Related Research Articles
The Warring States period was an era in ancient Chinese history characterized by warfare, as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and consolidation. It followed the Spring and Autumn period and concluded with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states, which ultimately led to the Qin state's victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire, under the Qin dynasty.
Wei was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It was created from the three-way Partition of Jin, together with Han and Zhao. Its territory lay between the states of Qin and Qi and included parts of modern-day Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandong. After its capital was moved from Anyi to Daliang during the reign of King Hui, Wei was also called Liang.
Zhao was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It emerged from the tripartite division of Jin, along with Han and Wei, in the 5th century BC. Zhao gained considerable strength from the military reforms initiated during the reign of King Wuling, but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Qin at the Battle of Changping. Its territory included areas in the modern provinces of Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi. It bordered the states of Qin, Wei, and Yan, as well as various nomadic peoples including the Hu and Xiongnu. Its capital was Handan, in modern Hebei province.
Wen Jiang was a princess of the State of Qi and duchess of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. She was a daughter of Duke Xi of Qi and sister of Duke Xiang and Duke Huan of Qi. She was the main wife of Duke Huan of Lu and mother of Duke Zhuang of Lu. She is best known for having an incestuous relationship with her brother Duke Xiang, who had her husband murdered. Her clan name was Jiang (姜) and Wen was her posthumous title.
Li Shi, courtesy name Ziren (子仁), historically known by his Jin dynasty-bestowed title Marquess of Guiyi (歸義侯), was the last emperor of the Di-led Cheng-Han dynasty of China. During his reign, the Cheng-Han state continued the deterioration that occurred through his father Li Shou's reign, and in 347, Li Shi's forces failed against the Jin expedition force commanded by Huan Wen. Li Shi fled the capital Chengdu but eventually surrendered, and Emperor Mu of Jin spared him and created him a marquess, a title he carried for the rest of his life.
King Zhaoxiang of Qin, or King Zhao of Qin (秦昭王), born Ying Ji (Chinese: 嬴稷, was the king of Qin from 306 BC to 251 BC. He was the son of King Huiwen and younger brother of King Wu.
Marquess Wen of Wei was the first Marquess to rule the State of Wei during the Warring States period of Chinese history. Born Wei Si (魏斯), he belonged to the House of Wei, one of the noble houses that dominated Jin politics in the 5th and 6th centuries BC.
Marquess Jing of Han, ancestral name Jì (姬), clan name Hán (韩), personal name Qían (虔), was the ruler of the State of Han between 408 BC until his death in 400 BC. Marquess Jing was the son of Wuzi of Han. It was during his rule that the State of Han became a recognized state. In the first year of his reign, he attacked the State of Zheng and took over Yongqiu in today's Qi County, Henan. The next year, his army lost to Zheng at Fushu in today's Dengfeng, Henan. In 403 BC, Marquess Jing, along with Marquess Wen of Wei and Marquess Lie of Zhao partitioned the powerful Jin state into the Han, Wei, and Zhao states marking the beginning of the Warring States Period and Han as an independent polity. King Weilie of Zhou was forced to elevate Jing's title from viscount to marquess. Marquess Jing then moved the capital of Han from Pingyang to Yangzhai. In 400 BC, the capital Yangzhai was subject to a siege by the Zheng army. Marquess Jing died later that year and was succeeded by his son Marquess Lie of Han.
Marquess Lie of Han, also known as Marquess Wu of Han (韩武侯), ancestral name Jì (姬), clan name Hán (韩), personal name Qǔ (取), was the ruler of the State of Han between 399 BC and until his death in 387 BC. He was the son of Marquess Jing of Han. In the first years of Marquess Lie's rule, his uncle Han Xialei (韩侠累) was the state's chancellor. A power struggle between Han Xialei and another minister, Yan Sui (严遂), developed into a deep resentment between the two. In 397 BC Yan Sui paid a huge sum to assassin Nie Zheng (聂政) and assassinated Han Xialei. In 394 BC, Han defended Lu from a Qi invasion. In 391 BC the State of Qin invaded Yiyang and took six pieces of land. Marquess Lie died in 387 BC and was succeeded by his son Marquess Wen of Han.
King Xi of Han ; pinyin: Hán Xī Wáng, ancestral name Jì (姬), clan name Hán (韩), personal name Jiù (咎), was the ruler of the State of Han between 295 BC and until his death in 273 BC. He was the son of King Xiang of Han.
Duke Wen of Qi was from 815 to 804 BC the tenth recorded ruler of the State of Qi during the Western Zhou Dynasty of ancient China. His personal name was Lü Chi (呂赤), ancestral name Jiang, and Duke Wen was his posthumous title.
Duke Xi of Qi was from 730 to 698 BC the thirteenth recorded ruler of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. His personal name was Lü Lufu (呂祿甫), ancestral name Jiang, and Duke Xi was his posthumous title.
Duke Huan of Lu was from 711 to 694 BC the 15th ruler of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. His ancestral name was Ji, given name Yun (允) or Gui (軌), and Duke Huan was his posthumous title.
Duke Ling of Qi was from 581 to 554 BC ruler of the State of Qi, a major power during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. His personal name was Lü Huan (呂環), ancestral name Jiang, and Duke Ling was his posthumous title. Duke Ling succeeded his father Duke Qing of Qi, who died in 582 BC after 17 years of reign.
Duke Dao of Qi was from 488 to 485 BC ruler of the State of Qi, a major power during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. His personal name was Lü Yangsheng (呂陽生), ancestral name Jiang, and Duke Dao was his posthumous title. Before ascending the throne he was known as Prince Yangsheng.
Yan, Marquis of Tian was from 383 to 375 BC ruler of the State of Qi, a major power during the Warring States period of ancient China. His personal name was Tián Yǎn (田剡), and ancestral name Gui.
King Zhao of Wei, personal name Wei Chi was king of Wei from 296 BC to 277 BC. He was the son of King Xiang of Wei. During his reign, his state suffered from repeated attacks by the state of Qin. In 293 BC, he made an alliance with the state of Han against Qin but was defeated by the Qin general Bai Qi with the loss of 240,000 troops and 5 cities. In 287 BC, Quyang was attacked and in 286 BC, Anyi and Henei was attacked as well. In an attempt to assist in the attack on Anyi, Qin's ally, the state of Song was attacked in turn by the state of Qi and defeated at Wenyi. After a brief alliance between the states of Yan, Qin, Han and Zhao against Qi, King Zhao broke the alliance and allied with Qi against Qin.
King Xiang of Han ; also known as King Xiang'ai of Han (韩襄哀王) and King Daoxiang of Han (韩悼襄王), ancestral name Jì (姬), clan name Hán (韩), personal name Cāng (仓), was the ruler of the State of Han between 311 BC and until his death in 296 BC. He was the son of King Xuanhui of Han.
Marquess Ai of Han, ancestral name Jì (姬), clan name Hán (韩), personal name unknown, was the ruler of the State of Han between 376 BC and until his death in 374 BC. He was the son of Marquess Wen of Han.
Marquess Gong of Han, ancestral name Jì (姬), clan name Hán (韩), personal name Ruòshān (若山), was the ruler of the State of Han between 374 BC and until his death in 363 BC. He was the son of Marquess Ai of Han.
References
- Shiji Chapter 45
- Zizhi Tongjian Volume 1