Mark W. Grinstaff

Last updated
Mark W. Grinstaff
Born (1965-05-23) May 23, 1965 (age 59)
Texas
Alma mater Occidental College
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Scientific career
Fields Translational research
Biomedical engineering
Chemistry
Material science
Institutions Duke University
Boston University
National Institutes of Health

Mark W. Grinstaff (born May 23, 1965) is the William Fairfield Warren Distinguished Professor and a Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering and Medicine, at Boston University, Director of the National Institutes of Health's T32 Program in Translational Research in Biomaterials and Director of Nanotechnology Innovation Center. Grinstaff group is an interdisciplinary lab of scientists and engineers working on innovative projects. Grinstaff has developed new paradigms for translating rigorous academic research into practical applications, fostering intellectual advancement, economic growth, and enhanced clinical outcomes. His career is characterized by continuous exploration and innovation, with his discoveries influencing diverse research areas. Additionally, he is a co-founder of several companies and a co-inventor of several regulatory-approved drug and device products currently used in the clinic today.

Contents

Early life and education

Grinstaff was born on May 23, 1965, in Texas. [1] [2] He attended Redlands High School in Redlands, California, and was an Eagle Scout and Vigil member of the Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America. Grinstaff completed his undergraduate studies at Occidental College. During his first year at Oxy, he worked at the hummingbird section of a museum while simultaneously studying the kinetics of Friedel-Crafts chloromethylation reactions in the laboratory of Franklin DeHaan. He later worked as a chemistry teaching assistant. During his junior year at Oxy, he decided to pursue chemistry over medicine. [2] He obtained his Chemistry degree in 1987. [3]

In 1992, Grinstaff earned his doctorate from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, [3] under the mentorship of Kenneth S. Suslick. While at UIUC he studied sonochemistry and reported one of the first synthetic methods to metal nanoparticles. His thesis focused on the use of sound waves to make amorphous iron and protein-nanoparticles and microspheres. For his postdoctoral work, he joined Harry B. Gray's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology where he conducted research on electron transfer chemistry in proteins and the mechanism of alkane hydroxylation using iron porphyrins and oxygen. [1]

Research career

Grinstaff's interdisciplinary research bridges polymer chemistry, biology, engineering, and medicine. The research is based on a molecular-focused approach involving the development of innovative tools and reagents, and the investigation of natural (polynucleotides, polypeptides, polysaccharides) and synthetic (polyesters, polycarbonates) polymers.

2021 – today

RNA Therapeutics Engineering Era

Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) therapeutics are at the forefront of modern medicine as delivery of this polynucleotide results in in vivo protein production via translation. Critical to this advance was the original discovery of the application of modified nucleosides to mRNA by Karikó and Weissman  which revolutionized the field and enable clinical utility. Advanced RNA technologies such as self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) offer even greater promise of lower dose vaccines and protein replacement therapies. While saRNA shows promise in preclinical and clinical studies, it triggers a potent innate immune response which impedes its replication and protein expression and thereby restricts its therapeutic utility. Unfortunately, incorporation of modified nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs; e.g., N1mΨ ) in saRNA does not yield protein expression supporting the current decades-long understanding in the field that modified NTPs do not work in saRNA. Building off the unexpected discovery that other modified nucleotides do enable successful translation in saRNA, Grinstaff, in collaboration with Dr. Wilson Wong, reported [4] significantly reduced innate immune response with substantial protein expression and duration.

Control of Metabolic Dysfunction

An international team of scientists led by Dr. Mark Grinstaff, Dr. Orian Shirihai, and Dr. Jialiu Zeng published the first report [5] of the potential use acidic nanoparticles as a first-in-kind therapeutic for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) . NAFLD affects 20% to 30% of the world's population and no current treatments target the liver directly to counteract the disease of excess fat droplets in the liver. In NAFLD, lysosomes – small organelles in liver cells  – responsible for eliminating excess fat do not function because of their poorly acidified level. Grinstaff investigated whether restoration of lysosomal function, by increasing its acidity to normal levels, recovers liver function and reduces the build-up of fat droplets in the liver. The lysosome targeting acidifying nanoparticles, termed as AcNPs, composed of fluorinated polyesters activate once in the lysosome to increase the acidity to healthy levels and restore autophagic flux, mitochondrial function, and insulin sensitivity – all key physiological indicators of liver function. In established high fat diet mouse models of NAFLD, re-acidification of lysosomes via AcNPs treatment returns liver function to lean, healthy levels with reversal of fasting hyperglycemia and hepatic steatosis. The ability to prepare new functional nanotechnologies which control cellular process is exciting and opens new areas of research.

