Lyddastrombus

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Lyddastrombus
Lyddastrombus annetti wings.png
Venation of forewing (top) and hind wing (bottom) of Lyddastrombus annetti
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
Family: Derbidae
Subfamily: Otiocerinae
Tribe: Zoraidini
Genus: Lyddastrombus
(van Stalle, 1992) [1]
Synonyms [2]
  • Diostrombus (Lyddastrombus) van Stalle, 1992 [1]

Lyddastrombus is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, currently (2024) with 8 African species. The morphology of the species is similar to those in the genus Lydda and most species have been originally described as part of Lydda. Lyddastrombus species can be recognized by the venation of their forewings and other features. [1] The genus also shows similarities to the genera Diostrombus and Proutista , sharing with them the short antennae and a related forewing venation, where the media vein has 6 branches with none of them forking further into sub branches. However, Lyddastrombus species differ from both genera by their much broader head. Lyddastrombus was original described as a subgenus of Diostrombus, but it is now regarded as a separate genus, due to the broader head. [1] [2] [3] [4] The species of Lyddastrombus are found mainly in the tropical rainforests of West Africa from Sierra Leone over Nigeria to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but have been also reported from parts of eastern Africa (Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania). [5] [6] [7] Lyddastrombus hoppers have been frequently reported feeding on coconut and oil palms. [8] In Mozambique, they were found to be carriers of a phytoplasma disease of coconut palms. [7]

Contents

Type species: Diospolis annetti Muir, 1918, a synonym of Lyddastrombus annetti [1]

Description

The species of Lyddastrombus can be distinguished from other similar genera of the tribe Zoraidini (like the genera Lydda, Diostrombus and Proutista) by a combination of different characters on the head and the wings, as well by the structure of the aedeagus in males. These features include: [5] [1]

The combination of a broad head and a media vein on the forewing with 6 branches which do not fork further is the most important feature for distinguishing Lyddastrombus species from other similar genera. Within the tribe Zoraidini, Lyddastrombus species are of medium size, the body measures around 3 mm from the tip of the head to the end of the abdomen and the forewings are about 8 mm long. The forewings do not have the club-shaped outline found in many species of Proutista, instead their width increases evenly from the base reaching the greatest width around the middle of the wing. [5]

Images of live specimens are very rare. One image of Lyddastrombus mayumbensis (labelled Diostrombus mayumbensis, a synonym name) suggests that the wings are raised above the body and are spread out at an angle of 45-60° when the insects are at rest, similar to species of Lydda, Diostrombus and Proutista. [9] This image also suggests that live specimens of L. mayumbensis are basically light yellowish green with some straw-coloured parts and some brownish-black marks on thorax and abdomen. Museum specimens often lose their original colour and images of a paratype of that species show a light brown colouration, but similar marks on the abdomen. [10] The taxonomic descriptions of this and other species in the genus Lyddastrombus describe the basic colour as yellowish white, bright yellow or brownish yellow with some black or dark brown parts. [11] [5]

Distribution

Distribution ranges of the species in the genus Lyddastrombus (blue outline) and that of Lyddastrombus annetti, the type species (brown outline) Lyddastrombus distribution.png
Distribution ranges of the species in the genus Lyddastrombus (blue outline) and that of Lyddastrombus annetti, the type species (brown outline)

The species of Lyddastrombus mainly live in tropical parts of West Africa, ranging from Sierra Leone in the West over the Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the East. [12] [13] [5] [14] Further, the species Lyddastrombus mayumbensis and Lyddastrombus woodi are found in eastern Africa (Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania). [5] [6] [7] Most distribution records refer to the old generic combinations of Lyddastrombus species. That means the species are listed under the genera Lydda or Diostrombus.

