Derbidae

Last updated

Derbidae
Otiocerus abbotii (48018505948).jpg
Otiocerus abbotii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
Superfamily: Fulgoroidea
Family: Derbidae
Spinola, 1839 [1] [2]
Subfamilies [2]
  • Breddiniolinae Fennah, 1950
  • Derbinae Spinola 1839
  • Otiocerinae Muir, 1917

The family Derbidae (commonly called derbids) is a large and diverse group of planthoppers (Fulgoroidea, Hemiptera), widely distributed in the tropics and also found in subtropical and temperate regions. It includes more than 150 genera and more than 1500 species. [2] The adults suck the sap of plants while the nymphs live mainly in decaying organic matter, for example under the bark of dead tree trunks, feeding on fungi. In some groups of species the general structure of the insects is largely uniform, whereas in others like in the subfamily Otiocerinae various forms can be found. For example, the shape of the head, the antennae or the wings can differ considerably among genera and species. [3] [4] [5]

Contents

Description

Derbids are typically 5–10 mm long from head to the end of the forewings. [5] [6] [7] They can be distinguished from other planthopper families by a combination of different characters, the most important one being the very short terminal segment of the rostrum which is often only as long as wide. [4] [7] The illustration of Eocenchrea maorica on this page highlights the short terminal segment and also shows the general appearance of a derbid which is found in a number of tribes. The species in this example is from the tribe Cenchreini, subfamily Derbinae. In this form, the length of the body from head to tip of the abdomen is slightly more than half the length from head to tip of the forewings. The end of the wings and the profile of the head are uniformly rounded, the wings are held in a roof-like (tectiform) position when the insect is at rest and the antennae are small and inconspicuous. [7] [3]

Eocenchrea maorica - short terminal segment of rostrum highlighted HEMI Derbidae Eocenchrea maorica modified.png
Eocenchrea maorica - short terminal segment of rostrum highlighted

Various other forms can be found among the Derbidae, especially in the shape and length of the wings, how these are held at rest, as well as the structure of the head and the antennae. These less common features may be important for placing a derbid in the respective subfamily and tribe. For example, the forewings may be extremely long and narrow while the hindwings are very small (tribe Zoraidini). The wings may be also spread out widely when the insects are at rest. The head may be extended and extremely compressed in frontal view with the anterior part consisting of two thin, leaf-like blades. The antennae may be long and branched. [4] [7] [3] Derbidae might also have striking colors and wing pattern. [8] [9] Some of these different forms, colors and wing pattern are illustrated in the gallery below.

Biology

Information on the biology of the Derbidae is scarce. They clearly belong to the planthoppers which by nature feed by sucking the sap of plants and they have the corresponding mouthparts. However, relatively little is known about their life cycle, their feeding habits and their host plants. Monocots, especially palm trees, are often the preferred hosts. [10] [11] Still, the adults are often described as "gathering" or "resting" on the plants. The nymphal stages have been found associated with decaying organic matter like decaying tree trunks. For example, they have been found under the bark of dead trees or in heaps of palm debris, where they feed on fungi. [12] [3] In contrast, the nymphs of Cedusa hedusa were collected from mats of the moss Polytrichum commune in southern North America, where they were feeding either on fungi associated with the moss, or on the moss itself. [13]

Several derbids are suspected of transmitting phytoplasma diseases of palms. However, no clear evidence for such transmission has been reported so far. In Mozambique, Diostrombus mkurangai (tribe Zoraidini) was one of the most common sap-sucking insects on coconut palms affected by the lethal yellowing disease and the causal phytoplasma agent was present in this derbid. [14] In Ghana, a similar disease called Cape Saint Paul Wilt also affects coconut palms and derbids from the genera Diostrombus and Patara were again common on diseased palms. In a transmission trial, derbids were collected from diseased palms and placed in cages together with healthy palms. One of two coconut palms exposed to 4,380 Diostrombus derbids tested positive for the disease with PCR, but failed to develop symptoms. [15] In Jamaica, 13 out of 43 derbids from the genus Cedusa (tribe Cedusini) collected from coconut palms in an area affected by the coconut lethal yellowing disease contained a phytoplasma similar to the causal agent of that disease. [16] In Florida, Omolicna joi (tribe Cenchreini) was one of three species of planthoppers common on sabal palms affected by the phytoplasma disease Texas Phoenix Palm Decline. [17]

