List of tornadoes rated on the 2018 International Fujita scale

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Damaged houses from the 2021 South Moravia tornado, which is currently tied as the strongest tornado ever rated on the International Fujita scale Moravska Nova Ves after 2021 South Moravia tornado strike (46).jpg
Damaged houses from the 2021 South Moravia tornado, which is currently tied as the strongest tornado ever rated on the International Fujita scale

This is a list of tornadoes that have been rated officially or unofficially on the International Fujita scale (IF-scale). The International Fujita scale was drafted in 2018 by the European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) along with multiple European meteorological agencies. [1] As of 2023, the scale is not officially published for use, however, various tornadoes have received official/unofficial ratings under the scale. Since the scale is not officially in use, official ratings can only come from published academic papers or analyses from a government meteorological agency or from the European Severe Storms Laboratory and their partners. On May 6th, 2023, version 0.99.9d was published, which changed it to a 9-step rating scale. [2] This replaced the 12-step scale used to rate tornadoes on this list.

Contents

List

At least 40 tornadoes received an official or unofficial rating on the 2018 draft version of the International Fujita scale, with official ones in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Italy, Russia, Greece, Germany, Turkey, Poland, Norway, Sweden, Netherlands, Cyprus, Spain, Slovak Republic, and in France, and two unofficial ones in the United States.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Tornadoes officially or unofficially rated on the International Fujita scale
IF-scale ratingDayYearCountrySubdivisionLocationNotesRated by
IF0+October 161942Denmark Kalundborg Kommune FøllenslevA tornado destroyed the roof of a hay barrack. The tornado was given an F0 rating on the F scale, T1 on the torro scale, and an IF0+ rating on the IF scale due to the roof damage [3] ESSL
IF2May 161953Denmark Kolding Municipality HejlsA strong tornado deroofed several homes, damaged a forest & tossed a chicken barn up to 3 kilometers. The tornado was given an F2 rating on the F scale, and an IF2 rating on the IF scale due to the roof damage [3] ESSL
IF2-September 61954Denmark Fredericia Municipality NørremarkThis strong tornado earned an F2/T4 rating, and an IF2- rating on the IF scale when it overturned a car [3] ESSL
IF2+September 91955Denmark Kolding Municipality Kolding An intense tornado displaced a car 20 meters into a yard, earning an F2/T5 rating, and an IF2+ rating on the IF scale [3] ESSL
≥IF2+May 102015Germany Bavaria Affing An intense tornado that destroyed trees and badly damaged or destroyed numerous structures. This tornado was rated F3 on the Fujita scale and T6 on the TORRO scale. In the initial publication of the draft version of the IF scale, damage to a sturdy house from this tornado was rated ≥IF2+. [1] [3] ESSL
IF4July 82015Italy Riviera del Brenta Dolo, Mira, Veneto A violent tornado that damaged or destroyed numerous structures, with a few pockets of damage being rated F4 on the Fujita scale. In the initial publication of the draft version of the IF scale, two locations from this tornado that were rated F4 were identified and rated as IF4. [1] [3] ESSL
IF1+November 102017Germany Brandenburg BarenthinA short-lived tornado that caused the destruction and collapse of an old house, damage to multiple other structures, and multiple trees were snapped. This tornado is rated F1 on the Fujita scale and T3 on the TORRO scale. In the initial publication of the draft version of the IF scale, damage to a shed from this tornado was rated IF1+. [1] [3] ESSL
