Lu Zhi | |
---|---|
盧志 | |
Chief of the Palace Secretariat (中書監) | |
Monarch | Emperor Hui of Jin |
In office 304–305 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Unknown Zhuozhou,Hebei |
Died | 312 or 315 Linfen,Shanxi |
Spouse | Lady of the Cui clan of Qinghe |
Relations | Lu Zhi (great-grandfather) |
Children | Lu Chen (285 - c.April 351) [1] Lu Mi Lu Shen |
Parent | Lu Ting (father) |
Courtesy name | Zidao (子道) |
Peerage | Marquis of Wuqiang (武強侯) |
Lu Zhi (died c. December 312 [2] or 315),courtesy name Zidao,was a Chinese politician of the Western Jin dynasty,and the Han-Zhao dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was a close confidant of the Prince of Chengdu,Sima Ying;throughout the War of the Eight Princes,Lu Zhi provided Sima Ying with vital advice. Lu was praised by traditional historians for encouraging his prince towards righteous decisions and remaining by his side,even after Sima Ying's fall from power and until his death in 306. After the war,he continued to serve the Jin government until his capture by the Han-Zhao dynasty,where he briefly served before he was executed for treason.
Lu Zhi was a native of Zhuo County,Fanyang Commandery and was the great-grandson of the Han dynasty military general,Lu Zhi (盧植;note the different character from his great-grandson's name). His grandfather,Lu Yu,uncle Lu Qin (盧欽) and father Lu Ting (盧珽;Lu Qin's younger brother),were officials for the Cao Wei dynasty,with the latter two going on to serve under Wei's successor,Western Jin. [3] Early in his career,Lu Zhi served as an official in the government and Prefect of the Masters of Writing before leaving the capital,Luoyang to serve as the Prefect of Ye.
When the Prince of Chengdu,Sima Ying,was assigned to defend Ye,he met with Lu Zhi and was deeply impressed by his talents. The two men trusted each other,and eventually,Lu Zhi became a key advisor for the prince. [4]
In 301,the Prince of Zhao,Sima Lun,usurped the throne from Emperor Hui of Jin. In response,the Prince of Qi,Sima Jiong,began a coalition to depose Lun and urged Sima Ying to join him. Sima Ying consulted Lu Zhi for a strategy,and he opined,"The Prince of Zhao [Sima Lun] is unjust,acting with tyranny and rebellion. He has aroused the anger of the people and spirits within the Four Seas. Currently,Your Highness commands the three armies,and should we react quickly at the right time,the people will flock to you without being summoned. As we will be sweeping away the wicked and treacherous,conquest can be achieved without a battle. However,military affairs are of the utmost importance and therefore should be cautiously handled by the sages. It is best that we appoint and promote talented individuals to win the support and respect of the people." [5] Sima Ying agreed and made Lu Zhi his Consultant Advisor and Chief Clerk of the Left. He was also placed in charge of handling official documents.
As Sima Ying marched to Luoyang,he and his soldiers were met by Sima Lun's army at Huangqiao (黃橋,around present-day Wen County,Henan). Ying's vanguard was badly defeated at first,causing him to consider retreating to defend Zhaoge. However,Lu Zhi insisted that they surprise their enemies by advancing quickly with their best soldiers during the early morning,believing that they had become overconfident from their recent victory. [6] Sima Ying agreed and sent his general,Zhao Xiang (趙驤),with 80,000 to advance with Wang Yan (王彥). As predicted,the enemy commander,Shi Yi (士猗) underestimated their momentum,allowing Ying's forces to win a great victory and cross the Yellow River.