Taxonomy

Most studies on Derbidae have dealt with their taxonomy. The family is morphologically most similar to the sister family Achilidae and some genera have features matching both families. For example, the genus Breddiniola has been traditionally assigned to the family Achilidae, but is now placed in the family Derbidae. [18] The classification of the different subgroups of the Derbidae (subfamilies and tribes) has also changed repeatedly over the years. [19] [20] [2]

While there seems to be no disagreement among authors on the classification of the different planthopper families, there are few DNA analyses which could confirm the taxonomy of the planthoppers, as well as clarify the phyllogenetics within the Derbidae. A study from 2005 has analysed the DNA of 53 planthopper species (including 5 derbids) from 15 families. It confirmed the close relationship between the Derbidae and the Achilidae and also revealed a close relationship between the Derbidae and the Tropiduchidae. [21]

As of 2024, 1722 species of Derbidae in 166 genera have been described world-wide. [2] However, judging from images published on the internet, many species remain undescribed. [22] In a revision of the tribe Rhotanini in 2011, 294 species were listed and more than half of them (178) were described as new. [9]

The genera of Derbidae are assigned to the following 3 subfamilies and 22 tribes: [2]

  1. Tribe Breddiniolini Fennah 1950
  2. Tribe Cedusini Emeljanov 1992
  3. Tribe Derbachilini Emeljanov & Shcherbakov 2020 (extinct)
  4. Tribe Goneokarellini Emeljanov 1995
  5. Tribe Ipsnolini Emeljanov 1995
  6. Tribe Phrygiini Emeljanov 1995
  7. Tribe Ptychoptilini Emeljanov, 1990 (extinct)
  8. Tribe Vinatini Emeljanov 1992
  1. Tribe Cedochreini Emeljanov, 1995
  2. Tribe Cenchreini Muir, 1913
  3. Tribe Dawnarioidini Emeljanov 1995
  4. Tribe Derbini Spinola 1839
  5. Tribe Nicertini Emeljanov 1992
  1. Tribe Aquaeliciini Banaszkiewicz & Szwedo, 2005
  2. Tribe Kamendakini Emeljanov 1995
  3. Tribe Neocyclokarini Emeljanov 1995
  4. Tribe Otiocerini Muir, 1918
  5. Tribe Patarini Emeljanov, 1995
  6. Tribe Phenicini Emeljanov 1995
  7. Tribe Rhotanini Muir, 1918
  8. Tribe Sikaianini Muir 1918
  9. Tribe Zoraidini Muir 1918

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Planthopper</span> Superfamily of insects

A planthopper is any insect in the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, a group exceeding 12,500 described species worldwide. The name comes from their remarkable resemblance to leaves and other plants of their environment and that they often "hop" for quick transportation in a similar way to that of grasshoppers. However, planthoppers generally walk very slowly. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, though few are considered pests. The infraorder contains 2 superfamily, Fulgoroidea and Delphacoidea. Fulgoroids are most reliably distinguished from the other Auchenorrhyncha by two features; the bifurcate (Y-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped second segment (pedicel) that bears a fine filamentous arista.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cixiidae</span> Family of true bugs

The Cixiidae are a family of fulgoroid insects, one of many families commonly known as planthoppers, distributed worldwide and comprising more than 2,000 species from over 150 genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dictyopharidae</span> Family of planthoppers

Dictyopharidae is a family of planthoppers, related to the Fulgoridae. The family comprises nearly 760 species in more than 150 genera which are grouped into two subfamilies, Dictyopharinae and Orgeriinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Issidae</span> Family of planthoppers

Issidae is a family of planthoppers described by Spinola in 1839, belonging to the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha superfamily Fulgoroidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cixiinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Cixiinae is a planthopper subfamily in the family Cixiidae. It is one of three such subfamilies, the other two being the Bothriocerinae and the Borystheninae. While a few species had been tested in a larger study of the Fulgoroidea, neither the Cixiinae nor its tribes were analysed cladistically until 2002. Resolution of tribal relationships is incomplete and additional testing of the tribes with samples larger than one per tribe is needed.