IF1April 272018Sweden Jönköping County Värnamo A tornado struck the Industrial district of Värnamo. Several roofs were damaged, windows were destroyed & objects were thrown. The tornado received an F1 rating on the Fujita scale, but was rated IF1 on the IF scale. It was noted that it may have reached IF1+ or IF2- intensity. [3] ESSL
IF2May 112018Sweden Östergötland County VårdsbergA strong tornado snapped & uprooted several spruce trees at a forest edge. This tornado received a rating of F2 on the Fujita scale & was given a rating of IF2 on the IF scale. [3] ESSL
IF1+June 142019Denmark Aabenraa Municipality KrusåSeveral trees were downed & a garage were destroyed by this tornado. This tornado is rated F1 on the Fujita scale and T3 on the TORRO scale. The tornado received an IF1+ rating on the IF scale because of the collapsed garage. [1] [3] ESSL
IF2-June 142019Denmark Region of Southern Denmark Åbenrå This strong tornado overturned cars in a hospital parking lot. The main rating of this tornado was F2 on the Fujita scale and T4 on the TORRO scale. At an ESSL tornado-workshop on the IF-scale, this tornado was rated IF2- based on overturned cars. [3] ESSL
IF1August 102019Denmark Helsingør Municipality Ålsgårde A tornado that broke branches off oak trees that had a diameter up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in). The main rating of this tornado is F1 on the Fujita scale, however, the tree damage received an intensity rating of IF1. [3] ESSL
IF2May 292020Russia Oryol Oblast Verkhov'yeA strong tornado occurred in a forest, causing significant forestry damage. This tornado received a rating of F2 on the Fujita scale, however, it was noted that the extensive debarking, trunks being snapped, and additional debarking that was caused by "snapping impacts" were the reasons this tornado was given a rating of IF2. [3] ESSL
IF2-September 252020Denmark Albertslund Kommune Albertslund This strong tornado damaged many homes and trees within a 4.4-kilometer long & 220-meter wide path. Roof tiles were stripped off homes, large trees were uprooted or snapped & tTrampoline were thrown long distances. A tree was uprooted andthen dragged up to 2 meters across the ground. The main rating of this tornado was F2 on the Fujita scale and T4 on the TORRO scale. The Tornado received an IF2- rating because it snapped several healthy trees. . [3] ESSL
IF1November 262020Spain Andalucía Encinarejo de CórdobaA tornado damaged some roofs & damaged windshields on a car. The main rating of this tornado is F1 on the Fujita scale, however, the roof damage received an intensity rating of IF1. [3] ESSL
IF1December 92020Greece Aitolía kai Akarnanía AstakósA tornado damaged some roofs. The main rating of this tornado is F1 on the Fujita scale, however, the roof damage received an intensity rating of IF1. [3] ESSL
IF1+December 142020Cyprus Nicosia AstromeritisA tornado associated with a squall line caused roof damage, downed signs & downed trees. tornado was rated F1 on the F scale, and an IF1+. on the IF scale [3] ESSL
IF0+January 302021Turkey Hatay Province TekebaşıA Tornado damaged greenhouses & crops. The tornado earned an F0 on the fujita, T1 on the torro scale, and IF0+ on the IF scale [3]
IF1January 302021Turkey Hatay Province VakıflıA Restaurant area sustained moderate damage. Garage roof torn off, roofs damaged & a pine tree were snapped. The tornado earned an F1 rating on the fujita scale, and an IF1 rating on the IF scale. [3] ESSL
IF1February 112021Turkey Balıkesir Province PaşalimanıA tornado overturned or threw 15 small boats into the sea & damaged roofs. A forest was also damaged. It earned an F1 rating on the fujita scale, and an IF1 rating on the IF scale. [3] ESSL
IF2February 112021Turkey İzmir Province AlaçatıA strong tornado damaged or destroyed several buildings, damaged or tossed boats & flipped vehicles, one of which landed behind some walls. Trees were snapped or uprooted. The tornado was given an F2 rating on the F scale, and an IF2 rating on the IF scale. 16 people were injured [3] ESSL
