Marechal Joffre

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Marechal Joffre is a red inter-specific hybrid grape variety created by French viticulturist Eugène Kuhlmann (1858–1932). Like Marechal Foch, [1] which was also created by Kuhlman, Marechal Joffre is named after a notable French World War I general, in this case Marshal (Fr. Maréchal ) Joseph Joffre. [2] [3]

Hybrid grape grape varieties

Hybrid grapes are grape varieties that are the product of a crossing of two or more Vitis species. This is in contrast to crossings between grape varieties of the same species, typically Vitis vinifera, the European grapevine. Hybrid grapes are also referred to as inter-specific crossings or "Modern Varieties." Due to their often excellent tolerance to powdery mildew, other fungal diseases, nematodes, and phylloxera, hybrid varieties have, to some extent, become a renewed focus for European breeding programs. The recently developed varieties, Rondo, and Regent are examples of newer hybrid grape varieties for European viticulturalists. Several North American breeding programs, such as those at Cornell and the University of Minnesota, focus exclusively on hybrid grapes, with active and successful programs, having created hundreds if not thousands of new varieties.

Marechal Foch varietal

Maréchal Foch is an inter-specific hybrid French red wine grape variety. It was named after the French marshal Ferdinand Foch (1851-1929), who played an important role in the negotiation of the armistice terms during the closing of the First World War. It was developed in Alsace, France, by grape hybridizer Eugene Kuhlmann. Some believe it to be a cross of Goldriesling with a Vitis riparia - Vitis rupestris cross. Others contend that its pedigree is uncertain and may contain the grape variety Oberlin 595. It ripens early, and it is cold-hardy and resistant to fungal diseases. The berry size is small, which makes it prone to bird injury. The quality of wine produced by Marechal Foch vines is highly dependent upon vine age, and the flavor profile associated with many new-world hybrid varietals is much reduced in examples made with fruit picked from older vines.

World War I 1914–1918 global war originating in Europe

World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as "the war to end all wars", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history, with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war, while resulting genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide.

Contents

The grape is a crossing of the Vitis vinifera variety Goldriesling and another inter-specific crossing Millardet et Grasset 101-14. [4] Through Millardet et Grasset 101-14, the pedigree of Marechal Joffre includes varieties from other species in the Vitis genus including Vitis riparia and Vitis rupestris . [5]

<i>Vitis vinifera</i> species of plant

Vitis vinifera, the common grape vine, is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia, from Morocco and Portugal north to southern Germany and east to northern Iran. There are currently between 5,000 and 10,000 varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes though only a few are of commercial significance for wine and table grape production.

Goldriesling

Goldriesling is a grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera used for white wine. It was created in 1893 by Christian Oberlin in Colmar, Alsace by crossing Riesling with another grape variety, which is sometimes given as Courtillier Musqué Précoce, but not identified conclusively.

A genus is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

Viticulture

As he did with Marechal Foch, Eugene Kuhlmann named Marechal Joffre after a notable French World War I general, in this case Marshal Joseph Joffre (pictured). Joseph Joffre.jpg
As he did with Marechal Foch, Eugène Kuhlmann named Marechal Joffre after a notable French World War I general, in this case Marshal Joseph Joffre (pictured).

Like Agria, Leon Millot, Madeleine Angevine and Siegerrebe, Marechal Joffre is a considered a "very early" ripening variety, often ripening several days to a couple weeks earlier than Marechal Foch, Pinot gris, Riesling and other varieties often grown in cool-climate regions. [6] The grape is considered to be moderately winter hardy (though not as hardy as other Kuhlmann hybrids [7] ) with good resistance to most grapevine diseases. [8]

Madeleine Angevine

Madeleine Angevine is a white wine grape from the Loire Valley in France that is also popular in Germany, Kyrgyzstan and Washington State. The early-ripening grape is a cross between Madeleine Royale and Précoce de Malingre grapes that grows well in cooler climates. Madeleine Angevine makes an attractive fruity wine with a flowery nose, similar to an Alsatian Pinot blanc. It is crisp, acid and dry and pairs particularly well with seafoods such as crab and oyster.

Siegerrebe

Siegerrebe is a white wine grape that is grown primarily in Germany with some plantings in England,Vancouver Island, Washington State, British Columbia's North Okanagan and Fraser Valley and Nova Scotia's Annapolis Valley. Siegerrebe was created by German viticulturalist Dr. Georg Scheu (1879-1949) in 1929 at a grape-breeding institute in Alzey in Rheinhessen, by crossing Madeleine Angevine and Gewürztraminer. However, Georg Scheu's son Heinz Scheu has claimed in a book that Siegerrebe was the result of self-pollination of Madeleine Angevine. Siegerrebe received varietal protection and was released for general cultivation in Germany in 1958.