2016–2021

Biodegradable Pressure Sensitive Adhesives

Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are materials that adhere to surfaces without requiring solvent, heat, or water activation. While widely used in products such as topical dressings and bandages, current PSAs are not applied internally within the human body. In clinical settings, PSAs could be useful for applications such as wound closure, drug delivery, tissue reinforcement, cell-embedded tissue scaffolds, and wearable medical devices due to their ability to join similar or dissimilar surfaces.

Research led by Mark Grinstaff has explored the development of degradable PSAs based on polyglycerol carbonates. [6] [7] [8] [9] These materials have been studied for their potential to restore tissue integrity and provide scaffolds for healing in a rapid and non-traumatic manner.

Research on Arthrofibrosis

Arthrofibrosis, a condition affecting over 5% of the general population, is characterized by a painful reduction in joint range of motion due to the accumulation of fibrotic tissue. Existing treatments are limited in efficacy and do not address the underlying cause of collagenous tissue build-up within joints.

Grinstaff, in collaboration with Drs. Ara Nazarian and Edward Rodriguez, investigated the therapeutic potential of relaxin-2, a naturally occurring peptide hormone. Their research [10] [11] demonstrated that relaxin-2 administration restored joint range of motion and reduced capsular fibrosis in a murine model of shoulder arthrofibrosis.

Biosensors for Medical Applications

Biosensors are crucial tools for diagnostics and patient care but are often limited by the availability of molecular sensing components. In collaboration with Dr. Galagan, Grinstaff's research [12] [13] focused on mining bacterial systems for transcription factors and enzymes to create novel biosensors. These biosensors have been designed for detecting analytes such as hormones (e.g., progesterone) and addictive substances (e.g., nicotine).

2012-2015

Development of New Polymers and Biomaterials

Poly-amido-saccharides

Grinstaff and collaborators synthesized poly-amido-saccharides (PASs), hybrid materials that combine the structural features of polysaccharides with defined molecular properties. Polysaccharides are diverse in molecular configuration, functionalization, linkage types, and degree of branching, and thus, are challenging synthetic targets. PASs are enantiopure polypeptide-polysaccharide hybrid materials with defined molecular weights and narrow dispersities synthesized using an anionic ring-opening polymerization of a β-lactam sugar monomer. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]

Glycerol-based polycarbonates

Grinstaff's team pioneered [19] the synthesis of linear polycarbonates derived from glycerol. These polymers provide users the capabilities of well-known polymers like PLA (polylactic acid) or PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) with the additional benefits of easily modifiable structure and non-acidic products upon biodegradation. He described [20] [21] the first synthesis of linear polycarbonates based solely on glycerol (i.e., poly(1,3-glycerol carbonate)) using a ring opening polymerization strategy. He also reported [22] the first synthesis of atactic and isotactic linear poly(benzyl 1,2-glycerol carbonate)s via the ring-opening copolymerization of rac-/(R)-benzyl glycidyl ether with CO2 using [SalcyCoIIIX] complexes in high carbonate linkage selectivity and polymer/cyclic carbonate selectivity. These polymers have been applied in drug delivery and tissue engineering due to their biodegradability and structural flexibility (Macromolecules, 2003; ACS Macro Letters, 2015). This research led to the development of drug-eluting buttress technologies for lung tumor prevention, which have undergone clinical translation through the start-up AcuityBio, later acquired [23] by Cook Biotech Inc.

Superhydrophobic biomaterials

Grinstaff has also explored superhydrophobic materials for biomedical applications, including drug delivery devices and diagnostic tools. [24] The commonality in the design of these biomaterials is to create a stable or metastable air state at the material surface, which lends itself to a number of unique properties. Grinstaff fabricated drug-loaded 3D meshes with varying surface tensions (including those exhibiting superhydrophobicity) and introduced the concept of using surface tension as a new parameter to control drug release rates. In collaboration with Dr. Yolonda Colson, flexible drug-loaded buttresses, implanted at the resection margin, prevent lung tumor and extend survival in vivo. [14] [25] [24] These materials utilize surface tension properties to control drug release rates and design sensors. For instance, a rapid sensor for measuring fat content in breast milk was developed [26] to address nutritional challenges in low birth-weight infants.