Biology

There is no information on the biology of the immature stages of Lyddastrombus species. However, it can be assumed that they live in decaying organic matter like other derbids, feeding on fungi. [15] [16] The adult hoppers of 6 Lyddastrombus species have been reported to feed on coconut and oil palms in West Africa (Sierra Leone and Ghana). [8] [14] The observations in Ghana were part of studies attempting to identify the vector of a coconut phytoplasma disease. Similar studies in eastern Africa (Mozambique and Tanzania) found Lyddastrombus woodi and an unidentified Lyddastrombus species on coconut palms. [6] [7] In addition, PCR tests for the disease agent gave positive results for the unidentified Lyddastrombus species in Mozambique, suggesting it could be a vector of coconut phytoplasma diseases. [7]

Taxonomy and species

The genus Lyddastrombus was originally described as a subgenus of Diostrombus, but the status was later changed to a full genus. [1] [2] [17] [3] [4] During the original description, 8 species were assigned to the subgenus. Seven of these had been previously described under the genus Lydda or its synonym Diospolis (L. annetti, L. cocos, L. elaeidis, L. hargreavesi, L. lineatipes, L. mayumbensis, L. woodi) and one under the genus Derbe which had been later assigned to the genus Diostrombus (L. biclavatus). [1] The genus is not very well known. Lists of species are often incomplete and the species may be still referred to under the genera Diostrombus or Lydda. [17] [3] [4]

The following species have been studied as possible vectors of coconut diseases: [6] [14] [7]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhotanini</span> Tribe of true bugs

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<i>Rhotana</i> Genus of planthoppers

Rhotana is a large genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with more than 70 species. Most species have been reported from the rainforests of Borneo, Indonesia and New Guinea, but the distribution of the genus extends over a much wider area in southern and south-eastern Asia, as far north as southern Japan and including parts of the Pacific islands as well as Australia. The species are the largest in the tribe Rhotanini, typically between 5–6 mm from head to the tip of the wings. The forewings frequently have striking patterns and colours, some species have also marks on the hind wings.

<i>Saccharodite</i> Genus of planthoppers

Saccharodite is a large genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with more than 100 species. The largest number of species have been reported from Borneo, Indonesia, New Guinea and the Philippines, but the genus has a much wider distribution, ranging from Sri Lanka in the West, over southern parts of mainland Asia up to southern Japan in the North. Saccharodite is also found in other parts of the western Pacific like Micronesia, Fiji and New Caledonia, up to eastern parts of Australia, in the South as far as Tasmania. The adult hoppers are around 5 mm long from head to the tip of the forewings. They are characterized by their forewing venation. The forewings are usually glassy and bright red marks are common on the head and body, up to most parts except the wings being coloured bright red. When the insects are at rest, the wing surfaces form a common plane like in house flies.

<i>Alara</i> (planthopper) Genus of planthopper

Alara is a genus of small planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with more than 30 species. The species are found mainly in New Guinea, other parts of Indonesia, Borneo and the Philippines. However, some species have been also reported from Sri Lanka, parts of mainland Asia, Taiwan and Australia. The adult hoppers are around 4 mm long from head to the end of the wings. The forewings are nearly oval in outline with 5 broad costal cells that gradually decrease in length from the base to the tip of the wings. The antennae and the rostrum are longer than in other genera of Rhotanini. The forewings are often dark brown and lack any bright colours. However, there may be red marks on the head. When the insects are at rest, the wing surfaces form a common plane like in house flies.

<i>Dichotropis</i> Genus of planthopper

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<i>Rhotanella</i> Genus of planthopper

Rhotanella is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with 8 species. The species are found in the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and southern China. The adult hoppers are between 4–6 mm long from head to the tip of the wings. They can be recognized by the shape and venation of their forewings which have a broad base and 5 very wide costal cells. Especially the first (basal) costal cell is very broad and has a width of about one quarter to one third of the width of the whole wing. The ridges on the sides of the face meet in front of the eyes. The profile of the head is also unusual for the tribe Rhotanini and has either an approximately rectangular or a somewhat triangular outline. The colour of the body is straw-coloured to light brown. The legs may be partly red or have red stripes. The forewings are brownish, but may have red marks in the costal cells. The forewings are carried in a roof-like position when the insects are at rest.

<i>Sumangala</i> (planthopper) Genus of planthopper

Sumangala is a genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini. The 13 species are found in southern Asia from southern India and Sri Lanka in the West over parts of mainland Asia to south-east Asian islands like Taiwan and the Philippines and including parts of Indonesia. The adult hoppers are around 5 mm long from head to the tip of the wings. They can be recognized by their forewing venation where the branch of the cubitus joins the first media branch to form the basal median cell, unlike in other genera of Rhotanini where the basal median cell is formed by a crossvein between the first media branch and the cubitus branch or by the first branch of the media splitting again close to its base and the inner sub branch joining the cubitus branch. In Sumangala, the first media branch does not split and as a consequence only 6 veins of the cubitus-media complex reach the margin at the end of the wing. The forewings of Sumangala are mainly whitish and most of them lack larger black marks.

