 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source .(October 2023) |
| Massarina carolinensis | |
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| Species: | M. carolinensis |
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| Massarina carolinensis | |
Massarina carolinensis is a species of fungus in the Lophiostomataceae family. The species is found exclusively on the lower parts of the culms of the saltmarsh Juncus roemerianus on the Atlantic Coast of North Carolina.
The species was first described by mycologists Jan Kohlmeyer, Brigitte Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, and Ove Eriksson in a 1996 Mycological Research publication. The specific epithet carolinensis is the Latinized name of the state where it was first discovered. The species was tentatively assigned to Massarina , although this genus is poorly known. [1]
The roughly spherical fruit bodies are 130–160 μm high by 145–175 μm wide, and immersed in the cortex of the plant. Although initially covered by the plant cuticle, the fungus is later exposed when the cuticle peels off to reveal an ostiolate, leathery ascomata. The ascomata grow singly or in groups, and are clypeate (covered with a shield-like growth). Their color is blackish-brown in the upper parts, and light brown in the lower parts. A brown pseudoparenchyma covers the top of immature ascomata and rips apart at maturity; the tips of the pseudoparaphyses extend into the ostiole. The peridium is 9–13 μm thick, made of 4–5 layers of ellipsoidal cells, occluded by melanin, especially around the ostiole, to form a textura angularis—a parenchyma-like tissue of densely packed cells that appear angular in cross section. The hamathecium (a term referring to all hyphae developing between asci of the hymenium) is dense, containing many septate, and branched; the pseudoparaphyses anastomose in a gelatinous matrix. The asci measure 75–90 by 13–16 μm, with a short stalk; they are eight-spored (the spores are arranged in two or three parallel rows), cylindrical, bitunicate (two-layered), thick-walled, and lack any specialized apparatus at the tip. The ascospores mature successively on the tissue at the bottom of the locule. The ascospores are ellipsoidal, hyaline (translucent), and measure 16.5–21 by 4-5–65 μm. The spores have three speta, and are strongly constricted at these septa. They are enclosed by a gelatinous sheath that swells strongly in water after the membrane around the outer covering of the spore bursts. [1]
M. carolinensis is similar in ascospore and fruit body morphology to the species M. ricifera , which grows on the same host plant. M. ricifera latter can be distinguished by the presence of a neck on the fruit body, the sparse pseudoparaphyses, and slightly larger ascospores measuring 19–25 by 5.5–7 μm. Additionally, it is a marine species, found between 10 and 30 cm (3.9 and 11.8 in) above the rhizome. [1]
The fungus grows on the senescent culms of Juncus roemerianus . Because the fruit bodies are found on the middle and upper parts of the culm, typically between 78 and 97 cm (31 and 38 in) above the rhizome, it is considered a terrestrial organism. M. carolinensis is found on the Atlantic Coast of the United States. [1]
An ascocarp, or ascoma, is the fruiting body (sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia).
Banksiamyces is a genus of fungi in the order Helotiales, with a tentative placement in the family Helotiaceae. The genus contains four species, which grow on the seed follicles of the dead infructescences or "cones" of various species of Banksia, a genus in the plant family Proteaceae endemic to Australia. Fruit bodies of the fungus appear as small, shallow dark cups on the follicles of the Banksia fruit. The edges of dry fruit bodies fold inwards, appearing like narrow slits. The first specimens of Banksiamyces, known then as Tympanis toomansis, were described in 1887. Specimens continued to be collected occasionally for almost 100 years before becoming examined more critically in the early 1980s, leading to the creation of a new genus to contain what was determined to be three distinct species, B. katerinae, B. macrocarpus, and B. toomansis. A fourth species, B. maccannii, was added in 1984.
Aquamarina is a fungal genus in the class Dothideomycetes. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single marine species Aquamarina speciosa, originally found in North Carolina, and distributed in the Atlantic Coast of the United States. The bluish-green species fruits exclusively in the lower parts of dying culms of the saltmarsh plant Juncus roemerianus.
Zeus is a fungal genus within the family Rhytismataceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Zeus olympius, originally discovered in 1987 on Mount Olympus in Greece. Fruit bodies are yellow discs that grow in the decaying wood of Bosnian pine trees.
The Loramycetaceae are a family of fungi in the Ascomycota, class Leotiomycetes. This is a monotypic taxon, containing the single genus Loramyces; the genus contains two aquatic species, L. juncicola, named by American mycologist William H. Weston in 1929, and L. macrosporus, first described by C.T. Ingold and B. Chapman in 1952.
The Lulworthiaceae are a family of marine fungi in the Ascomycota, class Sordariomycetes. Species in the family have a widespread distribution in both temperate and tropical oceans, and are typically found growing on submerged wood or on seaweed. In 2000, Molecular analysis of several species of Lulworthia and Lindra led to the reassignment of their parent genera to the new order Lulworthiales in addition to the new family Lulworthiaceae. In 2020, a large fungi study added more genera to the family.