2009–2012

Cartilage Imaging Agents

Grinstaff contributed to the development of imaging techniques for assessing articular cartilage, creating the first cationic X-ray computed tomography (CT) [27] [28] and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. [29] These agents, such as CA4+, allow non-destructive, 3D imaging of cartilage glycosaminoglycan content, equilibrium modulus, and coefficient of friction. Research [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] utilizing these agents has been conducted on various animal models and human cadaveric specimens. Collaborative work [35] with Dr. Janne Mäkelä has expanded this area, including advancements in two-color CT imaging, which are being applied in arthritis research and therapy evaluation.

Expansile Nanoparticles

In collaboration with Dr. Yolonda Colson, Grinstaff developed [36] [37] [38] [39] a nanoparticle-based drug delivery system with demonstrated efficacy in animal models of lung, ovarian, breast, and pancreatic cancers, as well as mesothelioma. These nanoparticles localize to tumors after intraperitoneal injection, where they undergo a hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic transition triggered by the low pH of the tumor microenvironment, facilitating drug release. [27] [40] This system minimizes systemic exposure while achieving high local drug concentrations. A related study [41] [42] demonstrated that pre-injecting empty nanoparticles followed by the drug 24 hours later enhances drug delivery to the tumor site. The system has shown that over 25% of the injected dose can localize to the tumor.

2005–2009

Investigating Interfaces: Interfacial Biomaterials, Nucleolipids, and Charge-Reversal Amphiphiles

Grinstaff explored interfacial biomaterials (IFBMs) to control biological processes at medical device implants. Using phage display technology, peptides were identified and assembled to form multifunctional coatings, with applications in orthopedics, cardiovascular devices, and diagnostics. [43] [27] [44] [45] This work was commercialized through Affinergy Inc., a company co-founded by Grinstaff.

The synthesis of supramolecular systems using non-covalent interactions is an important and increasingly successful synthetic strategy to complex systems. In collaboration [46] with Prof. P. Barthélémy, Grinstaff synthesized nucleoside amphiphiles (nucleolipids), which combine nucleic acid recognition with lipophilic components. These materials form nanofibers, self-healing gels, and complexes with nucleic acids for gene transfection. [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] The team also introduced [56] [57] [58] charge-reversal amphiphiles, which transition from cationic to anionic states to enhance DNA binding and intracellular release, improving gene delivery systems.

2000–2005

Development of Biodendrimers, Cendritic Hydrogels, and Medical Applications

Grinstaff synthesized novel biocompatible biodegradable dendrimers from natural metabolites as new biomaterials and drug delivery vehicles, and coined the term "biodendrimers". Crosslinkable versions of these polyester, polyamide, and polyether-ester dendritic polymers enabled the preparation of new hydrogels with targeted biodegradation, mechanical, adhesive, and swelling properties. [59] [60] [61] His work facilitated advancements in tissue engineering scaffolds for cartilage repair and sealants for corneal wound repair. [62] [63] [64] The commercial potential of these discoveries led to the formation of Hyperbranch Medical Technology (acquired by Stryker Inc.) and commercialization of ocular as well as dural and spine sealants, which are now the standard of care (OcuSeal and Adherus Surgical Sealants, respectively). A decade later, Grinstaff introduced the concept of a hydrogel wound dressing that dissolves on-demand, via a thiol-thioester exchange reaction, aimed at reducing the pain in dressing changes for second-degree burn wounds. [65] [66]

1996–2000

DNA Electron Transfer and Photocrosslinkable Polysaccharides

Grinstaff began his independent research by developing novel site-specific synthetic methodologies [67] [68] for labeling DNA with inorganic and organic redox probes. These methods were used to study DNA electron transfer [69] mechanisms and to construct conformationally gated electrochemical devices for nucleic acid detection. This research resulted in innovations such as hairpin-to-duplex transition [70] and macromolecule folding [71] based sensors for detecting nucleic acids. These devices, based on electron-transfer dynamics, were among the first of their kind.

During this period, Grinstaff also explored functionalized polysaccharides as biomaterials. He developed methacrylated hyaluronic acid and alginate as macromers for photopolymerization, [72] [73] complementing ongoing research by other notable scientists on photocrosslinkable polymers such as PEG by R. Langer, PLA-PEG-PLA by J. Hubbell, PVA by K. Anseth, and PPF-PEG by A. Mikos for in-situ hydrogel formation.