<i>Muiralevu</i> Genus of planthopper

Muiralevu is a genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with 19 species. While the species of all other genera in the tribe Rhotanini are only found in southern Asia and the Pacific, the species of Muiralevu also occur in western Africa. The distribution of the type species covers several West African countries, ranging from Sierra Leone to the Central African Republic. Four other, very similar species are also found in western Africa, while 14 other species occur in south-eastern Asia. The species of Muiralevu can be recognized by their forewing venation, especially the 4 costal cells and the venation around the basal median cell. Apart from the basal median cell, there is also a characteristic trapezoid cell at the base of the first media branch. On average, the forewings are more elongated compared to most other species of Rhotanini. The adult hoppers are between 4 and 6 mm long from head to the tip of the wings. The head is evenly rounded and the ridges on the sides of the face meet in front of the eyes. The body is usually straw-coloured to light brown. The forewings are mostly whitish and powdered, but in a few species they have large black marks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zoraidini</span> Tribe of true bugs

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<i>Zoraida</i> (planthopper) Genus of planthoppers

Zoraida is a large genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, with more than 100 species. These are widely distributed in the Old World tropics and in some subtropical parts of eastern Asia. In Africa, they are found mainly in the humid tropics of West Africa like Sierra Leone, the Ivory Coast, the Central African Republic, Nigeria or the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, Zoraida species have been also described from eastern Africa as far north as South Sudan and as far south as parts of South Africa. In Asia, the largest number of species have been described/reported from Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Sri Lanka, but species are also known as far south as northern Australia and as far north as the southern tip of far-eastern Russia. Like other species of the tribe Zoraidini, Zoraida species have long and narrow forewings and short hind wings. They can be identifies by the forewing venation and the structure of the head.

<i>Proutista</i> Genus of planthoppers

Proutista is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, with 10 species, as of 2024. The type species, Proutista moesta is widely distributed and often very common, its distribution ranging from Tanzania in Africa, over some Indian Ocean islands and southern parts of western Asia to far eastern Asia and parts of the western Pacific. Seven of the remaining species are also found in tropical parts of Asia and only two additional species have been recorded from Africa, where Proutista fritillaris is the most common one. The species of Proutista are characterized by a combination of different features, mainly the shape and venation of the forewings, the size of the hind wings and the structure of the head and the antennae. On the forewings the media vein has 6 branches, none of them branching further into sub branches. The hind wings are about half as long as the forewings and have a rounded tip. The head has a narrow face (frons) and the antennae are rather short, much shorter than the face.

<i>Diostrombus</i> Genus of planthoppers

Diostrombus is a large genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, with more than 40 species. The large majority of species have been described from Africa and the Near East. However, a few species, including the type species, are found in southern and eastern parts of Asia. In Africa, the distribution range of Diostrombus species extends from the humid tropics of western Africa to many parts of eastern Africa, as far north as parts of Sudan and as far south as South Africa. Three species have been described from Yemen and the Iran. Like other species of the tribe Zoraidini, species of Diostrombus have long and narrow forewings and short hind wings. The main characteristic of Diostrombus is the forewing venation with the media vein having 6 branches which do not split further into sub branches. The hind wings are much shorter than half the forewing length and have a pointed tip. In profile the head is usually flat, but in some African species, the ridges on the sides of the face are extended in front of the antennae. The face is narrow. The antennae are short compared to other genera of the tribe Zoraidini, about half as long as the face.

<i>Pamendanga</i> Genus of planthoppers

Pamendanga is a genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, with 37 species, as of 2024. About two-thirds of the species, including the type species, are found in tropical and some subtropical parts of Asia, from Sri Lanka in the West to parts of Japan in the North-East and including the Philippines, Indonesia and New Guinea. The remaining species have been described from Africa, mainly from the humid tropics of West Africa, ranging from Sierra Leone and the Ivory Coast in the North to the Democratic Republic of Congo in the South. Some species are also known from eastern Africa. Like other species of the tribe Zoraidini, Pamendanga species have long and narrow forewings and short hind wings. They can be recognized by the forewing venation and the shape of the head and the antennae. On the forewing, the media vein has 6 branches and the 3rd branch forks further into 2 sub branches. The head has a flat profile and a narrow face with cylindrical antennae which are elongated but not longer than the face.