Haplaxius crudus is a planthopper species in the genus Haplaxius.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lophopidae</span> Family of planthoppers

Lophopidae is a family of fulgoroid plant-hoppers with most species found in tropical South America and Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Delphacinae</span> Subfamily of planthoppers

Delphacinae is a subfamily of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae. There are at least 1,700 described species in Delphacinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Achilidae</span> Family of true bugs

Achilidae is a family of planthoppers, sometimes called "achilids" in the order Hemiptera. There are at least 520 described species in Achilidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Otiocerinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Otiocerinae is a subfamily of planthoppers in the family Derbidae with more than 100 genera and more than 1000 species. The species are widely distributed, especially in the Americas, Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as parts of Asia, Australia and the Pacific. Like in other Derbidae, the adults suck the sap of plants while the nymphs live mainly in decaying organic matter, for example under the bark of dead tree trunks, feeding on fungi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Derbinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Derbinae is a subfamily of derbid planthoppers in the family Derbidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Achilixiidae</span> Family of true bugs

The Achilixiidae are a family of Fulgoromorpha (planthoppers); species may be found in the neotropical and Asian regions. They are closely related to Achilidae and are sometimes included under Achilidae as a subfamily. Like Achilidae, species generally feed on several species of plant though the nymph stage has been found to feed on fungus. Like other planthoppers, the immature stage is covered in a wax which may help protect it from predators. Achilixiidae are small or medium sized for planthoppers and are greatly compressed, not depressed like the Achilidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhotanini</span> Tribe of true bugs

The Rhotanini is a group (tribe) of planthoppers in the family Derbidae. They are found mainly in countries of south-eastern Asia like Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. They are characterized by their small size, their broad forewings, the vein pattern on their wings, and a simple head structure. Around 300 species have been described. Like in other derbids, the adults suck the sap of plants while the nymphs live mainly in decaying organic matter.

<i>Levu</i> Genus of planthoppers

Levu is a genus of small planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with more than 30 species. The species are found mainly on the islands of the western Pacific, particularly Melanesia. A few species have been also reported from eastern Australia and mainland Asia. The adult hoppers are around 4–5 mm long from head to the tip of the forewings. They lack the bright colours or conspicuous wing patters of other derbids, but a few species have red or orange markings. The wings may be carried in a roof-like (tectiform) position when the insects are at rest or they form a common plane like in house flies.

<i>Saccharodite</i> Genus of planthoppers

Saccharodite is a large genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with more than 100 species. The largest number of species have been reported from Borneo, Indonesia, New Guinea and the Philippines, but the genus has a much wider distribution, ranging from Sri Lanka in the West, over southern parts of mainland Asia up to southern Japan in the North. Saccharodite is also found in other parts of the western Pacific like Micronesia, Fiji and New Caledonia, up to eastern parts of Australia, in the South as far as Tasmania. The adult hoppers are around 5 mm long from head to the tip of the forewings. They are characterized by their forewing venation. The forewings are usually glassy and bright red marks are common on the head and body, up to most parts except the wings being coloured bright red. When the insects are at rest, the wing surfaces form a common plane like in house flies.