Before the coalition could arrive,Sima Lun was overthrown and killed in a coup in Luoyang. Sima Ying's forces were the first to arrive at the capital,but as leader of the coalition,Sima Jiong took power as regent following Emperor Hui's restoration. Lu Zhi warned Sima Ying,"The Prince of Qi [Sima Jiong] commanded a million soldiers,yet he could not defeat Zhang Hong (張泓) and the like. Meanwhile,you,Great Prince,crossed the Yellow River and achieved exceptional merits. Now,the Prince of Qi wishes to share power over the court with you. However,it is said that two heroes cannot coexist,and their deeds cannot be equal. Thus,you should cite your mother's illness and request to return to your base. Honour the Prince of Qi and gradually win the support of the people within the Four Seas. This is the best strategy to take." [7]
Sima Ying accepted his suggestion and handed over all major responsibilities to Sima Jiong before returning to Ye. His actions garnered much praise and support from the people. For his contribution in the war,Lu Zhi was awarded the title of Marquis of Wuqiang and promoted to Cavalier in Regular Attendance. While in Ye,Ying entrusted all affairs to Lu Zhi and through his guidance become increasingly popular among the people while Jiong lost favour due to his arrogant personality. [8]
On one occasion,as summer was approaching,Lu Zhi reminded Ying of the more than 8,000 men who were killed at the Battle of Huangqiao. Not wanting the bodies to go to waste,he advised the prince to carry out burials for them,citing King Wen of Zhou who once ordered the burial of the skeletal remains of an unknown person he found in the wild. Ying commissioned for more than 8,000 coffins built and used funds from his fief to acquire clothing. The bodies were buried north of Huangqiao,and a stele was erected to commemorate the soldiers' deeds. Meanwhile,families of the fallen soldiers were honoured and ordered to perform seasonal sacrifices for them. Ying also submitted a petition concerning family matters and posthumously promoted the soldiers by two ranks. Additionally,he had more than 14,000 troops who died fighting for Sima Lun buried in Wen County. [9]
In 302,the Prince of Hejian,Sima Yong,was raising troops to campaign against Sima Jiong and informed Ying about it. Lu Zhi attempted to dissuade Ying from joining the plot,but the prince refused to heed his advice. [10] However,before they could launch their campaign,Jiong was killed in Luoyang by the Prince of Changsha,Sima Ai,and the latter began holding considerable power over the imperial government.
Unsatisfied with the outcome,Yong and Ying started another coalition in 303,this time to overthrow Sima Ai. Lu Zhi tried again to persuade him from joining,stating,"Lord,previously you had achieved great merits,willingly relinquished your power and refused honours,all which earned you immense respect and admiration. Right now,you should be stationing your armies outside the passes and entering the court in ceremonial robes. This is the act of a hegemon." [11] However,Ying ignored him and proceeded with Sima Yong's forces to lay siege on Sima Ai in Luoyang. After Ai's defeat in 304,Ying returned to Ye and became prime minister. He also appointed Lu Zhi as Chief of the Palace Secretariat,providing him with advice for his duty as prime minister.
Later in 304,Sima Ying was appointed Crown Younger Brother,allowing him to inherit the throne after Emperor Hui dies. Afterwards,he was said to have grown more arrogant and corrupt,losing some support from the people. Soon,the Prince of Donghai,Sima Yue,started a coalition from Luoyang to depose him but was defeated. Emperor Hui,who was following Sima Yue's forces,was captured by Ying's men,so the prince sent Lu Zhi to escort him to Ye. [12]
Not long after,the Chief Controller of Youzhou,Wang Jun,and the Inspector of Bingzhou,Sima Teng,also started their campaign against Ying. Wang Jun was victorious in every bout on the way to Ye,and when he reached the city,many of Ying's officials,generals and soldiers fled. Lu Zhi urged the prince to fall back to Luoyang with Emperor Hui,and he agreed. However,Ying's mother,Grand Consort Cheng (程太妃),was fond of the city and refused to leave,causing Ying to hesitate with his decision. Soon,many of the remaining soldiers also fled,leaving only Lu Zhi,his son Lu Mi (盧謐),his nephew Lu Chen (盧綝) and a thousand palace troops. [13]
Lu Zhi urged Ying to carry out the plan,but it was only after the departure Taoist diviner surnamed Huang (黃),whom the Grand Consort deeply trusted,that they could finally leave. With no horses and porters,Lu Zhi had to acquire ropes and deer carts from the barracks to escape on calf-drawn carts. On the way to Luoyang,Ying's party was joined by the general,Hao Chang (郝昌),and his soldiers at Ji Commandery (汲郡;around present-day Weihui,Henan). With the party rejuvenated,Lu Zhi suggested to Emperor Hui that he issue a letter of amnesty so that the emperor would be received and assisted by the common people. The party reached Luoyang,where they were placed under the authority of Sima Yong's general,Zhang Fang. Lu Zhi recommended that Man Fen (滿奮) be appointed the Colonel-Director of Retainers as many of Ying's followers who had fled earlier returned to restore some function to the government. Emperor Hui was pleased and greatly rewarded Lu Zhi. [14]
As Zhang Fang controlled the military in Luoyang,he dominated Emperor Hui and Sima Ying was powerless to stop him. After staying at the capital for so long,Zhang Fang's men were becoming restless and planned to move the emperor to Yong's base in Chang'an. In December 304,Zhang Fang ordered Emperor Hui out of the city to stay at the ramparts. The emperor was reluctant at first,but Lu Zhi persuaded him to follow Zhang Fang's command. At this point,many of the ministers had fled and gone into hiding,but only Lu Zhi stayed by the emperor's side. While Emperor Hui was away,Zhang Fang's men began pillaging Luoyang. Zhang Fang even planned to burn down the Ancestral Temple,but Lu Zhi intervened and said,"In the past,Dong Zhuo was a tyrant who burned down Luoyang,and the resentment towards him has lasted for a hundred years. Why would you want to imitate that?" Thus,Zhang Fang decided against it. [15] After three days,Zhang Fang brought Emperor Hui to Chang'an,and Lu Zhi followed them. There,Sima Ying was demoted from his position as Crown Younger Prince,while Lu Zhi was stripped of his position.
In 305,using the pretext of the emperor's forced relocation to Chang'an,Sima Yue began a coalition against Sima Yong. At the same time,a general of Sima Ying,Gongshi Fan,also rebelled in Hebei in protest of the prince's removal from power. Faced with multiple threats from the east,Sima Yong assigned Ying to Ye to appease Gongshi Fan's rebels. Lu Zhi was also brought back as Administrator of Wei Commandery and then promoted to General of the Left to follow Ying to his post. [16] However,after the two left for Ye,they were blocked by the Duke of Pingchang,Sima Mo's forces at Luoyang,so they returned to Chang'an.
Before they could arrive,there were news that Sima Yong was suing for peace with Sima Yue,so Ying went to Huayin (華陰;in modern Weinan,Shaanxi) instead. Lu Zhi continued to Chang'an,where he explained his actions and apologized to the court before returning to Ying at Wuguan. [17] From Wuguan,they fled to Nanyang but were attacked by the general,Liu Tao (劉陶),so they planned to go to Hebei to join Gongshi Fan. However,Ying was caught and placed under house arrest by the Prince of Fanyang,Sima Xiao in Ye. After Xiao died at the end of 306,his Chief Clerk,Liu Yu,had Ying killed during the night. By the time of Ying's death,all of his subordinates had already left him,but Lu Zhi remained with him until the end. He personally carried out the prince's funeral and subsequently became a subject of praise at the time. [18]
After the death of Sima Ying,Lu Zhi was appointed by Sima Yue as an Army Libationer-Consultant. He was then transferred to Commandant of the Guards,and by 311,he was serving as the Master of Writing.