<i>Lydda</i> (planthopper) Genus of planthoppers

Lydda is a genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, with 21 species, as of 2024. The known distribution range of its species is restricted to parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory in Australia, to the island of New Guinea and to the island of Larat in south-eastern Indonesia. The type species, Lydda elongata, is mainly found in parts of Queensland and in New Guinea. In the past, the genus was often confused with the genus Proutista and a number of Lydda species have been originally described under Proutista. While species of Lydda and Proutista share a similar club-shaped outline of their forewings and a similar wing venation, there are significant differences between both genera in the forewing venation and the structure of the aedeagus in males. On the forewings, the media vein has only 5 branches, while Proutista species have 6 branches. In the type species, Lydda elongata, the eyes are unusually large and the head is very broad. The hind wings are about half as long as the forewings. Some species of Lydda have elaborate patterns on their body and forewings. For example, in live specimens of Lydda elongata, the body has a mixture of reddish brown and bluish patterns, while the forewings are brownish with darker spots. Species that have been previously described under the genus Lydda in Africa are now assigned to the genus Lyddastrombus.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Van Stalle, Jan (1992). "Redefinition and revision of Lydda Westwood, 1840 with taxonomic notes on Diostrombus Uhler, 1896 (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea, Derbidae)". Entomologica Scandinavica. 23 (2): 185–213. doi:10.1163/187631292X00290.
  2. 1 2 3 Emeljanov, A.F. (1994). "K voprosu o sistemie i filogenii sem. Derbidae (Homoptera, Cicadina) [On the System and Phylogeny of the Family Derbidae (Homoptera, Cicadina)]". Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie. 73 (4): 783–811.
  3. 1 2 3 "Lyddastrombus van Stalle, 1992". GBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 "Lyddastrombus van Stalle, 1992". 3I - World Auchenorrhyncha Database. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Synave, Henri (1973). Monographie des Derbidae africains (Homoptera – Fulgoroidea). Etude du Continent Africain. Vol. 2. Brussels, Belgium: Recherche Fondamentale Collective. pp. 1–223.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Mpunami, A.; Tymon, A.; Jones, P.; Dickinson, M.J. (2000). "Identification of potential vectors of the coconut lethal disease phytoplasma". Plant Pathology. 49 (3): 355–361. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00460.x .
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bila, João (2016). Coconut lethal yellowing phytoplasma disease in Mozambique: Diversity, host range, and the impact of farming practices on disease incidence (PDF). Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. pp. 1–62. ISBN   978-91-576-8569-8.
  8. 1 2 Howard, F.W.; Moore, D.; Giblin-Davis, R.M.; Abad, R.G. (2001). Insects on palms (PDF). Wallingford, U.K.: CABI Publishing. pp. 1–400.
  9. ↑ "Diostrombus mayumbensis". Flickr. 18 April 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  10. ↑ "Lydda mayumbensis Synave, 1966". Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  11. ↑ Muir, Frederick (1918). "Notes on the Derbidae in the British Museum collection.- I. Zoraidinae". Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. 54: 173–177.
  12. ↑ Muir, F. (1926). "Notes on some African Derbidæ (Homoptera)". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 9. 18 (104): 227–240. doi:10.1080/00222932608633505.
  13. ↑ Muir, F. (1928). "Notes on some African Derbidæ (Homoptera)—II". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 10. 1 (4): 498–525. doi:10.1080/00222932808672814.
  14. 1 2 3 Philippe, René; Reignard, Simon; Descamps, Sophie; Nkansah-Poku, Joe; Quaicoe, Robert; Pilet, Fabian; Fabre, Sandrine; Dollet, Michel (2009). "Study on the transmission of coconut Lethal Yellowing in Ghana". OCL - Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids. 16 (2): 102–106. doi: 10.1051/ocl.2009.0248 .
  15. ↑ Muir, F. (1913). "On some new species of leafhoppers. Part II. Derbidae". Bulletin. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Experiment Station. Division of Entomology. 12: 28–92.
  16. ↑ "North American Derbidae". Planthoppers of North America - University of Delaware. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  17. 1 2 "Lyddastrombus Van Stalle, 1992". Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW). Retrieved 18 October 2024.
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