List of stadtholders in the Low Countries

Last updated

Map of the Low Countries between 1566 and 1648. Territories in blue were ecclesiastical lands not part of the Habsburg Netherlands (Seventeen Provinces). The Low Countries.png
Map of the Low Countries between 1566 and 1648. Territories in blue were ecclesiastical lands not part of the Habsburg Netherlands (Seventeen Provinces).

This is a list of stadtholders (Dutch : stadhouders, German : Statthalter) or governors (French : gouverneurs) in the Low Countries, or historical Netherlands region. This includes all the territories in the Low Countries that were acquired by the House of Habsburg in the 15th and 16th century and were politically united as the Habsburg Netherlands, then known as the "Seventeen Provinces". It also includes non-Habsburg territories, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Liège (until 1794), the Princely Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy (until 1794), the Prince-Bishopric of Cambrésis and the Imperial City of Cambray (until 1678), the Principality of Sedan (until 1651), the Duchy of Bouillon (until 1795), and the Duchy of Jülich (until 1795).

Contents

Background

The stadtholders or governors were appointed from the ranks of the high nobility, and acted as deputies of a monarch, such as the dukes of Burgundy, Saxony and Guelders, the kings of Spain, or the archdukes of Austria. During the Eighty Years' War, the States(-General) of provinces which rebelled against the Spanish crown started appointing their own stadtholders, establishing a symbiotic relationship between States and stadtholders in what would become the Dutch Republic. Throughout the war, some areas had two stadtholders: those appointed by the Habsburgs, and those appointed by the States in revolt.

By county, duchy, and lordship

County of Artois

The County of Artois (Dutch : Artesië) was a province of France, held by the Dukes of Burgundy from 1384 until 1477/82, and a state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1493 until 1659. Through the Burgundian treaty of 1548, it was made part of the Habsburg Netherlands (Seventeen Provinces) until 1659, when it was reincorportated into France.

In Habsburg service:

Duchy of Brabant

The Duchy of Brabant had no stadtholder, since the governor-general administered this region directly from Brussels. William of Orange once proposed to appoint a kind of stadtholder (he called it superintendent) to be able to persuade the States of Brabant to obey, because without the stadtholder the States could act too independently. He implied that he himself would be a good candidate for the office. However, his proposal was rejected by Granvelle. [5] At the Entry of William of Orange to Brussels in September 1577, Orange did receive the medieval title of ruwaard from the hands of the States of Brabant, which came down to a stadtholdership, but mainly had symbolic value.

Prince-Bishopric of Cambrai

Although the Prince-Bishopric of Cambrai (Dutch : Kamerijk) or Cambrésis was not formally part of the Habsburg Netherlands but was sovereign and directly under the emperor, the emperor was also always from the House of Habsburg, and the city of Cambrai had had a Spanish garrison as its occupation since 1543. The Spanish Habsburgs therefore appointed governors (stadtholders) over Cambrai who were not answerable to the prince-bishop residing in Le Cateau-Cambrésis.

In Habsburg service
In States-General service
In French service
In Habsburg service
In French service

County of Drenthe

In Habsburg service
In States-General service

County of Flanders

In Habsburg service

In States-General service:

Lordship of Frisia

Lordship of Groningen

Duchy of Guelders

Upper Guelders

County of Hainaut

County of Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht

The stadtholdership of Holland and Zealand has always been combined. Since the office was instituted there in 1528, the stadtholder of Utrecht has been the same as the one of Holland, with one exception. In 1572, William of Orange was elected as the stadtholder, although Philip II had appointed a different one.

During the First Stadtholderless Period, the provinces of Holland, Zealand and Utrecht were governed by their States free from autocratic intervention. The Second Stadtholderless Period in Holland ended when the Frisian stadtholder became hereditary stadtholder for all provinces of the Dutch Republic.

Duchy of Jülich

Only one Habsburg stadtholder was ever appointed over the Duchy of Jülich, when that country was occupied in 1543 at the end of the Guelders Wars. However, it soon became clear that Jülich would not become part of the Habsburg Netherlands, but remained in the possession of the House of La Marck. The stadtholdership was abolished the same year.