Juncus roemerianus is a species of flowering plant in the rush family known by the common names black rush, needlerush, and black needlerush. It is native to North America, where its main distribution lies along the coastline of the southeastern United States, including the Gulf Coast. It occurs from New Jersey to Texas, with outlying populations in Connecticut, New York, Mexico, and certain Caribbean islands.
Keissleriella rara is a rare species of fungus in the family Lophiostomataceae. The species fruits exclusively on dead or dying standing culms of the saltmarsh plant Juncus roemerianus. It is known only from the Atlantic Coast of North Carolina.
Paraphaeosphaeria pilleata is a species of fungus in the Lophiostomataceae family. The species fruits exclusively in the lower parts of the culms of the black needlerush. It is found on the Atlantic Coast of North Carolina.
Engleromyces sinensis is a species of fungus in the family Xylariaceae. It was described as new to science in 2010, based on specimens collected in 1958 and incorrectly identified as Engleromyces goetzii. The fungus is known only from China, where it grows on bamboo culms. It forms fruit bodies in the shape of two roughly circular buff-colored lobes measuring up to 50 cm (20 in) in diameter that envelop the bamboo. E. sinensis has been used as a folk remedy against cancer and infection in Tibet, Yunnan, and Sichuan Provinces. Several bioactive metabolites have been isolated and identified from the fungus.
Aphanoascus fulvescens is a mould fungus that behaves as a keratinophilic saprotroph and belongs to the Ascomycota. It is readily isolated from soil and dung containing keratin-rich tissues that have been separated from their animal hosts. This organism, distributed worldwide, is most commonly found in areas of temperate climate, in keeping with its optimal growth temperature of 28 °C (82 °F). While A. fulvescens is recognized as a geophilic fungal species, it is also a facultative opportunistic pathogen. Although it is not a dermatophyte, A. fulvescens has occasionally been shown to cause onychomycosis infections in humans. Its recognition in the laboratory is clinically important for correct diagnosis and treatment of human dermal infections.
Collariella bostrychodes is a fungal decomposer of lignin and carbohydrate in the family Chaetomiaceae commonly found in soil and dung. The fungus is distinguished by a darkened collar-like ostiole around the ostiolar pore, giving the fungus its name. The fungus is highly variable in shape and form, giving raise to the belief that there are two subclades in the species. The ascospores range from lemon-shaped to nearly spherical with slightly pointed ends. It can grow to be pale green and later turn pale bluish grey or olivaceous with age. The fungus produces the toxic secondary metabolite, chaetochromin.
Zopfiella ebriosa is an unharmful fungus discovered covering the corks of wine bottles in 1991 in Tarragona, Spain. A member of the division Ascomycota, Zopfiella ebriosa is characterized by small and asymmetrical asci, presence of ostioles, and possession of germ slits.
Pseudothielavia terricola is a fungal species of the phylum Ascomycota, family Chaetomiaceae, and genus Pseudothielavia. Pseudothielavia terricola is widely distributed, especially in the tropical region of the world – with documented appearances in Africa, Southern Europe, and Asia. The species is mainly found in soil, but can also be found on other materials such as animal dung. The species was first assigned to the genus Coniothyrium in 1927, but was soon re-assigned to the genus Thielavia which endured for almost 90 years. Through intensive phylogenetic research and reassessment, the species was designated to a new genus, Pseudothielavia; the etymology of Pseudothielavia means similar to the genus Thielavia – the high resemblance was what contributed to the species assignment to the genus Thielavia nine decades ago. The fungus is mesophilic, grows abundantly in a pH level between 3.9–6, and is able to utilize multiple carbohydrates to support its growth. Mature Pseudothielavia terricola colonies in culture is dark brown in colour and spread out. Pseudothielavia terricola synthesizes a variety of compounds, two of which are thielavin A & B. These compounds were determined to be strong inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis.
Arachnomyces flavidulus is a species of ascomycete fungus discovered in 1912 by botanist Carlo Luigi Spegazzini. It was recovered from rotting Eucalyptus globulus leaves from a park in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Etheirophoraceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes. They are saprobic on intertidal wood and bark within marine habitats.
Juncigenaceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes. They are saprobic to intertidal wood, within mangrove forests and other herbaceous wood and roots, bark, leaves in various marine habitats.
Zwackhiomacromyces is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi in the family Xanthopyreniaceae. It has two species. The genus is distinguished by its black, pear-shaped fruiting bodies with large, nipple-shaped ostioles that have a granular surface, and a dark, multi-layered wall made up of hyphal cells forming a pseudoparenchymatous structure. The genus is closely related to the similarly named genus Zwackhiomyces.
Macroconstrictolumina is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Trypetheliaceae. It has four species.
Astrothelium globosum is a species of lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. This species is characterised by its immersed ascomata and a thallus consisting of nearly spherical warts, along with distinctive 3-septate ascospores.