List of state leaders in 1428

Last updated September 08, 2019

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1428.

A head of state is the public persona who officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. Depending on the country's form of government and separation of powers, the head of state may be a ceremonial figurehead or concurrently the head of government. In a parliamentary system, such as India, the head of state usually has mostly ceremonial powers, with a separate head of government. However in some parliamentary systems, like South Africa, there is an executive president that is both head of state and head of government. Likewise, in some parliamentary systems the head of state is not the head of government, but still has significant powers, for example Morocco. In contrast, a semi-presidential system, such as France, has both heads of state and government as the de facto leaders of the nation. Meanwhile, in presidential systems such as the United States, the head of state is also the head of government.

The head of government is either the highest or second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. "Head of government" is often differentiated from "head of state", as they may be separate positions, individuals, or roles depending on the country.

Africa

Ethiopian Empire – Yeshaq I (1414–1429)

The Americas

Inca Empire – Viracocha (1410–1437)

Asia

China (Ming dynasty) - Xuande Emperor (1425–1435)
Kingdom of Chūzan - Shō Hashi (1422–1439)
Japan (Muromachi period)
- Monarch -
  1. Emperor Shōkō (1412–1428)
  2. Emperor Go-Hanazono (1428–1464)
- Shōgun (Ashikaga shogunate) - vacant
Emperor Shōkō was the 101st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1412 through 1428.
Emperor Go-Hanazono was the 102nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1428 through 1464.
The Ashikaga shogunate, also known as the Muromachi shogunate, was a dynasty originating from one of the plethora of Japanese daimyō which governed Japan from 1338 to 1573, the year in which Oda Nobunaga deposed Ashikaga Yoshiaki. The heads of government were the shōgun. Each was a member of the Ashikaga clan.
Joseon (Korea) – Sejong the Great (1418–1450)
Kingdom of Nanzan – Taromai (1415–1429)
Siam
- Ayutthaya Kingdom – Borommarachathirat II (1424–1448)
- Sukhothai Kingdom – Maha Thammaracha IV (1419–1438)
The Ayutthaya Kingdom was a Siamese kingdom that existed from 1350 to 1767. Ayutthaya was friendly towards foreign traders, including the Chinese, Vietnamese, Portuguese, Indians, Japanese, Koreans, Persians, and later Spaniards, Dutch, English, and French, permitting them to set up villages outside the walls of the capital, also called Ayutthaya.
Borommarachathirat II or Borom Rachathirat II, also known as Chao Sam Phraya (?–1448), was a king of Ayutthaya. His reign saw its early expansions.
The Kingdom of Sukhothai was an early kingdom in the area around the city Sukhothai, in north central Thailand. The Kingdom existed from 1238 until 1438. The old capital, now 12 km outside Sukhothai in Tambon Mueang Kao, is in ruins and has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Historical Park.

The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by Han Chinese. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng, numerous rump regimes loyal to the Ming throne – collectively called the Southern Ming – survived until 1662.

Xuande Emperor emperor of the Ming Dynasty

The Xuande Emperor, personal name Zhu Zhanji (朱瞻基), was the fifth Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1425 to 1435. His era name "Xuande" means "Proclamation of Virtue".

Shō Hashi was the last chief of Chūzan and the first king of the Ryukyu Kingdom, uniting the three polities of Chūzan, Hokuzan, and Nanzan by conquest. His name as rendered in Japanese is "Shō Hashi"; in Chinese, he is known as Shang Bazhi.

Europe

Kingdom of Aragon – Alfonso V (1416–1458)
Duchy of Burgundy – Philip III, the Good (1419–1467)
Byzantine Empire – John VIII Palaiologos (1425–1448)
Crown of Castile – John II (1406–1454)
Kingdom of England (House of Lancaster) - Henry VI (1422–1461 and 1470–1471).
Kingdom of France (House of Valois) - Charles VII (1422–1461)
County of Guastalla – Guido Torelli (1406–1449)
Holy Roman Empire (House of Luxembourg) - Sigismund, King of the Romans (1410–1437)
- Duchy of Austria – Albert V (1404–1439)
- Bavaria-Ingolstadt – Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria (1413–1443)
- Bavaria-Munich – Ernest, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1397–1438)
- Brandenburg –
  - Elector - Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (1415–1440)
  - Margrave (holder of actual control in the area) - John the Alchemist, Margrave of Brandenburg (1425–1437)
- County of Hainaut and County of Holland (Civil war between Jacqueline and Philip)
  - Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, Duchess of Bavaria-Straubing (House of Wittelsbach) (1417–1432), ruled in Gouda and surroundings
  - Philip III, the Good, Regent of Hainaut and Holland (House of Valois) (1425–1432), ruled in Hainaut and most of Holland and Zeeland
The Duchy of Austria was a medieval principality of the Holy Roman Empire, established in 1156 by the Privilegium Minus, when the Margraviate of Austria (Ostarrîchi) was detached from Bavaria and elevated to a duchy in its own right. After the ruling dukes of the House of Babenberg became extinct in male line, there was as much as three decades of rivalry on inheritance and rulership, until the German king Rudolf I took over the dominion as the first monarch of the Habsburg dynasty in 1276. Thereafter, Austria became the patrimony and ancestral homeland of the dynasty and the nucleus of the Habsburg Monarchy. In 1453, the archducal title of the Austrian rulers, invented by Duke Rudolf IV in the forged Privilegium Maius of 1359, was officially acknowledged by the Habsburg emperor Frederick III.
Bavaria-Ingolstadt was a duchy which was part of the Holy Roman Empire from 1392 to 1447.
Duke Louis VII of Bavaria was Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt from 1413 until 1443. He was a son of Stephen III and Taddea Visconti.
Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Vytautas the Great (1392–1430)
Kingdom of Naples – Joanna II (1414–1435)
Kingdom of Navarre – Blanche I (1425–1441)
Ottoman (Turkish) Empire – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan (1421–1451)
Kingdom of Poland – Wladislaus II (1386–1434)
Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves –
- Monarch – John I (1385–1433)
- Co-regent – Infante Edward (1412–1433)
Grand Duchy of Moscow – Vasili II, Grand Prince of Moscow (1425–1462)
Kingdom of Scotland – James I (1406–1437)
Republic of Venice – Francesco Foscari, Doge of Venice (1423–1457)

The Kingdom of Aragon was a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain. It should not be confused with the larger Crown of Aragon, that also included other territories — the Principality of Catalonia, the Kingdom of Valencia, the Kingdom of Majorca, and other possessions that are now part of France, Italy, and Greece — that were also under the rule of the King of Aragon, but were administered separately from the Kingdom of Aragon.

Alfonso the Magnanimous was the King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica, Sicily and Count of Barcelona from 1416, and King of Naples from 1442 until his death. He was one of the most prominent figures of the early Renaissance and a knight of the Order of the Dragon.

The Duchy of Burgundy emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient Kingdom of the Burgundians, which after its conquest in 532 had formed a constituent part of the Frankish Empire. Upon the 9th-century partitions, the French remnants of the Burgundian kingdom were reduced to a ducal rank by King Robert II of France in 1004. Robert II's son and heir, King Henry I of France, inherited the duchy but ceded it to his younger brother Robert in 1032. Other portions had passed to the Imperial Kingdom of Arles and the County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté).

Middle East and North Africa

Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans) – Qara Osman (1403–1435)
Kingdom of Cyprus – Janus (1398–1432)
Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt – Barsbay (1422–1437)
Empire of Trebizond – Alexios IV (1416–1429)

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