Duchy of Luxemburg

Lordship of Overijssel

Duchy of Limburg

Lordship of Mechelen

County of Namur

In Habsburg service:

Tournaisis

In Habsburg service
In States-General service

See also

The Low Countries in 1560. .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Habsburg Netherlands Prince-Bishopric of Liege Principality of Stavelot-Malmedy Prince-Bishopric of Cambresis Spanish Netherlands.svg
The Low Countries in 1560.

Related Research Articles

<i>Stadtholder</i> Low Countries governing official from 14th to 18th centuries

In the Low Countries, a stadtholder was a steward, first appointed as a medieval official and ultimately functioning as a national leader. The stadtholder was the replacement of the duke or count of a province during the Burgundian and Habsburg period.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">House of Orange-Nassau</span> European dynasty of German and Dutch origin

The House of Orange-Nassau is the current reigning house of the Netherlands. A branch of the European House of Nassau, the house has played a central role in the politics and government of the Netherlands and elsewhere in Europe, particularly since William the Silent organised the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule, which after the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) led to an independent Dutch state. William III of Orange led the resistance of the Netherlands and Europe to Louis XIV of France and orchestrated the Glorious Revolution in England that established parliamentary rule. Similarly, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands was instrumental in the Dutch resistance during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William the Silent</span> Dutch statesman and revolt leader (1533–1584)

William the Silent or William the Taciturn, more commonly known in the Netherlands as William of Orange, was the leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs that set off the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648. Born into the House of Nassau, he became Prince of Orange in 1544 and is thereby the founder of the Orange-Nassau branch and the ancestor of the monarchy of the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, he is also known as Father of the Fatherland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William II, Prince of Orange</span> Prince of Orange

William II was sovereign Prince of Orange and Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, Overijssel and Groningen in the United Provinces of the Netherlands from 14 March 1647 until his death three years later on 6 November 1650. His death marked the beginning of the First Stadtholderless Period, leading to the rise of Johan De Witt, who stayed in power for the next 22 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amalie of Solms-Braunfels</span> Princess consort of Orange (1602–1675)

Amalia of Solms-Braunfels was Princess of Orange by marriage to Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange. She acted as the political adviser of her spouse during his reign, and acted as his de facto deputy and regent during his infirmity from 1640 to 1647. She also served as chair of the regency council during the minority of her grandson William III, Prince of Orange from 1650 until 1672.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eighty Years' War</span> War in the Habsburg Netherlands (c. 1566/1568–1648)

The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government. The causes of the war included the Reformation, centralisation, excessive taxation, and the rights and privileges of the Dutch nobility and cities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz</span> Prince of Nassau-Dietz

William Frederick, was Count of Nassau-Dietz, Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe.

Charles de Brimeu, was the last count of Meghem, lord of Humbercourt, of Houdain and Éperlecques. He was grandson of Guy of Brimeu, who was beheaded in Ghent. He became the last ceremonial Hereditary Marshal of Brabant of his family: he sold this ceremonial office to Gaspard II Schetz.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Claude de Berlaymont</span>

Claude de Berlaymont, lord of Haultpenne, was a Flemish military commander in Spain's Army of Flanders during the Eighty Years' War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lordship of Frisia</span> Feudal dominion in the Netherlands

The Lordship of Frisia or Lordship of Friesland was a feudal dominion in the Netherlands. It was formed in 1498 by King Maximilian I and reformed in 1524 when Emperor Charles V conquered Frisia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philip de Lalaing, 3rd Count of Lalaing</span>

Philip de Lalaing was 3rd Count of Lalaing and Lord of Escornaix and Wavrin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marquis of Veere and Flushing</span> One of the titles of the Dutch monarch

Marquis of Veere and Flushing is one of the titles of the kings and queens of the Netherlands. It was originally a Dutch title of nobility referring to the cities of Veere and Vlissingen, in the southwestern Netherlands. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V created the title in 1555 for his distant relative, Maximilian of Burgundy, who had by then ruled as Lord of Veere. After being held by the kings of Spain and England and claimed by the kings in Prussia, it definitively passed to the House of Orange-Nassau.

de Lalaing family Flemish noble family

The de Lalaingfamily is a noble family from the south of Flanders which played an important role in the history of the County of Hainaut and of the Netherlands. The current family belongs to the Belgian nobility.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">House of Brimeu</span> Noble family

Brimeu is a noble family, some members belonging to the Flemish aristocracy. Brimeux, previously in Flanders, is now in France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marie de Brimeu</span> Belgian botanist