Academic career

Grinstaff began his academic career at Duke University where he served as a faculty member from 1996 to 2002. During this time, he was part of the Pharmacology Training Grant Program and the Center for Cellular and Biosurface Engineering. He was also an assistant professor of ophthalmology at Duke University Hospital (1999–2002).

In 2003, Grinstaff joined Boston University as an associate professor. His recruitment was part of efforts linked to the Whitaker Foundation Leadership Award [74] granted to the Department of Biomedical Engineering. He had joint appointments in the Boston University College of Engineering and Boston University College of Arts and Sciences, and subsequently with an appointment at Boston University School of Medicine. In 2004, he became a faculty member of the Boston University Nanotechnology Innovation Center, becoming the director in 2014. [2]

In 2015, Grinstaff obtained a grant from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to develop the self-lubricating condom. [75] Under his watch, several successful biotech companies have emerged: Virex Health, AcuityBio [76] , Affinergy [77] , and HyperBranch Medical Technology. [78] Additionally, Grinstaff is the co-inventor of several products including Adherus Surgical Sealants [79] and OcuSeal. [80]

Awards and honors

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrogel</span> Soft water-rich polymer gel

A hydrogel is a biphasic material, a mixture of porous and permeable solids and at least 10% of water or other interstitial fluid. The solid phase is a water insoluble three dimensional network of polymers, having absorbed a large amount of water or biological fluids. Hydrogels have several applications, especially in the biomedical area, such as in hydrogel dressing. Many hydrogels are synthetic, but some are derived from natural materials. The term "hydrogel" was coined in 1894.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colloidal gold</span> Suspension of gold nanoparticles in a liquid

Colloidal gold is a sol or colloidal suspension of nanoparticles of gold in a fluid, usually water. The colloid is coloured usually either wine red or blue-purple . Due to their optical, electronic, and molecular-recognition properties, gold nanoparticles are the subject of substantial research, with many potential or promised applications in a wide variety of areas, including electron microscopy, electronics, nanotechnology, materials science, and biomedicine.

Thiolated polymers – designated thiomers – are functional polymers used in biotechnology product development with the intention to prolong mucosal drug residence time and to enhance absorption of drugs. The name thiomer was coined by Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch in 2000. Thiomers have thiol bearing side chains. Sulfhydryl ligands of low molecular mass are covalently bound to a polymeric backbone consisting of mainly biodegradable polymers, such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, cellulose derivatives, pullulan, starch, gelatin, polyacrylates, cyclodextrins, or silicones.

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are a class of nanoparticle that can be manipulated using magnetic fields. Such particles commonly consist of two components, a magnetic material, often iron, nickel and cobalt, and a chemical component that has functionality. While nanoparticles are smaller than 1 micrometer in diameter, the larger microbeads are 0.5–500 micrometer in diameter. Magnetic nanoparticle clusters that are composed of a number of individual magnetic nanoparticles are known as magnetic nanobeads with a diameter of 50–200 nanometers. Magnetic nanoparticle clusters are a basis for their further magnetic assembly into magnetic nanochains. The magnetic nanoparticles have been the focus of much research recently because they possess attractive properties which could see potential use in catalysis including nanomaterial-based catalysts, biomedicine and tissue specific targeting, magnetically tunable colloidal photonic crystals, microfluidics, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic particle imaging, data storage, environmental remediation, nanofluids, optical filters, defect sensor, magnetic cooling and cation sensors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Temperature-responsive polymer</span> Polymer showing drastic changes in physical properties with temperature

Temperature-responsive polymers or thermoresponsive polymers are polymers that exhibit drastic and discontinuous changes in their physical properties with temperature. The term is commonly used when the property concerned is solubility in a given solvent, but it may also be used when other properties are affected. Thermoresponsive polymers belong to the class of stimuli-responsive materials, in contrast to temperature-sensitive materials, which change their properties continuously with environmental conditions. In a stricter sense, thermoresponsive polymers display a miscibility gap in their temperature-composition diagram. Depending on whether the miscibility gap is found at high or low temperatures, either an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) exists.

