List of state leaders in 1440

Last updated September 08, 2019

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1440.

A head of state is the public persona who officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. Depending on the country's form of government and separation of powers, the head of state may be a ceremonial figurehead or concurrently the head of government. In a parliamentary system, such as India, the head of state usually has mostly ceremonial powers, with a separate head of government. However in some parliamentary systems, like South Africa, there is an executive president that is both head of state and head of government. Likewise, in some parliamentary systems the head of state is not the head of government, but still has significant powers, for example Morocco. In contrast, a semi-presidential system, such as France, has both heads of state and government as the de facto leaders of the nation. Meanwhile, in presidential systems such as the United States, the head of state is also the head of government.

The head of government is either the highest or second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. "Head of government" is often differentiated from "head of state", as they may be separate positions, individuals, or roles depending on the country.

Africa

Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt – Jaqmaq (1438–1453)
Ethiopian Empire – Zara Yaqob (1434–1468)

The Mamluk Sultanate was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Historians have traditionally broken the era of Mamlūk rule into two periods—one covering 1250–1382, the other, 1382–1517. Western historians call the former the "Baḥrī" period and the latter the "Burjī" due to the political dominance of the regimes known by these names during the respective eras. Contemporary Muslim historians refer to the same divisions as the "Turkic" and "Circassian" periods in order to stress the change in the ethnic origins of the majority of Mamlūks.

The Ethiopian Empire, also known by the exonym "Abyssinia", or just simply Ethiopia was a kingdom that spanned a geographical area in the current states of Eritrea and Ethiopia. It began with the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty from approximately 1270 and lasted until 1974, when the ruling Solomonic dynasty was overthrown in a coup d'état by the Derg.

Zar'a Ya`qob or Zera Yacob was the Emperor of Ethiopia, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty who ruled under regnal name Kwestantinos I or Constantine I, from the old province of Shewa, where the capital of the Amhara emperors was located before the post-16th-century Oromo migrations and the destructive war with Gran Ahmad. Born at Telq in the province of Fatajar, Zara Yaqob was the youngest son of Dawit I and his youngest wife, Igzi Kebra.

Asia

Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans) – Uzun Hassan (1435–1478)
Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam) – Borommarachathirat II (1424–1448)
China (Ming dynasty) - Zhengtong Emperor (1435–1449)
Delhi Sultanate – Muhammad Shah (1434–1445)
Gajapati Kingdom – Kapilendra Deva (1434–1467)
Japan (Muromachi period)
- Monarch – Emperor Go-Hanazono (1428–1464)
- Ashikaga shogunate - Ashikaga Yoshinori (1429–1441)
Emperor Go-Hanazono was the 102nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1428 through 1464.
The Ashikaga shogunate, also known as the Muromachi shogunate, was a dynasty originating from one of the plethora of Japanese daimyō which governed Japan from 1338 to 1573, the year in which Oda Nobunaga deposed Ashikaga Yoshiaki. The heads of government were the shōgun. Each was a member of the Ashikaga clan.
Ashikaga Yoshinori was the sixth shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned from 1429 to 1441 during the Muromachi period of Japan. Yoshinori was the son of the third shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. His childhood name was Harutora (春寅).
Joseon (Korea) – Sejong the Great (1418–1450)
Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Chū (1440–1442)
Empire of Trebizond – John IV (1429–1459)

The Aq Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans was a Persianate Sunni Oghuz Turkic tribal confederation that ruled parts of present-day Eastern Turkey from 1378 to 1501, and in their last decades also ruled Armenia, Azerbaijan, most part of Iran, and Iraq.

The Ayutthaya Kingdom was a Siamese kingdom that existed from 1350 to 1767. Ayutthaya was friendly towards foreign traders, including the Chinese, Vietnamese, Portuguese, Indians, Japanese, Koreans, Persians, and later Spaniards, Dutch, English, and French, permitting them to set up villages outside the walls of the capital, also called Ayutthaya.

Borommarachathirat II or Borom Rachathirat II, also known as Chao Sam Phraya (?–1448), was a king of Ayutthaya. His reign saw its early expansions.