Marie de Brimeu, was a Flemish noblewoman known for her knowledge of botany and horticulture. She inherited her titles from her uncle, Charles de Brimeu, Count of Meghem, when he died in 1572, becoming the Countess of Meghem. Her second marriage in 1580 to Charles III, Prince of Chimay, elevated her to the rank of princess.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eighty Years' War, 1572–1576</span> Second phase of the Eighty Years War

The period between the Capture of Brielle and the Pacification of Ghent was an early stage of the Eighty Years' War between the Spanish Empire and groups of rebels in the Habsburg Netherlands.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gorter-Van Royen 1995, p. 369.
  2. ↑ Gorter-Van Royen 1995, p. 366.
  3. 1 2 Louis-Prosper Gachard, Relations des ambassadeurs vénitiens sur Charles-quint et Philippe II (1847) 86.
  4. 1 2 Soen, Violet (2012). Vredehandel : Adellijke en Habsburgse verzoeningspogingen tijdens de Nederlandse Opstand (1564-1581). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 40. ISBN   9789089643773 . Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  5. ↑ Robert Fruin, Het voorspel van den tachtigjarigen oorlog (1859).
  6. ↑ Anton van der Lem. "Noircarmes, Philip of Saint-Aldegonde, lord of". dutchrevolt.leiden.edu. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 Société de l'histoire de Belgique (1872). "Collection de mémoires relatifs à l'histoire de Belgique". Google Books. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  8. ↑ "Lodovico Guicciardini, Description of the entire Netherlands, also called Nederduitsland, Dutch-language edition of 1612" (PDF). museumplantinmoretus.be. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  9. ↑ Bloembergen, Auke (1860). De intrede en huldiging van Frans, Hertog van Anjou, Alençon, Berry, enz. als Hertog van Braband en Markgraaf van Antwerpen, binnen Antwerpen den 19den Februarij 1582: benevens geschiedkundige bijzonderheden over de voornaamste personen die daarbij tegenwoordig waren [The entry and inauguration of Francis, Duke of Anjou, Alençon, Berry, etc., as Duke of Brabant and Margrave of Antwerp, within Antwerp on the 19th of February 1582: together with historical details of the principal persons who were present at the event]. Hazenberg. p. 114.
  10. ↑ S.P. Haak (1918). "Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Volume 4". DBNL. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  11. 1 2 3 "Coins - Southern Netherlands - Kamerijk - Munthandel G. Henzen". henzen.org. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  12. ↑ "Hugo de Groot, Correspondence of Hugo Grotius. Volume 5 - dbnl". DBNL (in Dutch). 1966. Retrieved 19 July 2022. Carlos de Coloma
  13. ↑ Henri Moreau (2020). Eglise, gens d'Eglise et identité comtoise. Editions du Cerf. ISBN   9782204118552 . Retrieved 19 July 2022– via Google Books.
  14. ↑ A. J. van der Aa (1852). "Biographical Dictionary of the Netherlands". resources.huygens.knaw.nl. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  15. ↑ After the 'Treason of Rennenberg' (3 March 1580), Orange became de facto stadtholder of the northern regions on behalf of the States-General; in fact, however, the States had no authority over Groningen and Drenthe in these years.
  16. 1 2 Lucas Oldenhuis Gratama, De Stadhouders van Drenthe, hunne magt en staatsregterlijke verhouding tot de landschap (1867) 4-6.
  17. ↑ After Coevorden was captured from the Spanish government troops in 1592, the plenipotentiary Drenthe nobles appointed William Louis on 5 January 1593 in Kampen as stadtholder of the County of Drenthe. This was not confirmed by the States-General in The Hague until 24 August 1596.
  18. ↑ Willem Pieter Blockmans, Bourgondië voorbij: De Nederlanden 1250-1650 (2010) 211–214. Uitgeverij Verloren.
  19. ↑ After Egmont's execution, Flanders (probably) temporarily had no stadtholder. Jean de Croÿ (the Count of Rœulx) is mentioned as his successor, but he did not receive his appointment until 3 July 1572.
  20. 1 2 Tracy 2008, p. 157.
  21. 1 2 Gorter-Van Royen 1995, p. 371.
  22. ↑ Berlaymont, Charles, graaf van. Universiteit Leiden.
  23. ↑ Jean Coenen, Baanderheren, boeren en burgers (2004) 145.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.