux langues des sauvages de la Baie d'Hudson, des Postes Moose Factory, de New Post, d'Albany, de Waswanipi & de Mékiskan, Amérique du Nord / [between 1889 and 1895] (in French), OCLC   35787900
  24. ↑ Dutton Speedwords dictionary: English-Speedwords and Speedwords-English, Dutton Publications, 1943, OCLC   36561079
  25. ↑ Levin, Linda (1985), Easy Script simplified, Write Protect Pub, OCLC   17474827
  26. ↑ Cross, J G (1879), Cross's eclectic short-hand: a new system, adapted both to general use and to verbatim reporting, Chicago, S.C. Griggs and Co. [1878], OCLC   2510784
  27. ↑ Willis, Edmond (1627), An Abbreviation of Writing by Character, London: George Puslowe
  28. ↑ Johnen, Christian (1904), Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 48, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 500–504
  29. ↑ Forkner, Hamden Landon (1955), Forkner alphabet shorthand; the only system of shorthand that combinesthe best features of symbols systems with easily written longhand letters, New York, Forkner Pub. Co, OCLC   58756777
  30. ↑ Geiger, Alfred (1860), Stenography, or, Universal European shorthand on Gabelsberger's principles : as already introduced in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Greece, Italy &c, Dresden, OCLC   41010411
  31. ↑ Jackson, James O. (1974-01-21). "Presidential papers snarl began in 1797". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Even so,scholars were troubled by some of the [President Woodrow] Wilson documents because of his habit of writing in Graham shorthand, an extinct system so little known as to be hieroglyphic today. Scholars examing Wilson papers in 1959 employed an 84-year-old man to decipher some of Wilson's notes. The old man was one of the few living persons who were familiar with the obsolete Graham system.
  32. ↑ Gregg, John Robert; Power, Pearl A (1901), Gregg shorthand dictionary, Gregg Pub. Co, OCLC   23108068
  33. ↑ Gregg computer shorthand for nonshorthand writers, New York: Gregg Division/McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1987, ISBN   978-0-07-022525-1, OCLC   17358410
  34. ↑ Groote, A W (1899), Stenografie voor iedereen; een alfabetisch kortschrift (in Dutch), Amsterdam, S.L. van Looy, OCLC   38743867
  35. ↑ Mistrík, Jozef (1961), Stenografia : systém Herout-Mikulík : učebnica pre ekonomické školy a pre kurzy. 2 (in Czech), Bratislava, OCLC   320136077
  36. ↑ Sexton, Andrew Graham (1932). Hy-Speed Longhand. Trenton, New Jersey: Hy-Speed Longhand Publishing Company.
  37. ↑ "16 de Diciembre de 1824: Primer versión taquigráfica en Argentina". chacoenlineainforma.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2021-05-10. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
  38. ↑ Pocknell, Edward (1882). "Pocknell's Legible Shorthand". Google Books. Retrieved 2017-05-03.
  39. 1 2 "Veja técnicas de taquigrafia para melhorar suas anotações". grupopreve.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  40. ↑ Glass, David Rose] [from old catalog (1909). The lightning legible shorthand. The Library of Congress. San Bernardino, Cal., The Glass publishing company.
  41. ↑ Script phonography, 4th edition, Script Phonography Co., Limited, 1888, OCLC   493051954
  42. ↑ Kökeritz, Helge (1929), Stenografi; Melins system (in Swedish), Hermods korrespondensinstitut, OCLC   19770187
  43. ↑ Principles of ABC shorthand, Landmark edition ; series II, Bobbs-Merrill, 1975, ISBN   978-0-672-26132-9, OCLC   16458026
  44. ↑ Merrill, Albert H (1929), Merrill's business shorthand copyrighted, Los Angeles, A.H. Merrill, OCLC   28009717
  45. ↑ "Il Sistema Michela in Senato e a Torino". cr.piemonte.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-05-14.