In 311,Luoyang fell to Han-Zhao forces and Emperor Huai of Jin was captured in an event known as the Disaster of Yongjia. Lu Zhi brought his wife and sons north to join the Inspector of Bingzhou,Liu Kun,who was resisting the growing Han threat. However,they were captured by Han forces at Yangyi (陽邑;in present-day Handan,Hebei) and sent to the Han capital,Pingyang. There are two accounts of Lu Zhi's death. According to the entry of his eldest son,Lu Chen (盧諶;note the different character from his cousin) in the Book of Jin ,after Liu Kun recaptured his base,Jinyang in 312,Lu Chen fled Han to join him. As a result,Lu Zhi and his two other sons,Lu Mi and Lu Shen (盧詵),were executed. [19] [20]
The second account comes from the biography of the Han emperor,Liu Cong in the Book of Jin. After his capture,Lu Zhi was appointed by Liu Cong as the Grand Instructor of the Crown Yonger Brother,Liu Ai (劉乂). In 315, [21] Lu Zhi and his fellow former Jin officials,Xu Xia (許遐) and Cui Wei (崔瑋),plotted to get Liu Ai to rebel against Liu Cong. Liu Ai was losing favour as he was constantly slandered by Liu Cong's eldest son,Liu Can and his supporters,but he refused to go along with the conspirators' plans. After the official,Xun Yu (荀裕),revealed their plot,Lu Zhi,Xu Xia and Cui Wei were arrested,interrogated and executed. [22]
Once,in public,Lu Zhi asked the Lu brothers (Lu Ji and Lu Yun),"How are Lu Xun and Lu Kang related to you?" Lu Ji replied,"Just like how Lu Yu and Lu Ting are related to you." Lu Yun went pale upon hearing his elder brother's reply. Once they left Lu Zhi's presence,Lu Yun said to Lu Ji,"Was that really necessary? Maybe he has not heard about them (their grandfather and father)?" Lu Ji replied sternly,"Our grandfather's and father's fame has spread far and wide;how could he have not heard of them?" [23]
Later,when they were both working under Sima Ying,Lu Zhi,fearing that Lu Ji would gain favour with Sima Ying,advised his master,"Lu Ji compares himself to Guan Zhong and Yue Yi;he is implying that you are an incompetent master. Since ancient times,when appointing generals to lead expeditions,there has never been a subordinate who has been insolent to his master and still able to help matters." [24]
Xin Xianying (191–269) was a Chinese noblewoman,aristocrat and advisor who lived during the Three Kingdoms period. She was a daughter of Xin Pi,an official of the state of Cao Wei. The only extant historical source about her life is her biography written by her maternal grandson,Xiahou Zhan (夏侯湛),who was a notable scholar and official of the Jin dynasty. She is best known for giving advice to her family members and relatives during significant events in the history of Cao Wei such as the Incident at the Gaoping Tombs and Zhong Hui's Rebellion.
Wang Jun,courtesy name Pengzu,was a military general and warlord who lived during the Western Jin dynasty of China. By the time of Sima Lun's usurpation of the Jin throne he was established as a military commander in You Province. Although he became a target of Sima Ying as the War of the Eight Princes unfolded,he survived the chaos,ultimately supporting Sima Yue's faction. At the time of the Disaster of Yongjia which saw the collapse of Jin control in northern China,he was one of Jin's few remaining provincial powers in the north. However among claims of imperial ambitions and corruption,he clashed not only with northern tribal powers but also his Jin dynasty rival Liu Kun the Inspector of Bingzhou,before his final defeat and death at the hands of Shi Le,who had previously won Wang Jun's trust.
Liu Kun,courtesy name Yueshi,was a Chinese military general and poet of the Jin dynasty. An esteemed writer during the early years of his career,he was also known for his time as the Inspector of Bingzhou,during which he spearheaded Jin's efforts in fighting back against the Han-Zhao dynasty. Despite his determination and active role in the war against Han,he lacked the sufficient military and administrative skills to quash the growing Han threat,suffering repeated defeats and having to heavily rely on his alliance with the Tuoba-Xianbei. He was eventually driven out from Bingzhou following a decisive defeat to Shi Le in 316 and fled to Youzhou,where he allied with the chieftain,Duan Pidi. After Pidi suspected him of betrayal,he was arrested and executed via strangulation in 318.
Zu Ti,courtesy name Shizhi,was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty. Between 313 and 321,he commanded an expeditionary force to reclaim territory in northern China that were lost during the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians. Although Zu Ti received little support from the Jin court in Jiankang,he was able to push all the way to the south of the Yellow River,battling local warlords,the Han-Zhao dynasty and then the Later Zhao dynasty. Zu Ti fought Later Zhao to a truce before having his authority diminished by the Jin imperial court due to concerns of a civil war back home. He soon died in disappointment,and his gains were quickly overturned by the Zhao following his death. Zu Ti's northern expedition was the first in a series by the Jin launched against the Sixteen Kingdoms,and while it failed in the end,he has been lauded as a hero for his determination to reclaim lost northern territory.