<i>Alara</i> (planthopper) Genus of planthopper

Alara is a genus of small planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with more than 30 species. The species are found mainly in New Guinea, other parts of Indonesia, Borneo and the Philippines. However, some species have been also reported from Sri Lanka, parts of mainland Asia, Taiwan and Australia. The adult hoppers are around 4 mm long from head to the end of the wings. The forewings are nearly oval in outline with 5 broad costal cells that gradually decrease in length from the base to the tip of the wings. The antennae and the rostrum are longer than in other genera of Rhotanini. The forewings are often dark brown and lack any bright colours. However, there may be red marks on the head. When the insects are at rest, the wing surfaces form a common plane like in house flies.

<i>Dichotropis</i> Genus of planthopper

Dichotropis is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with 9 species. The species are found on the island of New Guinea, including the Indonesian part and the neighbouring islands of New Britain and New Ireland. The distribution range of several species extends to other countries, as far as West Malaysia, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands and northern Australia. The adult hoppers are around 5–6 mm long from head to the tip of the wings. The species can be recognized by their white and powdered forewings which are carried in a roof-like position when the insects are at rest. The ridges on the sides of the face are separated and do not meet in front of the eyes. The body is typically straw-coloured or light brown. The ridges on the head may be orange or the whole head and body may be orange, but bright red marks are missing.

<i>Rhotanella</i> Genus of planthopper

Rhotanella is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini, with 8 species. The species are found in the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and southern China. The adult hoppers are between 4–6 mm long from head to the tip of the wings. They can be recognized by the shape and venation of their forewings which have a broad base and 5 very wide costal cells. Especially the first (basal) costal cell is very broad and has a width of about one quarter to one third of the width of the whole wing. The ridges on the sides of the face meet in front of the eyes. The profile of the head is also unusual for the tribe Rhotanini and has either an approximately rectangular or a somewhat triangular outline. The colour of the body is straw-coloured to light brown. The legs may be partly red or have red stripes. The forewings are brownish, but may have red marks in the costal cells. The forewings are carried in a roof-like position when the insects are at rest.

<i>Sumangala</i> (planthopper) Genus of planthopper

Sumangala is a genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Rhotanini. The 13 species are found in southern Asia from southern India and Sri Lanka in the West over parts of mainland Asia to south-east Asian islands like Taiwan and the Philippines and including parts of Indonesia. The adult hoppers are around 5 mm long from head to the tip of the wings. They can be recognized by their forewing venation where the branch of the cubitus joins the first media branch to form the basal median cell, unlike in other genera of Rhotanini where the basal median cell is formed by a crossvein between the first media branch and the cubitus branch or by the first branch of the media splitting again close to its base and the inner sub branch joining the cubitus branch. In Sumangala, the first media branch does not split and as a consequence only 6 veins of the cubitus-media complex reach the margin at the end of the wing. The forewings of Sumangala are mainly whitish and most of them lack larger black marks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zoraidini</span> Tribe of true bugs

The Zoraidini is a group (tribe) of planthoppers in the family Derbidae. They are found in tropical and subtropical parts of Africa, Asia, Australia and in parts of the western Pacific. Almost 300 species in 27 genera are recognized. They are characterized by their long and narrow forewings and the short hind wings, usually not longer than half the length of the forewings and often even shorter. The forewings are typically around 8–10 mm long and the body is usually not more than half that length. In most species, the wings are raised when the insects are at rest, and are often spread out at an angle of about 45–90°. The head is compressed and the face is narrow in frontal view. The antennae are often long and the eyes cover about half the face. Like in other derbids, the adults suck the sap of plants while the nymphs live mainly in decaying organic matter. A few species are regarded as minor agricultural pests.