IF1+March 222021Turkey Yozgat Province Külhüyük A tornado snapped power poles, resulting in power outages & snapped trees. Some roofs sustained damage & a weak outbuilding was blown down. The tornado received a rating of IF1+, but it was noted that IF2- was possible as well. [3] ESSL
IF1April 222021Slovak Republic Košický kraj OrtášeA tornado caused moderate damage to buildings and trees. The tornado was given an F1 rating on the fujita scale, and an IF1 rating on the IF scale [3] ESSL
IF4June 242021Czech Republic South Moravian Region Hrušky, Moravská Nová Ves, Mikulčice, Lužice 2021 South Moravia tornado – A violent and deadly tornado that damaged or destroyed 1,200 structures through multiple towns. In 2021, the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI) published a survey and analysis report of the tornado, rating it F4 on the Fujita scale. In 2022, a joint report with the European Severe Storms Laboratory and other European meteorological agencies officially rated this tornado an IF4, with at least 14 different locations of IF4 damage occurring. In Mikulčice, a well-built brick structure was completely destroyed, which would warrant an IF5 rating. However, a rather weak connection between the roof and the walls was found, which prevented the damage to be assigned an IF5 rating. This location was assigned peak windspeed estimated at 380 km/h (236.1 mph). [4] [5] ESSL, CHMI, SHMÚ, Charles University, Tomáš Prouza
IF1October 122021Turkey Muğla Province SelimiyeA tornado caused moderate damage to buildings and trees. The tornado was given an F1 rating on the fujita scale, and an IF1 rating on the IF scale [3] ESSL
IF1+October 212021Netherlands Zuid-Holland Barendrecht A tornado associated with Storm Aurore hit Barendrecht. Roof tiles were stripped off homes, trees were uprooted & cars were moved. The main rating of this tornado is F1 on the Fujita scale, however, the car sliding received a rating of IF1+. 4 people were injured. [3] ESSL
IF0+November 22021Turkey Mersin Province TisanA Tornado damaged roofs, downed trees, small fisher boats lifted or overthrown. A single small boat was thrown onto a tree. The tornado earned an F0 on the fujita, T1 on the torro scale, and IF0+ on the IF scale [3] ESSL
IF1November 272021Greece Elis Province Palaiochori A tornado (or tornado family) that caused damage to multiple trees, overturned cars, and caused telecommunication infrastructure damage. This tornado was rated F1 on the Fujita scale. However, Wooden power poles that were snapped by the tornado were given a rating of IF1 and damage to some roofs was given a rating of IF1-. [3] ESSL
IF2-November 292021Greece Preveza Kanali A strong waterspout came ashore and caused significant infrastructure damage. This tornado was rated a low-end F2 on the Fujita scale; however, an IF2- rating was assigned to at least one roof that was destroyed on a "likely weak frame" house. [3] ESSL
IF4 (Unofficial)December 102021United States Tennessee, Kentucky Woodland Mills (Tennessee), Cayce (Kentucky), Mayfield, Benton, Princeton, Dawson Springs, Bremen 2021 Western Kentucky tornado — A long-tracked wedge and ninth tornado spawned by the Quad-State supercell, that damaged, destroyed, or obliterated numerous structures along a path of 165.6 miles (266.5 km). This tornado was officially rated an EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita scale. During a thread on Twitter, Pieter Groenemeijer, the director of the European Severe Storms Laboratory, discussed the differences between the 2021 Western Kentucky tornado and the 2021 South Moravia tornado. In the thread, it was noted that one of the EF4 damage indicators would "probably be a D-class structure in the IF rating system, which gives a rating of IF4 when (almost) completely destroyed as seems to be the case here", meaning the 2021 Western Kentucky tornado would have probably been equivalent to at least an IF4 on the International Fujita scale. [6] [7] Pieter Groenemeijer (Director of ESSL)
IF1+December 192021Turkey Antalya Province Avsallar A waterspout that came ashore, becoming a tornado that overturned a truck passing on a road along the shore. The main rating of this tornado is F1 on the Fujita scale, however, the overturned truck received a rating of IF1+. [3] ESSL
IF1-February 222022Turkey Muğla Province Yalı A waterspout came ashore, becoming a tornado that caused damage to roofs and power lines. The main rating of this tornado is F1 on the Fujita scale, however, it is noted that a container near a local hotel was "overthrown", which received a rating of IF1-. [3] ESSL
IF1April 72022Poland Greater Poland Voivodeship Ostrów Wielkopolski An extremely brief tornado occurred in Poland which caused damage to structures and damaged or uprooted multiple trees along a path of 0.31 kilometres (0.19 mi). Based on damage to trees, it is believed this tornado could have been an anticyclonic tornado. This tornado received a rating of F1 on the Fujita scale, however, it was also noted that "IF1 category of damage was assigned (upper T2 / lower T3)" for certain portions of the tornadoes damage. [3] ESSL
IF4/IF5 (Unofficial)April 292022United States Kansas Andover An intense tornado that damaged or destroyed numerous structures, including obliterating multiple poorly-anchored structures. This tornado was rated EF3 on the Enhanced Fujita scale by the National Weather Service. On October 26, 2022, at the AMS 30th Conference on Severe Local Storms, the European Severe Storms Laboratory presented evidence through photogrammetry that the tornado had winds of at least 118.0 metres per second (264 mph), with a graphic showing IF4 and IF5 intensity. [8] [9] [10] ESSL
IF1June 272022Netherlands Zeeland Zierikzee A brief, but deadly waterspout that came ashore. The main rating of this tornado was F1 on the Fujita scale. However, it was noted that rooftiles being blown off from structures by the tornado was rated IF1- and an overturned trailer was rated IF1. [3] ESSL
IF1June 292022Czech Republic South Bohemian Region Sviny A brief tornado that caused IF1 damage at three locations along a path of 2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi). Near the beginning of the path, two mature poplar trees were damaged, with one being uprooted and the other having significantly broken branches from the crown of the tree. Both of these trees received IF1 ratings. The tornado then entered a grove of trees, causing minor damage, except branches were broken near the upper portions of the trees, indicating IF1 damage. This tornado received a rating of F1 on the Fujita scale from the European Severe Storms Laboratory, but the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, the Czech Republic's government meteorological agency, officially rated this tornado IF1. [11] CHMI
IF1August 62022Sweden Dalarnas län KallholenA tornado that uprooted a few pine trees and received a rating of F1 on the Fujita scale and T3 on the TORRO scale. However, it was noted that the uprooted trees were rated IF1. [3] ESSL
IF1October 162022Norway Rogaland Sandve The first of tornadoes in Norway that day. The main rating of this tornado was F1 on the Fujita scale, however, the European Severe Storms Laboratory gave it a "maximum intensity" rating of IF1. [3] ESSL
IF1October 162022Norway Telemark BrevikstrandaThe second of two tornadoes in Norway that day. The main rating of this tornado was F1 on the Fujita scale, however, it was noted that tree damage was up to IF1. [3] ESSL
IF3October 232022France Hauts-de-France Bihucourt 2022 Belleuse-Bihucourt, France/Leuze-en-Hainaut, Belgium tornado – A long track tornado tracked 206 km through France & Belgium, damaging or destroying many homes. The tornado was rated F3 on the Fujita scale & IF3 on the IF scale. 1 person was injured [3] ESSL

See also

Related Research Articles

The Fujita scale, or Fujita–Pearson scale, is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation. The official Fujita scale category is determined by meteorologists and engineers after a ground or aerial damage survey, or both; and depending on the circumstances, ground-swirl patterns, weather radar data, witness testimonies, media reports and damage imagery, as well as photogrammetry or videogrammetry if motion picture recording is available. The Fujita scale was replaced with the Enhanced Fujita scale (EF-Scale) in the United States in February 2007. In April 2013, Canada adopted the EF-Scale over the Fujita scale along with 31 "Specific Damage Indicators" used by Environment Canada (EC) in their ratings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornado records</span> List of world records related to tornadoes

This article lists various tornado records. The most "extreme" tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State tornado, which spread through parts of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana on March 18, 1925. It is considered an F5 on the Fujita Scale, even though tornadoes were not ranked on any scale at the time. It holds records for longest path length at 219 miles (352 km), longest duration at about 3+1⁄2 hours, and it held the fastest forward speed for a significant tornado at 73 mph (117 km/h) anywhere on Earth until 2021. In addition, it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history with 695 fatalities. It was also the third most costly tornado in history at the time, but has been surpassed by several others when non-normalized. When costs are normalized for wealth and inflation, it still ranks third today.

The Enhanced Fujita scale rates tornado intensity based on the severity of the damage they cause. It is used in some countries, including the United States, Canada, France, China, and Mongolia.

Thomas P. Grazulis is an American meteorologist who has written extensively about tornadoes and is head of The Tornado Project.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European Severe Storms Laboratory</span>

The European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) is a scientific organisation that conducts research on severe convective storms, tornadoes, intense precipitation events, and avalanches across Europe and the Mediterranean. It operates the widely consulted European Severe Weather Database (ESWD).

The European Storm Forecast Experiment, known as ESTOFEX, is an initiative of a team of European meteorologists, and students in meteorology founded in 2002. It serves as a platform for exchange of knowledge about forecasting severe convective storms in Europe and elsewhere. It is a voluntary organisation and is currently unfunded. It aims to raise awareness and provide real-time education about severe weather forecasting. ESTOFEX issues storm warnings on a daily basis. It also collects reports from the general public about severe convective weather incidents in order to validate its forecasts. Reports should be submitted to the European Severe Weather Database (ESWD).

The following is a glossary of tornado terms. It includes scientific as well as selected informal terminology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 1949</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 South Moravia tornado</span> Violent IF4 tornado in the Czech Republic

A rare, violent, and deadly long-tracked tornado struck several villages in the Hodonín and Břeclav districts of the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic in the evening of 24 June 2021, killing six people and injuring at least 200 others. The tornado struck seven municipalities, with the worst damage in the villages of Hrušky, Moravská Nová Ves, Mikulčice and Lužice.

The International Fujita scale rates the intensity of tornadoes and other wind events based on the severity of the damage they cause. It is used by the European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) and various other organizations including Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) and State Meteorological Agency (AEMET). The scale is intended to be analogous to the Fujita and Enhanced Fujita scales, while being more applicable internationally by accounting for factors such as differences in building codes.

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This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1948, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes. Also, prior to 1950, tornadoes were not officially surveyed by the U.S. Weather Bureau, which would later become the National Weather Service, and thus had no official rating. All documented significant tornadoes were instead given unofficial ratings by tornado experts like Thomas P. Grazulis.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tornadoes of 2023</span> List of notable worldwide tornadoes occurring in 2023

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "The International Fujita (IF) Scale Tornado and Wind Damage Assessment Guide" (PDF). ESSL.org. European Severe Storms Laboratory . Retrieved June 26, 2022.
  2. ↑ "The International Fujita (IF) Scale" (PDF). European Severe Storms Laboratory. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 "European Severe Weather Database". European Severe Storms Laboratory. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  4. ↑ ESSL(PDF) https://www.essl.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/24-June-2021-violent-tornado-damage-assessment-.pdf . Retrieved October 4, 2022.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ "SOUHRNNÁ ZPRÁVA k vyhodnocení tornáda na jihu Moravy 24. 6. 2021" (PDF). chmi.cz. CHMI. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  6. ↑ Groenemeijer, Pieter. "I think that double/triple brick wall houses in Czechia are on average more wind resistant than the 1,2-family houses in the U.S. For example, this looks not thát strong (inner wall of hollow concrete blocks) and one-layer brick veneer around it". Twitter. Pieter Groenemeijer. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  7. ↑ Groenemeijer, Pieter. "That structure would probably be a D-class structure in the IF rating system, which gives a rating of IF4 when (almost) completely destroyed as seems to be the case here (it was rated EF4)". Twitter. Pieter Groenemeijer. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  8. ↑ Cleary, Kyle. "Awesome image taken from a presentation on the proposed International Fujita scale given by the European Severe Storms Lab. The did a detailed photogrammetry of a still from a @ReedTimmerAccu video. I think Photogrammetrical analysis should be used much more in Tor rating. #30sls". Twitter. @Wx_Ninja. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
  9. ↑ "Storm Events Database – Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information" . Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  10. ↑ "Storm Events Database – Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information" . Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  11. ↑ "Potvrzen výskyt slabého tornáda síly IF1 z večera 29. 6. 2022 u obce Sviny (západně od Veselí nad Lužnicí)" (PDF). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Retrieved October 18, 2022.
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