A nanogel is a polymer-based, crosslinked hydrogel particle on the sub-micron scale. These complex networks of polymers present a unique opportunity in the field of drug delivery at the intersection of nanoparticles and hydrogel synthesis. Nanogels can be natural, synthetic, or a combination of the two and have a high degree of tunability in terms of their size, shape, surface functionalization, and degradation mechanisms. Given these inherent characteristics in addition to their biocompatibility and capacity to encapsulate small drugs and molecules, nanogels are a promising strategy to treat disease and dysfunction by serving as delivery vehicles capable of navigating across challenging physiological barriers within the body. 

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arginylglycylaspartic acid</span> Chemical compound

Arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) is the most common peptide motif responsible for cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM), found in species ranging from Drosophila to humans. Cell adhesion proteins called integrins recognize and bind to this sequence, which is found within many matrix proteins, including fibronectin, fibrinogen, vitronectin, osteopontin, and several other adhesive extracellular matrix proteins. The discovery of RGD and elucidation of how RGD binds to integrins has led to the development of a number of drugs and diagnostics, while the peptide itself is used ubiquitously in bioengineering. Depending on the application and the integrin targeted, RGD can be chemically modified or replaced by a similar peptide which promotes cell adhesion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbon nanotube chemistry</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peptide amphiphile</span>

Peptide amphiphiles (PAs) are peptide-based molecules that self-assemble into supramolecular nanostructures including; spherical micelles, twisted ribbons, and high-aspect-ratio nanofibers. A peptide amphiphile typically comprises a hydrophilic peptide sequence attached to a lipid tail, i.e. a hydrophobic alkyl chain with 10 to 16 carbons. Therefore, they can be considered a type of lipopeptide. A special type of PA, is constituted by alternating charged and neutral residues, in a repeated pattern, such as RADA16-I. The PAs were developed in the 1990s and the early 2000s and could be used in various medical areas including: nanocarriers, nanodrugs, and imaging agents. However, perhaps their main potential is in regenerative medicine to culture and deliver cells and growth factors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sequence-controlled polymer</span> Macromolecule involving monomeric sequence-control

A sequence-controlled polymer is a macromolecule, in which the sequence of monomers is controlled to some degree. This control can be absolute but not necessarily. In other words, a sequence-controlled polymer can be uniform or non-uniform (Ð>1). For example, an alternating copolymer synthesized by radical polymerization is a sequence-controlled polymer, even if it is also a non-uniform polymer, in which chains have different chain-lengths and slightly different compositions. A biopolymer with a perfectly-defined primary structure is also a sequence-controlled polymer. However, in the case of uniform macromolecules, the term sequence-defined polymer can also be used.

Nanoclusters are atomically precise, crystalline materials most often existing on the 0-2 nanometer scale. They are often considered kinetically stable intermediates that form during the synthesis of comparatively larger materials such as semiconductor and metallic nanocrystals. The majority of research conducted to study nanoclusters has focused on characterizing their crystal structures and understanding their role in the nucleation and growth mechanisms of larger materials.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antonios Mikos</span> Greek-American biomedical engineer

Antonios Georgios Mikos is a Greek-American biomedical engineer who is the Louis Calder Professor of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Rice University. He specialises in biomaterials, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macromolecular cages</span> Molecular architecture consisting of an inner space within an external frame

In host–guest chemistry, macromolecular cages are a type of macromolecule structurally consisting of a three-dimensional chamber surrounded by a molecular framework. Macromolecular cage architectures come in various sizes ranging from 1-50 nm and have varying topologies as well as functions. They can be synthesized through covalent bonding or self-assembly through non-covalent interactions. Most macromolecular cages that are formed through self-assembly are sensitive to pH, temperature, and solvent polarity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polymer-protein hybrid</span> Nanostructures of protein-polymer conjugates

Polymer-protein hybrids are a class of nanostructure composed of protein-polymer conjugates. The protein component generally gives the advantages of biocompatibility and biodegradability, as many proteins are produced naturally by the body and are therefore well tolerated and metabolized. Although proteins are used as targeted therapy drugs, the main limitations—the lack of stability and insufficient circulation times still remain. Therefore, protein-polymer conjugates have been investigated to further enhance pharmacologic behavior and stability. By adjusting the chemical structure of the protein-polymer conjugates, polymer-protein particles with unique structures and functions, such as stimulus responsiveness, enrichment in specific tissue types, and enzyme activity, can be synthesized. Polymer-protein particles have been the focus of much research recently because they possess potential uses including bioseparations, imaging, biosensing, gene and drug delivery.