References

  1. ↑ "Derbidae". Global Biodiversity Information Facility . Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Derbidae Spinola, 1839". Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "North American Derbidae". Planthoppers of North America - University of Delaware. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 Bartlett, Charles B.; O'Brien, Lois B.; Wilson, Stephen W. (2014). "A review of the planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) of the United States". Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. 50: 1–287.
  5. 1 2 "Family Derbidae - Derbid Planthoppers". BugGuide. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  6. ↑ "Classification of the Derbidae". Planthoppers of North America - University of Delaware. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Key to planthopper families". Planthoppers Of North America - University of Delaware. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  8. ↑ Bartlett, Charles R.; Adams, Erin R.; Gonzon Jr., Anthony T. (2011). "Planthoppers of Delaware (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea), excluding Delphacidae, with species incidence from adjacent States". ZooKeys. 83: 1–42. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.83.1176 .
  9. 1 2 Zelazny, B.; Webb, M.D. (2011). "Revision of the planthopper tribe Rhotanini (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Derbidae)". Zootaxa. 3071: 1–307. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3071.1.1.
  10. ↑ Banaszkiewicz, Malgorzata; Szwedo, Jacek (2005). "Notes on the Otiocerinae with description of a new tribe from Madagascar and Africa (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Derbidae)". Annales Zoologici (Warsaw). 55 (2): 223–241.
  11. ↑ Dollet, M.; Fidelis, E.G.; Dos Passos, E.; Da Silva, F.; Aberlenc, H.P.; Schurt, D.A.; Bahder, B.; Diniz, L.C.; Bartlett, C.R. (2020). "Derbid planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Derbidae) associated with coconut and oil palm in Brazil". Neotropical Entomology. 49 (5): 722–738. doi:10.1007/s13744-020-00788-5. PMC   7508961 .
  12. ↑ Howard, F.W.; Weissling, T.J.; O’Brien, Lois B. (2001). "The larval habitat of Cedusa inflata (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Derbidae) and its relationship with adult distribution on palms". Florida Entomologist. 84 (1): 119–122.
  13. ↑ Wilson, Stephen W.; Wheeler Jr., A.G. (2015). "The derbid planthopper Cedusa hedusa McAtee (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea): Description of the fifth-instar nymph and notes on biology". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 117 (2): 238–243. doi:10.4289/0013-8797.117.2.238.
  14. ↑ Bila, João (2016). Coconut lethal yellowing phytoplasma disease in Mozambique: Diversity, host range, and the impact of farming practices on disease incidence (PDF). Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. pp. 1–62. ISBN   978-91-576-8569-8.
  15. ↑ Philippe, René; Nkansah, Joe Pokou; Fabre, Sandrine; Quaicoe, Robert; Pilet, Fabian; Dollet, Michel (2007). "Search for the vector of Cape Saint Paul wilt (coconut lethal yellowing) in Ghana" (PDF). Bulletin of Insectology. 60 (2): 179–180.
  16. ↑ Brown, S.E.; Been, B.O.; McLaughlin, W.A. (2006). "Detection and variability of the lethal yellowing group (16Sr IV) phytoplasmas in the Cedusa sp. (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Derbidae) in Jamaica". Annals of Applied Entomology. 149 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00072.x.
  17. ↑ Halbert, Susan E.; Wilson, Stephen W.; Bextine, Blake; Youngblood, Susan B. (2014). "Potential planthopper vectors of palm phytoplasmas in Florida with a description of a new species of the genus Omolicna (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)". Florida Entomologist. 97 (1): 90–97.
  18. ↑ Emeljanov, Alexandr F.; Fletcher, Murray J. (2004). "Hemielissum evansi, a new genus and species of Breddiniolini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha), being the first Australian record of the tribe, with a discussion of the taxonomic position of the Breddiniolini". Australian Journal of Entomology. 43 (1): 38–42. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2004.00403.x.
  19. ↑ Muir, F. (1922). "On the classification of the Fulgoroidea (Homoptera)". Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 5 (2): 205–247. hdl: 10125/15708 .
  20. ↑ Fennah, R.G. (1952). "On the generic classification of Derbidae (Fulgoroidea), with descriptions of new neotropical species". Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 103 (4): 109–170. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1952.tb01063.x.
  21. ↑ Yeh, Wen-Bin; Yang, Chung-Tu; Hui, Cho-Fat (2005). "A molecular phylogeny of planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) inferred from mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 44 (4): 519–535.
  22. ↑ "Images family Derbidae". iNaturalis. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.