Related Research Articles
Zhuge Dan,courtesy name Gongxiu,was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. When he held key military appointments throughout his middle to late career,he was involved in all of the three rebellions which broke out in Shouchun between 251 and 258. During the second rebellion,he actively assisted the Wei regent Sima Shi in suppressing the revolt. After the rebellion,the Wei government put him in charge of Shouchun. As the Sima clan became more powerful and established themselves as the de facto rulers of Wei,Zhuge Dan feared that he would end up slain like Wang Ling and Guanqiu Jian –the leaders of the first two rebellions –so he started the third rebellion against Sima Zhao,who succeeded Sima Shi as regent of Wei in March 255. Although he received some support from Wei's rival state Eastern Wu,his rebellion was eventually suppressed by Wei imperial forces and he met his end at the hands of Hu Fen,a military officer under Sima Zhao.
Sima Jiong (司馬冏),courtesy name Jingzhi (景治),formally Prince Wumin of Qi (齊武閔王),was an imperial prince of the Jin dynasty of China. He briefly served as Emperor Hui's regent after overthrowing the usurper Sima Lun in May 301. He was the fourth of the eight princes commonly associated with the War of the Eight Princes.
Sun Luyu,courtesy name Xiaohu,was an imperial princess of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was the younger daughter of Sun Quan,the founding emperor of Wu,and his concubine Bu Lianshi. She is also referred to as Princess Zhu (朱公主/朱主) because of her marriage to Zhu Ju.
Liu Kun,courtesy name Yueshi,was a Chinese military general and poet of the Jin dynasty. An esteemed writer during the early years of his career,he was also known for his time as the Inspector of Bingzhou,during which he spearheaded Jin's efforts in fighting back against the Xiongnu-led Han-Zhao dynasty. Despite his determination and active role in the war against Han,he lacked the sufficient military and administrative skills to quash the growing Han threat,suffering repeated defeats and having to heavily rely on his alliance with the Tuoba-Xianbei. He was eventually driven out from Bingzhou following a decisive defeat to Shi Le in 316 and fled to Youzhou,where he allied with the chieftain,Duan Pidi. After Pidi suspected him of betrayal,he was arrested and executed via strangulation in 318.
Gou Xi,courtesy name Daojiang,was a Chinese military commander of the Western Jin Dynasty. He came to prominence as a general under the Prince of Donghai,Sima Yue,after he quelled the rebellions of Gongshi Fan (公師藩),Ji Sang and Shi Le. Sima Yue initially valued Gou Xi,but after Gou Xi was constantly antagonized by Yue,their relationship broke down in 310. Gou Xi plotted with Emperor Huai of Jin to overthrow Yue from power,which caused Yue to die of stress shortly after,and Gou Xi being instated to the positions of Grand General and Grand Commander. However,their victory was short-lived due to the Disaster of Yongjia,which saw Emperor Huai and Luoyang’s capture at the hands of Han-Zhao forces in 311. That same year,Gou Xi was captured and later executed by Shi Le.
Xi Jian,courtesy name Daohui,was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). As a refugee leader in the north at the time of the Disaster of Yongjia,he later fled south to escape the encroaching Later Zhao dynasty and join the Eastern Jin. There,he quickly became an important pillar of the dynasty due to his contributions during the rebellions of Wang Dun and Su Jun. By the end of his life,he formed part of a triumvirate within the Jin government that consisted of him and two other top-ranking ministers,Yu Liang and Wang Dao. His name can be rendered as Chi Jian.
Shao Xu,courtesy name Sizu, was a military general and warlord of the Jin dynasty (266–420). Shao Xu was an official under the Youzhou warlord,Wang Jun but after Wang was killed in 314,he submitted to Han-Zhao. In 315,Shao Xu declared his allegiance to Sima Rui in the south and revolted against Han. Shao Xu served as a loyal Jin vassal in Jizhou where he allied himself with the Duan chieftain,Duan Pidi before he was eventually captured by Shi Le in 320. Shi Le respected Shao Xu's loyalty and initially treated him as a guest. However,Shi Le became worried that he would rebel,and in 321,had him executed along with Duan Pidi.
Wang Yan,courtesy name Yifu,was a Chinese politician. He served as a minister and was one of the pure conversation leaders of the Western Jin. During the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin,Wang Yan grew popular among the court for his mastery in Qingtan and for being a patron of Xuanxue. Wang Yan vacillated between the warring princes during the War of the Eight Princes until he ended up with Sima Yue,who gave him a considerable amount of power in his administration. After Yue died in April 311,Wang Yan led his funeral procession but was ambushed and later executed by the Han-Zhao general,Shi Le at Ningping City. Though a bright scholar,Wang Yan was often associated by traditional historians as one of the root causes for Western Jin's demise due to his influential beliefs.