Cai Mo (281–356),courtesy name Daoming,was a Chinese politician during the Jin dynasty (266–420). When northern China fell into chaos,Cai Mo migrated to the south,where he became a prominent minister during the early Eastern Jin period. He was most notable for his work as the Minister of Ceremonies and for being a vocal opponent of his state's attempts at reclaiming the north from their rival,Later Zhao.
Chen An,courtesy name Huhou,was a Chinese military general and warlord of the Jin dynasty (266–420) and Han-Zhao during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. During the aftermath of the Disaster of Yongjia in northern China,Chen An became a favored general of the Jin prince Sima Bao in Qinzhou,but an assassination attempt on him made by one of Bao's subordinates in 315 prompted him to declare independence in Longcheng. He submitted to the Zhao state in 319 but then rebelled in 322,declaring himself the King of Liang. His reign was short-lived,as he was defeated and executed by Zhao forces the following year.
Wang Yan,courtesy name Yifu,was a Chinese politician. He served as a minister and was one of the pure conversation leaders of the Western Jin. During the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin,Wang Yan grew popular among the court for his mastery in Qingtan and for being a patron of Xuanxue. Wang Yan vacillated between the warring princes during the War of the Eight Princes until he ended up with Sima Yue,who gave him a considerable amount of power in his administration. After Yue died in April 311,Wang Yan led his funeral procession but was ambushed and later executed by the Han-Zhao general,Shi Le at Ningping City. Though a bright scholar,Wang Yan was often associated by traditional historians as one of the root causes for Western Jin's demise due to his influential beliefs.
Zhang Fang was a military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was the influential general of the Prince of Hejian,Sima Yong during the War of the Eight Princes who helped him in subduing the Prince of Changshan,Sima Ai,and had the imperial family briefly under his control in 304. Though capable,he was infamous for his transgressions against the emperor and the cruelty that he and his soldiers displayed,with one account claiming that he had them engage in cannibalism. His act of forcibly moving Emperor Hui of Jin from Luoyang to Chang'an provided the Prince of Donghai,Sima Yue and his allies with pretext to start a coalition to punish him and Sima Yong in 305. In a desperate attempt to settle for peace,Sima Yong had Zhang Fang assassinated the following year.
Sun Xiu,courtesy name Junzhong,was an official of the Jin dynasty. Sun was the favoured advisor to the Prince of Zhao,Sima Lun,who guided and supported him with advice in their rise to power. After Sima Lun took over the government in May 300,Sun Xiu was essentially in charge of running the state,as Lun delegated all affairs over to him. Sun helped Lun assume the throne in February 301,but a coalition against him led by Sima Jiong was formed shortly later. As the coalition approached Luoyang in May 301,Sun was killed in the capital during a coup led by disgruntled officials.
Jia Mi,courtesy name Changyuan,originally named Han Mi,was a Chinese politician of the Jin dynasty. He was the grandson of the Jin minister Jia Chong and nephew of Jin's de facto ruler between 291 and 300,Jia Nanfeng. Jia Mi was trusted with state affair by his aunt throughout her regency and wielded much influence over the Jin court. He was an extravagant minister,and under him,the Jin court became increasingly corrupted. Between 299 and 300,Jia Mi pushed his aunt for the removal and later execution of the Crown Prince,Sima Yu,a decision that would lead to the Jia clan's downfall. In May 300,Jia Mi was killed during Sima Lun's coup d'état.
Xie Cheng (182–254),courtesy name Weiping,was an in-law to the warlord,then Emperor of Eastern Wu,Sun Quan. Xie served in Jing province after Sun Quan's conquests there and was a noted historian whose work is still used.
