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Sojourner Truth was an American abolitionist and activist for African-American civil rights, women's rights, and alcohol temperance. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826. After going to court to recover her son in 1828, she became the first black woman to win such a case against a white man.
The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people to the Americas. European slave ships regularly used the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage. Europeans established a coastal slave trade in the 15th century and trade to the Americas began in the 16th century, lasting through the 19th century. The vast majority of those who were transported in the transatlantic slave trade were from Central Africa and West Africa and had been sold by West African slave traders to European slave traders, while others had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids. European slave traders gathered and imprisoned the enslaved at forts on the African coast and then brought them to the Americas. Some Portuguese and Europeans participated in slave raids. As the National Museums Liverpool explains: "European traders captured some Africans in raids along the coast, but bought most of them from local African or African-European dealers." Many European slave traders generally did not participate in slave raids because life expectancy for Europeans in sub-Saharan Africa was less than one year during the period of the slave trade because of malaria that was endemic in the African continent. An article from PBS explains: "Malaria, dysentery, yellow fever, and other diseases reduced the few Europeans living and trading along the West African coast to a chronic state of ill health and earned Africa the name 'white man's grave.' In this environment, European merchants were rarely in a position to call the shots." The earliest known use of the phrase began in the 1830s, and the earliest written evidence was found in an 1836 published book by F. H. Rankin. Portuguese coastal raiders found that slave raiding was too costly and often ineffective and opted for established commercial relations.
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The Royal African Company (RAC) was an English trading company established in 1660 by the House of Stuart and City of London merchants to trade along the West African coast. It was overseen by the Duke of York, the brother of Charles II of England; the RAC was founded after Charles II ascended to the English throne in the 1660 Stuart Restoration, and he granted it a monopoly on all English trade with Africa. While the company's original purpose was to trade for gold in the Gambia River, as Prince Rupert of the Rhine had identified gold deposits in the region during the Interregnum, the RAC quickly began trading in slaves, which became its largest commodity.
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Cape Coast Castle is one of about forty "slave castles", or large commercial forts, built on the Gold Coast of West Africa by European traders. It was originally a Portuguese "feitoria" or trading post, established in 1555, which was named Cabo Corso.
Compensated emancipation was a method of ending slavery, under which the enslaved person's owner received compensation from the government in exchange for manumitting the slave. This could be monetary, and it could allow the owner to retain the slave for a period of labor as an indentured servant. In practice, cash compensation rarely was equal to the slave's market value.
The Emancipation Memorial, also known as the Freedman's Memorial or the Emancipation Group is a monument in Lincoln Park in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It was sometimes referred to as the "Lincoln Memorial" before the more prominent national memorial was dedicated in 1922.
The United Nations Slavery Memorial, officially known as The Ark of Return – The Permanent Memorial at the United Nations in Honour of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, is an installation at the Visitors' Plaza of the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City, intended as a permanent reminder of the long-lasting effects of slavery and the Transatlantic slave trade. It was designed by Rodney Leon, a Haitian-American architect, and installed in 2015.
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The loyal slaves monument is an 1896 monument in Confederate Park in Fort Mill, South Carolina, dedicated to the proposition that slaves were loyal and gladly helpful to the Confederacy, and honoring them.
From the late 18th to the mid-19th century, various states of the United States allowed the enslavement of human beings, most of whom had been transported from Africa during the Atlantic slave trade or were their descendants. The institution of chattel slavery was established in North America in the 16th century under Spanish colonization, British colonization, French colonization, and Dutch colonization.
The Good Darky is a controversial 1927 American statue of a generic, unnamed, elderly African American man. Originally erected in Natchitoches, Louisiana, it stood there until 1968, but is now in a back lot off a gravel road at the Louisiana State University Rural Life Museum in Baton Rouge.
Harriet Tubman (1822–1913) was an American abolitionist and social activist. After escaping slavery, Tubman made some 13 missions to rescue approximately 70 enslaved people, including her family and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. During the American Civil War, she served as an armed scout and spy for the Union Army. In her later years, Tubman was an activist in the movement for women's suffrage.
References
- ↑ Hibbert, Kimberley (7 January 2017). "'Door of Return' monument to be erected in Accompong Town". Jamaica Observer. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
- ↑ "Angola's museum sheds light on dark history of slavery". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ↑ Diaz, Jaclyn (7 January 2023). "How reparation efforts in Barbados found an international spotlight". NPR. npr. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ↑ McAuley, James (28 May 2016). "France confronts slavery, a demon of its past". Washington Post. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
- ↑ Deb, Tanni (30 July 2018). "Inside Ghana's Elmina Castle is a haunting reminder of its grim past". CNN. Cable News Network. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ↑ Gomez, Justin (24 March 2023). "Harris to discuss 'brutality of slavery' at Cape Coast Castle during weeklong Africa visit". ABC News. ABC News Internet Ventures. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ↑ Adrian Mourby (23 October 2011). "Freedom at last, after centuries of Dutch rule". The Independent. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ↑ Lily Girma, Lebawit (1 June 2014). "Kura Hulanda Museum". AFAR. AFAR Media. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ↑ "Through the Door of No Return", TIMEeurope, June 27, 2004.
- ↑ North, Samuel (12 March 2020). "Remembering Slavery in Urban Cape Town: Emancipation or Continuity?". International Review of Social History. 65 (S28): 197–223. doi:10.1017/S0020859020000188. ISSN 0020-8590.
- ↑ Harrisberg, Kim (17 January 2020). "Slave descendants in tiny South African town battle for church-owned land". Reuters. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ↑ van Stipriaan, Alex (2004). "July 1, Emancipation Day in Suriname: A Contested Lieu de Mémoire, 1863-2003". NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 78 (3/4): 269–304. ISSN 1382-2373.
- ↑ "Liverpool walk marks Slavery Remembrance Day". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 23 August 2024. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ↑ "Hull's Wilberforce museum reopens after three years". 20 May 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2023.
- ↑ Ono-George, Meleisa (17 September 2024). "Why London's new slavery memorial is so important: 'The past that is not past reappears, always, to rupture the present'". The Conversation. The Conversation Trust (UK) Limited. Archived from the original on 17 September 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ↑ "Bristol and the Transatlantic Traffic in Enslaved Africans". Bristol Museums Collections. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ↑ "Bristol vandalism: Enslaved African man's grave restored". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 24 September 2021. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ↑ "Almost 100 Bristolians received compensation after abolition of slavery". Bristol24/7. Bristol24/7 CIC. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ↑ Luckhurst, Toby (13 July 2023). "The fight over a Confederate statue in Arlington National Cemetery". Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ↑ Guerra, Cristela (30 June 2020). "Boston Art Commission Votes to Remove Emancipation Memorial from Park Square". WBUR. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ↑ Daugherty, Ellen (20 October 2019). "The rise and fall of a racist monument: the Good Darky, National Geographic Magazine, and civil rights activism". Nineteenth-Century Contexts. 41 (5): 631–649. doi:10.1080/08905495.2019.1669369. ISSN 0890-5495.
- ↑ Francis, Meredith (7 November 2022). "On This Day in Illinois History: Alton Abolitionist Elijah Lovejoy Killed By Mob". WWTV Playlist. WWCI. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2024.