Zhang Fang was a military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was the influential general of the Prince of Hejian,Sima Yong during the War of the Eight Princes who helped him in subduing the Prince of Changshan,Sima Ai,and had the imperial family briefly under his control in 304. Though capable,he was infamous for his transgressions against the emperor and the cruelty that he and his soldiers displayed,with one account claiming that he had them engage in cannibalism. His act of forcibly moving Emperor Hui of Jin from Luoyang to Chang'an provided the Prince of Donghai,Sima Yue and his allies with pretext to start a coalition to punish him and Sima Yong in 305. In a desperate attempt to settle for peace,Sima Yong had Zhang Fang assassinated the following year.
Zhang Chai was a minister and regent of China's Later Zhao dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was a close ally to Shi Hu 's empress,Empress Liu,who helped her establish themselves as the paramount leaders of Zhao through her son Shi Shi following the death of Shi Hu in 349. The pair attempted to centralize their power and eliminate their rivals,but a popular coup led by Shi Zun saw their reign barely lasting a month as they were removed and subsequently executed. Despite the coup,it would soon be known as the beginning of a bigger power struggle within the Shi family over the throne that led to the destruction of Later Zhao in 351 in the hands of Ran Min.
Jia Mi,courtesy name Changyuan,originally named Han Mi,was a Chinese politician of the Jin dynasty. He was the grandson of the Jin minister Jia Chong and nephew of Jin's de facto ruler between 291 and 300,Jia Nanfeng. Jia Mi was trusted with state affair by his aunt throughout her regency and wielded much influence over the Jin court. He was an extravagant minister,and under him,the Jin court became increasingly corrupted. Between 299 and 300,Jia Mi pushed his aunt for the removal and later execution of the Crown Prince,Sima Yu,a decision that would lead to the Jia clan's downfall. In May 300,Jia Mi was killed during Sima Lun's coup d'état.
Wang Hun,courtesy name Xuanchong,was a Chinese military general and politician of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period and Western Jin dynasty period. He spent most of his early career serving at the eastern borders of Jin and Eastern Wu,where he occasionally battled with the southern state. He was most known for his role in the Conquest of Wu between 279 and 280,during which he destroyed Wu's main forces under Zhang Ti,as well as his subsequent dispute with Wang Jun,who he accused of going against orders by capturing Jianye on his own and stealing Wang Hun's chance at glory. Despite the controversy surrounding him following the conquest,he remained an accomplished and well-respected figure within the state.
Liu Qiao,courtesy name Zhongyan,was a military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He participated in the conquest of Wu and the subjugation of Zhang Chang's rebellion,and was active during the War of the Eight Princes. In 305,he sided with the Prince of Hejian,Sima Yong,against the Prince of Donghai,Sima Yue and was a central figure in their conflict. His defeat allowed Sima Yue to overcome Sima Yong and win the civil war,but Yue pardoned him and appointed him into the new regime. He was captured and executed by the Han-Zhao general,Shi Le following the Battle of Ningping in 311.
Shi Chao was a military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was active during the War of the Eight Princes,siding with the Prince of Chengdu,Sima Ying,and the Prince of Hejian,Sima Yong. He participated in numerous key conflicts throughout the civil war before dying in battle in 305.
Sima Gan,courtesy name Ziliang (子良),was the youngest son of Sima Yi and his main wife Zhang Chunhua,and a younger brother of Sima Shi and Sima Zhao. Sima Yi,Sima Shi and Sima Zhao eventually became regents of the Cao Wei state during the Three Kingdoms era.
Sima Rong,courtesy name Zihui (子徽),posthumously known as Prince Xiao of Liang (梁孝王),was the son of Sima Yi and his concubine Lady Zhang,and a younger half-brother of Sima Shi and Sima Zhao. Sima Yi,Sima Shi and Sima Zhao eventually became regents of the Cao Wei state during the Three Kingdoms era. Besides his heritage,Sima Rong was known for his involvement in the death of Jin official Zhou Chu,his association with his half-brother Sima Lun,and his relative mediocrity in the various positions he held in the Western Jin government during the reigns of his nephew,Emperor Wu of Jin,and his grandnephew Emperor Hui.
Sima Tan was a crown prince of the Western Jin. He was installed to the position in 302 to serve as heir apparent for his uncle,Emperor Hui of Jin,but was removed in 304. After his removal,there were several plots to restore him to the position before he was finally put to death by the Prince of Donghai,Sima Yue in 308.
Gu Rong,courtesy name Yanxian,was an official of the Jin dynasty (266–420). A grandson of the Eastern Wu chancellor,Gu Yong,he became a famous celebrity during his time in the Jin capital,Luoyang and served under a succession of princes in the War of the Eight Princes. Due to the turmoil in northern China,Gu Rong returned to his hometown in the Jiangnan,where,despite initially joining,he played a decisive role in quelling Chen Min's rebellion in 307. In his final years,he served the Prince of Langya and future founding emperor of the Eastern Jin,Sima Rui,helping him lay the foundations for the dynasty in the south. Along with Ji Zhan,He Xun,Yang Fang and Xue Jian,Gu Rong was referred to as one of the "Five Eminence" (五俊).