Europe

Kingdom of Aragon – Alfonso V (1416–1458)
Duchy of Burgundy – Philip III, the Good (1419–1467)
Byzantine Empire – John VIII Palaiologos (1425–1448)
Crown of Castile – John II (1406–1454)
Kingdom of Cyprus – John II (1432–1458)
Kingdom of Denmark – Christopher III, King of Denmark (1440–1448)
Kingdom of England - Henry VI (1422–1461 and 1470–1471)
Kingdom of France - Charles VII (1422–1461)
Holy Roman Empire –
1. Albert II, King of the Romans (1437–1440)
2. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1440–1493)
- Republic of Florence – Cosimo de' Medici, Gonfaloniere of Justice and de facto ruler of the Republic of Florence (1434–1464)
- Duchy of Milan – Filippo Maria Visconti (1412–1447)
The Republic of Florence, also known as the Florentine Republic, was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany. The republic originated in 1115, when the Florentine people rebelled against the Margraviate of Tuscany upon the death of Matilda of Tuscany, who controlled vast territories that included Florence. The Florentines formed a commune in her successors' place. The republic was ruled by a council known as the Signoria of Florence. The signoria was chosen by the gonfaloniere, who was elected every two months by Florentine guild members. The Republic, despite having a large degree of autonomy, was formally part of the Holy Roman Empire throughout its existence.
Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici, called "the Elder" and posthumously "Father of the Fatherland", was an Italian banker and politician, the first member of the Medici family that de facto ruled Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance. Despite his influence, his power was not absolute; Florence's legislative councils at times resisted his proposals throughout his life, and he was always viewed as primus inter pares rather than an autocrat. His power derived from his wealth as a banker, and he was a great patron of learning, the arts and architecture.
Gonfaloniere of Justice was a post in the government of medieval and early Renaissance Florence. Like Florence's Priori, it was introduced in 1293 when Giano Della Bella's Ordinances of Justice came into force.
Kingdom of Hungary – Ladislaus V (1440–1457)
Grand Duchy of Lithuania -
1. Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Grand Duke of Lithuania (1432–1440)
2. Casimir IV Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania (1440–1492)
Khanate of Kazan – Ulugh Muhammad (1438–1446)
Principality of Moldavia – Stefan II (1436–1447)
Grand Duchy of Moscow – Vasily II (1425–1462)
Kingdom of Naples –René I (1435–1442)
Kingdom of Navarre – Blanche I (1425–1441)
Kingdom of Norway - Eric III (1389–1442)
Ottoman Empire – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan (1421–1451)
Papal States – Pope Eugene IV (1431–1447)
Kingdom of Poland – Władysław III of Varna (1434–1444)
Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves –
- Monarch – Afonso V (1438–1481)
- Regent – Peter, Duke of Coimbra (1439–1446)
Kingdom of Scotland – James II (1437–1460)
Kingdom of Sweden – Charles Knutsson Bonde, Regent of Sweden (1438–1440)
Republic of Venice – Francesco Foscari, Doge of Venice (1423–1457)

The Kingdom of Aragon was a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain. It should not be confused with the larger Crown of Aragon, that also included other territories — the Principality of Catalonia, the Kingdom of Valencia, the Kingdom of Majorca, and other possessions that are now part of France, Italy, and Greece — that were also under the rule of the King of Aragon, but were administered separately from the Kingdom of Aragon.

Alfonso the Magnanimous was the King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica, Sicily and Count of Barcelona from 1416, and King of Naples from 1442 until his death. He was one of the most prominent figures of the early Renaissance and a knight of the Order of the Dragon.

The Duchy of Burgundy emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient Kingdom of the Burgundians, which after its conquest in 532 had formed a constituent part of the Frankish Empire. Upon the 9th-century partitions, the French remnants of the Burgundian kingdom were reduced to a ducal rank by King Robert II of France in 1004. Robert II's son and heir, King Henry I of France, inherited the duchy but ceded it to his younger brother Robert in 1032. Other portions had passed to the Imperial Kingdom of Arles and the County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté).

North America

Aztec Empire – Moctezuma I (1440–1469)

South America

Inca Empire – Pachacuti (1438–1471)

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