Conventional drug delivery is limited by the inability to control dosing, target specific sites, and achieve targeted permeability. Traditional methods of delivering therapeutics to the body experience challenges in achieving and maintaining maximum therapeutic effect while avoiding the effects of drug toxicity. Many drugs that are delivered orally or parenterally do not include mechanisms for sustained release, and as a result they require higher and more frequent dosing to achieve any therapeutic effect for the patient. As a result, the field of drug delivery systems developed into a large focus area for pharmaceutical research to address these limitations and improve quality of care for patients. Within the broad field of drug delivery, the development of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems has created the ability to tune drug delivery systems to achieve more controlled dosing and targeted specificity based on material response to exogenous and endogenous stimuli.

Chitosan-poly is a composite that has been increasingly used to create chitosan-poly(acrylic acid) nanoparticles. More recently, various composite forms have come out with poly(acrylic acid) being synthesized with chitosan which is often used in a variety of drug delivery processes. Chitosan which already features strong biodegradability and biocompatibility nature can be merged with polyacrylic acid to create hybrid nanoparticles that allow for greater adhesion qualities as well as promote the biocompatibility and homeostasis nature of chitosan poly(acrylic acid) complex. The synthesis of this material is essential in various applications and can allow for the creation of nanoparticles to facilitate a variety of dispersal and release behaviors and its ability to encapsulate a multitude of various drugs and particles.

Vitaliy Khutoryanskiy FRSC FAPS is a British and Kazakhstani scientist, a Professor of Formulation Science and a Royal Society Industry Fellow at the University of Reading. His research focuses on polymers, biomaterials, nanomaterials, drug delivery, and pharmaceutical sciences. Khutoryanskiy has published over 200 original research articles, book chapters, and reviews. His publications have attracted > 12000 citations and his current h-index is 54. He received several prestigious awards in recognition for his research in polymers, colloids and drug delivery as well as for contributions to research peer-review and mentoring of early career researchers. He holds several honorary professorship titles from different universities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yolonda L. Colson</span> Thoracic Surgeon

Yolonda Lorig Colson is an American thoracic surgeon, working in Boston, who was the 103rd president and first female president of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS), succeeding Shaf Keshavjee, MD and preceding Lars G. Svensson, MD, PhD. Colson is the Chief of the Division of Thoracic Surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital, Hermes C. Grillo Professor in Thoracic Surgery, and Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School. Colson is an Officer and Exam Chair for the American Board of Thoracic Surgery. She is also a collaborator of the Grinstaff Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Kabanov (chemist)</span>

Alexander Viktorovich Kabanov, is a Russian and American chemist, an educator, an entrepreneur, and a researcher in the fields of drug delivery and nanomedicine.

Ultrasound-triggered drug delivery using stimuli-responsive hydrogels refers to the process of using ultrasound energy for inducing drug release from hydrogels that are sensitive to acoustic stimuli. This method of approach is one of many stimuli-responsive drug delivery-based systems that has gained traction in recent years due to its demonstration of localization and specificity of disease treatment. Although recent developments in this field highlight its potential in treating certain diseases such as COVID-19, there remain many major challenges that need to be addressed and overcome before more related biomedical applications are clinically translated into standard of care.

References

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  4. ↑ McGee, Joshua E.; Kirsch, Jack R.; Kenney, Devin; Chavez, Elizabeth; Shih, Ting-Yu; Douam, Florian; Wong, Wilson W.; Grinstaff, Mark W. (2023-09-17), "Complete substitution with modified nucleotides suppresses the early interferon response and increases the potency of self-amplifying RNA", bioRxiv : The Preprint Server for Biology, doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557994, PMC   10516017 , PMID   37745375 , retrieved 2025-01-09
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  11. ↑ Kirsch, Jack R.; Williamson, Amanda K.; Yeritsyan, Diana; Blessing, William A.; Momenzadeh, Kaveh; Leach, Todd R.; Williamson, Patrick M.; Korunes-Miller, Jenny T.; DeAngelis, Joseph P.; Zurakowski, David; Nazarian, Rosalynn M.; Rodriguez, Edward K.; Nazarian, Ara; Grinstaff, Mark W. (2022-10-12). "Minimally invasive, sustained-release relaxin-2 microparticles reverse arthrofibrosis". Science Translational Medicine. 14 (666): eabo3357. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abo3357. PMC   9948766 . PMID   36223449.
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