Sima Xin,courtesy name Hongshu (弘舒),posthumously known as Prince Zhuang of Xinye (新野庄王),was a son of Sima Jun and his wife Lady Zang,and a grandson of Sima Yi,regent of the Cao Wei state during the Three Kingdoms era. Besides his heritage,Sima Xin was best known for his involvement in the War of the Eight Princes during the reign of his cousin's son,Emperor Hui of Jin,and his death during Zhang Chang's rebellion.
Sima Wei,courtesy name Jingyao (景曜),childhood name A-pi (阿皮),was a son of Sima Hong,a grandson of Sima Wang,and a great-grandson of Sima Fu,Prince Xian of Anping and a younger brother of Sima Yi,regent of the Cao Wei state during the Three Kingdoms era. Besides his heritage,Sima Wei was best known for being one of a few people to be requested for execution by Emperor Hui of Jin.
References
- ↑ Sun Xiu was already an adult when Sima Lun was Prince of Langya (February 266 - October 277). Thus, his birth year should be in the 250s or before.
- ↑ (贾后既废，孙秀议立后。后外祖孙旗与秀合族...) Jin Shu, vol.31
- ↑ According to Sima Lun's biography in Book of Jin, Sun Hui was 20 (by East Asian reckoning) when he married the Princess Hedong in 300.
- ↑ According to Sima Zhong's biography in Book of Jin, Sun Xiu and Sima Lun's other accomplices were captured and executed on the xinyou day of the 4th month of the 1st year of the Yongning era of his reign. This corresponds to 30 May 301 in the Julian calendar. [(永宁元年夏四月)辛酉，左卫将军王舆与尚书、淮陵王漼勒兵入宫，禽伦党孙秀、孙会、许超、士猗、骆休等，皆斩之。] Jin Shu, vol.04
- ↑ (孙恩，字灵秀，琅邪人，孙秀之族也。) Jin Shu, vol.100
- ↑ (初，孫秀嘗爲小吏，事黃門郎潘岳，岳屢撻之。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 83
- ↑ (孫秀，字俊忠，琅邪人。初，趙王倫封琅邪，秀給為近職小吏。倫數使秀作書疏，文才稱倫意。倫封趙，秀徒戶為趙人，用為侍郎。) Jin Zhu Gong Zan annotation in Shishuo Xinyu, Volume 19.17
- ↑ The character "解" has different pronunciations: "jiě", "jiè" and "xiè". When used as a surname, it is pronounced as "xiè".
- ↑ (大將軍趙王倫信用嬖人琅邪孫秀，與雍州刺史濟南解系爭軍事，更相表奏，歐陽建亦表倫罪惡。朝廷以倫撓亂關右，徵倫爲車騎將軍，以梁王肜爲征西大將軍、都督雍‧涼二州諸軍事。系與其弟御史中丞結，皆表請誅秀以謝氐、羌；張華以告梁王肜，使誅之，肜許諾。秀友人辛冉爲之說肜曰：「氐、羌自反，非秀之罪。」秀由是得免。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 82
- ↑ (倫至洛陽，用秀計，深交賈、郭，賈后大愛信之，倫因求錄尚書事，又求尚書令；張華、裴頠固執以爲不可，倫、秀由是怨之。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 82