Pinot gris wine-making grape

Pinot gris, pinot grigio or Grauburgunder is a white wine grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera. Thought to be a mutant clone of the pinot noir variety, it normally has a grayish-blue fruit, accounting for its name but the grapes can have a brownish pink to black and even white appearance. The word pinot could have been given to it because the grapes grow in small pine cone-shaped clusters. The wines produced from this grape also vary in color from a deep golden yellow to copper and even a light shade of pink, and it is one of the more popular grapes for skin-contact wine.

Like Marechal Foch, Marechal Joffre can be a very productive and high yielding vine that produces small berries in clusters that tend to be long in length and not very compacted. [7]

Relationship to other varieties

Goldriesling (pictured) is one of the parent varieties of Marechal Joffre. Goldriesling 04 4.jpg
Goldriesling (pictured) is one of the parent varieties of Marechal Joffre.

Marechal Joffre is very similar to other hybrid varieties created by Eugène Kuhlmann, particularly Marechal Foch, Lucie Kuhlmann and Leon Millot with all the grapes being made from the same Goldriesling and Millardet et Grasset 101-14 crossing. [9] [10] [11]

Wine regions

The winter hardy nature and early ripening tendency of Marechal Joffre makes it suitable for cooler climates with shorter growing seasons and less degree days. It is a recommended variety for plantings in the Puget Sound AVA of western Washington State [6] and in Colorado, particularly for vineyards located in the Colorado Front Range. [7] Plantings of the grape can also be found in Minnesota. [12]

Annual growth cycle of grapevines

The annual growth cycle of grapevines is the process that takes place in the vineyard each year, beginning with bud break in the spring and culminating in leaf fall in autumn followed by winter dormancy. From a winemaking perspective, each step in the process plays a vital role in the development of grapes with ideal characteristics for making wine. Viticulturalists and vineyard managers monitor the effect of climate, vine disease and pests in facilitating or impeding the vines progression from bud break, flowering, fruit set, veraison, harvesting, leaf fall and dormancy-reacting if need be with the use of viticultural practices like canopy management, irrigation, vine training and the use of agrochemicals. The stages of the annual growth cycle usually become observable within the first year of a vine's life. The amount of time spent at each stage of the growth cycle depends on a number of factors-most notably the type of climate and the characteristics of the grape variety.

Puget Sound AVA

The Puget Sound AVA is an American Viticultural Area in western Washington state. It is the only AVA in the state of Washington that is located west of the Cascade Mountains.

Washington (state) State of the United States of America

Washington, officially the State of Washington, is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Named for George Washington, the first president of the United States, the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory, which was ceded by Britain in 1846 in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute. It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Olympia is the state capital; the state's largest city is Seattle. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State to distinguish it from Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States.

In Canada there are some plantings of the variety in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. [13]

Synonyms

As a relatively recently created hybrid variety, Marechal Joffre is not known under many synonyms with only Joffre and Kuhlmann 187-1 being recognized by the Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC). [4]

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References

  1. ↑ Lisa Smiley "Marechal Foch Archived 2011-04-10 at the Wayback Machine ." Iowa State University 2008, Accessed: April 14th, 2013
  2. ↑ Pierre Galet "Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages" Hachette Pratique, 1st Edition (2000) ISBN   2-0123633-18
  3. ↑ Wein-Plus "Marechal Joffre" Glossary, Accessed: April 14th, 2013
  4. 1 2 Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) Marechal Joffre Accessed: April 13th, 2013
  5. ↑ Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) Millardet et Grasset 101-14 Archived 2012-04-22 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed: April 13th, 2013
  6. 1 2 Melinda Mann "Growing Wine Grapes Archived 2012-12-03 at the Wayback Machine ." Washington State University, July 3rd 2009
  7. 1 2 3 Jim Bruce "Recommended Grape Varieties for the Colorado Front Range Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine ." Rist Canyon Vineyards, Accessed: April 14th, 2013
  8. ↑ Jost Vineyards "Grape Varieties" Accessed: April 14th, 2013
  9. ↑ Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) Marechal Foch Accessed: April 14th, 2013
  10. ↑ Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) Lucie Kuhlmann Accessed: April 14th, 2013
  11. ↑ Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) Leon Millot Accessed: April 14th, 2013
  12. ↑ David A. Bailly "The History of Alexis Bailly Vineyard" 1986. Accessed: April 14th, 2013
  13. ↑ Wines of Canada "Grape Varietal Nova Scotia" Accessed: April 14th, 2013
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