Liu Qiao,courtesy name Zhongyan,was a military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He participated in the conquest of Wu and the subjugation of Zhang Chang's rebellion,and was active during the War of the Eight Princes. In 305,he sided with the Prince of Hejian,Sima Yong,against the Prince of Donghai,Sima Yue and was a central figure in their conflict. His defeat allowed Sima Yue to overcome Sima Yong and win the civil war,but Yue pardoned him and appointed him into the new regime. He was captured and executed by the Han-Zhao general,Shi Le following the Battle of Ningping in 311.
Shi Chao was a military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was active during the War of the Eight Princes,siding with the Prince of Chengdu,Sima Ying,and the Prince of Hejian,Sima Yong. He participated in numerous key conflicts throughout the civil war before dying in battle in 305.
The Battle of Fancheng was a military offensive launched in 241 by the state of Eastern Wu against its rival state,Cao Wei,during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The campaign was initiated by Wu's founding emperor,Sun Quan,two years after the death of the second Wei emperor,Cao Rui. The campaign ended with a decisive defeat for the Wu forces.
Sima Tan was a crown prince of the Western Jin. He was installed to the position in 302 to serve as heir apparent for his uncle,Emperor Hui of Jin,but was removed in 304. After his removal,there were several plots to restore him to the position before he was finally put to death by the Prince of Donghai,Sima Yue in 308.
Gu Rong,courtesy name Yanxian,was an official of the Jin dynasty (266–420). A grandson of the Eastern Wu chancellor,Gu Yong,he became a famous celebrity during his time in the Jin capital,Luoyang and served under a succession of princes in the War of the Eight Princes. Due to the turmoil in northern China,Gu Rong returned to his hometown in the Jiangnan,where,despite initially joining,he played a decisive role in quelling Chen Min's rebellion in 307. In his final years,he served the Prince of Langya and future founding emperor of the Eastern Jin,Sima Rui,helping him lay the foundations for the dynasty in the south. Along with Ji Zhan,He Xun,Yang Fang and Xue Jian,Gu Rong was referred to as one of the "Five Eminence" (五俊).
Lu Yun,courtesy name Shilong,was a Chinese essayist,politician,and writer who lived during the late Three Kingdoms period and Jin dynasty of China. He was the fifth son of Lu Kang,a general of the state of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period,and a grandson of Lu Xun,a prominent general and statesman who served as the third Imperial Chancellor of Eastern Wu. Together with his brother,Lu Ji,they became famous celebrities under the Jin after the fall of Wu,and they were both known as the "Two Lus" (二陸).
Hua Yi,courtesy name Yanxia,was an official of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was the Inspector of Jiang province and an early adversary to the Prince of Langya and future Emperor Yuan of Jin,Sima Rui. Maintaining his loyalty to the imperial court in Luoyang,Hua Yi refused to take any orders from Sima Rui,prompting the prince to send an army to defeat and kill him in 311.
Zhou Fu,courtesy name Zuxuan,was an official of the Jin dynasty (266–420). As a minister,he rose through the ranks of the Jin government and was one of the chief officials managing the Eastern Court (東臺) in Luoyang after Emperor Hui of Jin was moved to the Western Court (西臺) in Chang'an. Following the Prince of Donghai,Sima Yue's victory in the War of the Eight Princes,Zhou Fu was assigned to guard Yang province north of the Yangzi,while the southern part of the province was guarded by the Prince of Langya,Sima Rui. As Zhou Fu was castigated for his proposal to move the Jin capital to his base in Shouchun,Sima Rui took the opportunity to attack Zhou Fu and annex northern Yang for himself.
Xun Fan,courtesy name Dajian,was a minister of the Jin dynasty (266–420). A member of the prominent Xun clan of Yingchuan,he grew to become a chief official within the imperial court and was the Minister of Works at the time of the Disaster of Yongjia in 311. With Emperor Huai of Jin and the capital of Luoyang lost,he founded a provisional government in Mi County,through which he empowered the prince of Langya,Sima Rui by appointing him leader among remnants of the Jin. He was also the maternal uncle of Emperor Min of Jin.