- ↑ (事將起，而秀知太子聰明，若還東宮，將與賢人圖政，量己必不得志，乃更說倫曰：「太子為人剛猛，不可私請。明公素事賈后，時議皆以公為賈氏之黨。今雖欲建大功于太子，太子含宿怒，必不加賞於明公矣。當謂逼百姓之望，翻覆以免罪耳。此乃所以速禍也。今且緩其事，賈后必害太子，然後廢后，為太子報仇，亦足以立功，豈徒免禍而已。」倫從之。) Book of Jin, Volume 59
- ↑ (及太子廢黜，趙王倫、孫秀等因眾怨謀欲廢后。后數遣宮婢微服於人間視聽，其謀頗泄。后甚懼，遂害太子，以絕眾望。) Book of Jin, Volume 31
- ↑ (趙王倫、孫秀將討賈后，告右衞佽飛督閭和，和從之，期以癸巳丙夜一籌，以鼓聲爲應。癸巳，秀使司馬雅告張華曰：「趙王欲與公共匡社稷，爲天下除害，使雅以告。」華拒之。雅怒曰：「刃將在頸，猶爲是言邪！」不顧而出。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 83
- ↑ (倫素庸下，無智策，復受制於秀，秀之威權振於朝廷，天下皆事秀而無求於倫。) Book of Jin, Volume 59
- ↑ Jin Shu, vol. 64
- ↑ (淮南王允、齊王冏以倫、秀驕僭，內懷不平。秀等亦深忌焉... 奪允護軍。允發憤，起兵討倫。) Book of Jin, Volume 59
- ↑ (初，孫秀嘗爲小吏，事黃門郎潘岳，岳屢撻之。衞尉石崇之甥歐陽建素與相國倫有隙，崇有愛妾曰綠珠，孫秀使求之，崇不與。及淮南王允敗，秀因稱石崇、潘岳、歐陽建奉允爲亂，收之。崇歎曰：「奴輩利吾財爾！」收者曰：「知財爲禍，何不早散之！」崇不能答。初，潘岳母常誚責岳曰：「汝當知足，而乾沒不已乎！」及敗，岳謝母曰：「負阿母。」遂與崇、建皆族誅，籍沒崇家。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 83
- ↑ (赵王伦密与相结，废贾后，以功转游击将军。冏以位不满意，有恨色。孙秀微觉之，且惮其在内，出为平东将军、假节，镇许昌。) Jin Shu, vol.59
- ↑ (孫秀議加相國倫九錫，百官莫敢異議。吏部尚書劉頌曰：「昔漢之錫魏，魏之錫晉，皆一時之用，非可通行。周勃、霍光，其功至大，皆不聞有九鍚之命也。」張林積忿不已，以頌爲張華之黨，將殺之。孫秀曰：「殺張、裴已傷時望，不可復殺頌。」林乃止。以頌爲光祿大夫。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 83
- ↑ (倫及諸子皆頑鄙無識，秀狡黠貪淫，所與共事者，皆邪佞之士，惟競榮利，無遠謀深略，志趣乖異，互相憎嫉。秀子會爲射聲校尉，形貌短陋，如奴僕之下者，秀使尚帝女河東公主。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 83
- ↑ (孫秀專執朝政，倫所出詔令，秀輒改更與奪，自書青紙爲詔，或朝行夕改，百官轉易如流。張林素與秀不相能，且怨不得開府，潛與太子荂牋，言：「秀專權不合衆心，而功臣皆小人，撓亂朝廷，可悉誅之。」荂以書白倫，倫以示秀。秀勸倫收林，殺之，夷其三族。秀以齊王冏、成都王穎、河間王顒，各擁強兵，據方面，惡之，乃盡用其親黨爲三王參佐，加冏鎭東大將軍、穎征北大將軍，皆開府儀同三司，以寵安之。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 84
- ↑ (泓等悉其諸軍濟潁，進攻冏營，冏出兵擊其別率孫髦、司馬譚、孫輔，皆破之，士卒散歸洛陽，泓等收眾還營。秀等知三方日急，詐傳破冏營，執得冏，以誑惑其眾，令百官皆賀。) Book of Jin, Volume 59
- ↑ Jin Shu, vol.37
- ↑ (义阳王威劝秀至尚书省与八坐议征战之备，秀从之。使京城四品以下子弟年十五以上，皆诣司隶，从伦出战。内外诸军悉欲劫杀秀，威惧，自崇礼闼走还下舍。) Jin Shu, vol.59
- ↑ (自冏等起兵，百官將士皆欲誅倫、秀，秀懼，不敢出中書省；及聞河北軍敗，憂懣不知所爲。孫會、許超、士猗等至，與秀謀，或欲收餘卒出戰；或欲焚宮室，誅不附己者，挾倫南就孫旂、孟觀；或欲乘船東走入海；計未決。辛酉，左衞將軍王輿與尚書廣陵公漼帥營兵七百餘人自南掖門入宮，三部司馬爲應於內，攻孫秀、許超、士猗於中書省，皆斬之，遂殺孫奇、孫弼及前將軍謝惔等。漼，伷之子也。王輿屯雲龍門，召八坐皆入殿中，使倫爲詔曰：「吾爲孫秀所誤，以怒三王；今已誅秀。其迎太上皇復位，吾歸老于農畝。」傳詔以騶虞幡敕將士解兵。黃門將倫自華林東門出，及太子荂皆還汶陽里第，遣甲士數千迎帝于金墉城。百姓咸稱萬歲。帝自端門入，升殿；羣臣頓首謝罪。詔送倫、荂等赴金墉城。廣平王虔自河北還，至九曲，聞變，棄軍，將數十人歸里第。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 84
- ↑ (使伦为诏曰：“吾为孙秀等所误，以怒三王。今已诛秀，其迎太上复位，吾归老于农亩。”) Jin Shu, vol.59
- ↑ (伦惭，以巾覆面，曰：“孙秀误我！孙秀误我！”) Jin Shu, vol.59
- Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu).
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian .