[[War of the Austrian Succession]]
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Louis Billouart de Kerlérec | |
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11th French Governor of Louisiana | |
In office 1753–1763 | |
Monarch | Louis XV |
Preceded by | Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil |
Succeeded by | Jean-Jacques Blaise d'Abbadie |
Personal details | |
Born | Quimper,Britanny,France | June 27,1704
Died | September 8,1770 66) Paris,France | (aged
Spouse | Marie Josèphe du Bot |
Military service | |
Allegiance | ![]() |
Branch/service | French Navy |
Years of service | 1718-1763 |
Rank | Captain |
Battles/wars | Natchez Revolt War of the Austrian Succession Seven Years' War |
Louis Billouart,Chevalier de Querría (1704–1770) was a career French naval officer with 25 years experience who was appointed as the governor of the French colony of Louisiana,serving from 1753 to 1763. The former governor,Pierre François de Rigaud,Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal,was promoted to the post of Governor of New France. Kerlérec was a minor aristocrat from Quimper,Finistère. In the late 1750s,during the Seven Years' War,he got into conflict with other officials and had three men recalled to France. They ultimately secured the support of the government,which recalled Kerlérec in 1763 and exiled him from Paris for a year. He was exonerated and remained in Paris for his last years.
Kerlérec had to struggle in greater than usual isolation during his administration,as the French government was immersed in conducting the Seven Years' War (1756 to 1763) in Europe. This added to the difficulties of communication by ship,where travel took weeks. In addition,the government was conducting the war in North America,where it was known as the French and Indian War,and struggling to maintain its alliances with certain Indian tribes against the British. Kerlérec took precautions to defend the small French colony from a possible British attack by erecting a palisade around New Orleans,rebuilding the battery at English Turn on the Mississippi River,and anchoring an old ship at the mouth of the river at the Gulf Coast. It could be sunk to prevent entry by English ships. However,Kerlérec's request for more troops went unanswered.
Kerlérec tightened his discipline over the troops already stationed in the colony. During his governorship,relations between the Jesuit and the Capuchin orders in the colony were strained,and the local Indian tribes threatened to switch allegiances to the British if they were not provided with more supplies and trade goods. Kerlérec tried to hire Swiss mercenaries for defense,but the Commissary-Commissioner,Vincent de Rochemore,refused to pay for them. This was one of several public disagreements which they had.
After a few years of not receiving communications or supplies from France,the colony learned that France had ceded Louisiana to the Spanish as a result of the French and Indian War,and to avoid being forced to give up control to Great Britain,which had defeated France. Kerlérec and Rochemore had many public quarrels;the latter accused Kerlerec of stealing money from the colony's treasury and acting as a dictator. Kerlérec ordered Rochemore and two allies (treasurer and comptroller Jean Baptiste d'Estrehan and Antoine Philippe de Marigny) recalled to France,but they succeeded in turning the government against him. Kerlérec was recalled to France and thrown into prison in 1763. He was exiled from Paris in 1769 but was exonerated a year later. Kerlérec then returned to Paris where he died in 1770.
The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was a theater of the Seven Years' War,which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French,each side being supported by various Native American tribes. At the start of the war,the French colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers,compared with 2 million in the British colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on their native allies.
France began colonizing the Americas in the 16th century and continued into the following centuries as it established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere. France established colonies in much of eastern North America,on several Caribbean islands,and in South America. Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish,rice,sugar,and furs.
The Illinois Country,also referred to as Upper Louisiana,was a vast region of New France claimed in the 1600s that later fell under Spanish and British control before becoming what is now part of the Midwestern United States. While the area claimed included the entire Upper Mississippi River watershed,French colonial settlement was concentrated along the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers in what is now the U.S. states of Illinois and Missouri,with outposts on the Wabash River in Indiana. Explored in 1673 from Green Bay to the Arkansas River by the Canadien expedition of Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette,the area was claimed by France. It was settled primarily from the Pays d'en Haut in the context of the fur trade,and in the establishment of missions from Canada by French Catholic religious orders. Over time,the fur trade took some French to the far reaches of the Rocky Mountains,especially along the branches of the broad Missouri River valley. The "Illinois" in the territory's name is a reference to the Illinois Confederation,a group of related Algonquian native peoples.
Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial,marquis de Vaudreuil was a Canadian-born colonial governor of French Canada in North America. He was governor of French Louisiana (1743–1753) and in 1755 became the last Governor-General of New France. In 1759 and 1760 the British conquered the colony in the Seven Years' War.
Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville,also known as Sieur de Bienville,was a French-Canadian colonial administrator in New France. Born in Montreal,he was an early governor of French Louisiana,appointed four separate times during 1701–1743. He was the younger brother of explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville.
Louisiana or French Louisiana was an administrative district of New France. In 1682 the French explorer René-Robert Cavelier,Sieur de la Salle erected a cross near the mouth of the Mississippi River and claimed the whole of the drainage basin of the Mississippi River in the name of King Louis XIV,naming it "Louisiana". This land area stretched from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Appalachian Mountains to the Rocky Mountains. The area was under French control from 1682 to 1762 and in part from 1801 (nominally) to 1803.
The term French Louisiana refers to two distinct regions:
Étienne Perier or Étienne de Perier (1686–1766),also known as Perier the Elder,was a French naval officer and governor of French Louisiana from 1726 to 1733. His time as governor included some notable achievements,including the construction of the first levee along the Mississippi River in 1727. In response to the Natchez Revolt,he attempted to completely destroy the Natchez people,which increased Native American hostility toward the French in the territory. Because he failed to secure the safety of the colony,Perier was recalled as governor in March 1733. He later distinguished himself as a naval officer and privateer,including during the capture of HMS Northumberland in 1744.
Jean-Jacques Blaise d'Abbadie was the French Director-general of the Colony of Louisiana. He served from February 1763 until he died in office two years later,in New Orleans.
Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent was a French merchant and military officer who played a major role in the development of French and Spanish Louisiana.
Louisiana,or the Province of Louisiana,was a province of New Spain from 1762 to 1801 primarily located in the center of North America encompassing the western basin of the Mississippi River plus New Orleans. The area had originally been claimed and controlled by France,which had named it La Louisiane in honor of King Louis XIV in 1682. Spain secretly acquired the territory from France near the end of the Seven Years' War by the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762). The actual transfer of authority was a slow process,and after Spain finally attempted to fully replace French authorities in New Orleans in 1767,French residents staged an uprising which the new Spanish colonial governor did not suppress until 1769. Spain also took possession of the trading post of St. Louis and all of Upper Louisiana in the late 1760s,though there was little Spanish presence in the wide expanses of what they called the "Illinois Country".
Mobile was founded as the capital of colonial French Louisiana in 1702 and remained a part of New France for over 60 years. During 1720,when France warred with Spain,Mobile was on the battlefront,so the capital moved west to Biloxi. In 1763,Britain took control of the colony following their victory in the Seven Years' War. During the American Revolutionary War,the Spanish captured Mobile and retained it by the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
Fort Maurepas,later known as Old Biloxi,was developed in colonial French Louisiana in April 1699 along the Gulf of Mexico . Fort Maurepas was designated temporarily as the capital of Louisiana in 1699. The capital was moved from Ocean Springs to Mobile in 1710,then to New Orleans in 1723 on the Mississippi River. Government buildings in the latter city were still under construction.
The following is an alphabetical list of articles related to the U.S. state of Louisiana.
Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz (1695?–1775) was a French ethnographer,historian,and naturalist who is best known for his Histoire de la Louisiane. It was first published in twelve installments from 1751 to 1753 in the Journal Economique,then completely in three volumes in Paris in 1758. After their victory in the Seven Years' War,the British published part of it in translation in 1763. It has never been fully translated into English.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the U.S. state of Louisiana:
The Natchez revolt,or the Natchez massacre,was an attack by the Natchez Native American people on French colonists near present-day Natchez,Mississippi,on November 29,1729. The Natchez and French had lived alongside each other in the Louisiana colony for more than a decade prior to the incident,mostly conducting peaceful trade and occasionally intermarrying. After a period of deteriorating relations and warring,Natchez leaders were provoked to revolt when the French colonial commandant,Sieur de Chépart,demanded land from a Natchez village for his own plantation near Fort Rosalie. The Natchez plotted their attack over several days and managed to conceal their plans from most of the French;colonists who overheard and warned Chépart of an attack were considered untruthful and were punished. In a coordinated attack on the fort and the homesteads,the Natchez killed almost all of the Frenchmen,while sparing most of the women and enslaved Africans. Approximately 230 colonists were killed overall,and the fort and homes were burned to the ground.
Antoine Philippe de Marigny de Mandeville,Chevalier de St. Louis,was a French geographer and explorer. Born in Mobile in 1722,he was part of the Creole elite of French Louisiana.
Jean-Baptiste d'Estrehan de Beaupré was a high-ranking French official in colonial Louisiana and the founder of the Destrehan family there. A native of France,he was appointed Royal Treasurer of Louisiana early in the colony's history. He arrived in New Orleans in 1722,the year it was designated as the capital of Louisiana.
Vincent Gaspard Pierre de Rochemore was a French nobleman from Languedoc who entered the military as a career. In the mid-18th century,he was appointed as a colonial official in French Louisiana,where he served as the Commissary-General of the Marine and Ordonnateur of Louisiana. He is chiefly known for his bitter conflict with the Chevalier de Kerlerec,the colonial governor from 1753 to 1763,who ordered him recalled to France. Rochemore was imprisoned for a time,but he was able to get support for his side of their dispute and succeeded in having Kerlerec recalled. The former governor was sent into exile.