  46. ↑ Moat, Thomas (1833), The Short-Hand Standard : attempted by an analysis of the Circle as an introductory foundation of a New System of Stenography, which demonstratively proves that a Speaker can be followed with one third less inflections of the Pen, and consequently in one third less time than by any other system extant., London: T. Tegg and Sons
  47. ↑ Munson, James Eugene (1880), Munson's system of phonography. The phrase-book of practical phonography, containing a list of useful phrases, printed in phonographic outlines; a complete and thorough treatise on the art of phraseography ... etc, New York, J.E. Munson, OCLC   51625624
  48. ↑ Chase, Percival Herbert (1919), The national simplex shorthand, Lincoln, Eng., Lincolnshire Chronicle, OCLC   45029671
  49. ↑ Mengelkamp, August (1917), The Manual of Natural Shorthand Designed for Class or Self-Instruction - Fifth Improved Edition, Remsen, Iowa, USA, OCLC   262463989
  50. ↑ Malham-Dembleby, John (1919), New art of real shorthand, Eccleshill, Bradford, Eng, OCLC   7807489
  51. ↑ McKee, C E (1890), New rapid phonography : a complete connective-vowel system of short-hand, McKee Pub. House, OCLC   31366224
  52. ↑ Hawkins, Laurence F (1964), Notescript : a system of alphabetical shorthand especially designed for students, teachers, writers, and other notetakers, New York: Barnes & Noble
  53. ↑ Lichtentag, A (1895), Lichtentag's paragon shorthand, Lichtentag, OCLC   1968213
  54. ↑ Salser, Carl Walter; Yerian, C Theo (1968), Personal shorthand, National Book Co, OCLC   11720787
  55. ↑ Pitman, Isaac (1937), Pitman shorthand, Toronto, OCLC   35119343
  56. ↑ Macaulay, Aulay (1747), Polygraphy: or, Shorthand made easy to the meanest capacity (2 ed.), Printed for the author
  57. ↑ Delaunay, Albert (1878), Cours de sténographie (Méthode Prévost-Delaunay), Picard
  58. ↑ Marsh, Andrew J; Twain, Mark (1868), Marsh's manual of reformed phonetic short-hand: being a complete guide to the best system of phonography and verbatim reporting, San Francisco, H. H. Bancroft & Company, OCLC   6193473
  59. ↑ Scheithauer, Markus (2020), Schreib Steno! System Scheithauer/Steinmetz (in German), Köln 2022, 2nd edition, ISBN   978-3-00-062289-2
  60. ↑ Metcalfe, Theophilus (1690), Short-Writing: The most easie, exact, lineal, and speedy method that hath ever been obtained, or taught., London: J. Hancock
  61. ↑ Simson, James (1881), Compend of syllabic shorthand: being a synopsis of the system, Ayr, Shorthand Institute, OCLC   45009130
  62. ↑ Dearborn, Emma B (1927), Speedwriting, the natural shorthand, Brief English systems, inc., OCLC   4791648
  63. ↑ "СТЕНОГРАФИЯ И ЕЕ РЫЦАРЬ". Nauka i Zhizn (in Russian). Moscow. 2009. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
  64. ↑ Willis, John (1618), The Art of Stenographie : or, short writing, London: Robert Willis
  65. ↑ Weston, James, Stenograpy Compleated, Or the Art of Short-hand Brought to Perfection, London 1727, 1st edition
  66. ↑ Gunkel, Horst (1977), Stiefografie. Anleitung zum Selbststudium (in German), Verlag der Vereinigung Rationelle Stenografie Hanau, ISBN   3-921697-60-3
  67. ↑ Lemaster, A James; Hankin, Ellen G (1990), SuperWrite : alphabetic writing system. Brief course, South-Western Pub. Co, ISBN   978-0-538-60527-4, OCLC   22975956
  68. ↑ Shelton, Thomas (1710). "Tachygraphy". Internet Archive. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
  69. ↑ Taylor, Samuel (1786), An essay intended to establish a standard for an universal system of stenography, London, Printed for the author, hdl: 2027/mdp.39015077876194 , OCLC   13966685
  70. ↑ Hill, James (1968), Teeline: a method of fast writing, London, Heinemann Educational, OCLC   112342
  71. ↑ Thomas, Charles A (1937), Thomas natural shorthand; a modern, progressive system of shorthand based on natural, already familiar writing lines, New York, Prentice-Hall, inc, OCLC   18220117
  72. ↑ Mitzschke, Paul Gottfried; Lipsius, Justus; Heffley, Norman P (1882), Biography of the father of stenography, Marcus Tullius Tiro. Together with the Latin letter, "De notis," concerning the origin of shorthand, Brooklyn, N.Y, OCLC   11943552
  73. ↑ Baines, William (1917). Typed Shorthand. Cooperstown, New York: Arthur H. Christ Co.
  74. ↑ "Ward's book of days: February 29th". wardsbookofdays.com. Retrieved 2015-10-07.
  75. ↑ Wang, Leif; Flagstad, Michael; Krogdahl, Olav (1947), Stenografi, Norsk korrespondenceskole
  76. ↑ Weston, James (1727), Stenography Compleated : or the art of Short-hand brought to perfection..., London: Printed by the author
  77. ↑ Phillips, Walter (1879). The Phillips Telegraphic Code for the Rapid Transmission by Telegraph. Washington, D.C.: Gibson Brothers, Printers.
  78. ↑ Evans, John (1947). The Evans Basic English Code (PDF). Chicago, IL: John & Clarence Evans.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.