Pleosporales

Last updated

Pleosporales
Temporal range: Eocene–recent
Chain of conidia of an Alternaria sp. fungus PHIL 3963 lores.jpg
Alternaria sp.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Dothideomycetes
Subclass: Pleosporomycetidae
Order: Pleosporales
Luttr. ex M.E.Barr (1987)
Families
Synonyms
  • Melanommatales
  • Pseudosphaeriales [2]

The Pleosporales is the largest order in the fungal class Dothideomycetes. By a 2008 estimate, it contained 23 families, 332 genera and more than 4700 species. [3] The majority of species are saprobes on decaying plant material in fresh water, [4] marine, [5] or terrestrial environments, but several species are also associated with living plants as parasites, epiphytes or endophytes. [1] The best studied species cause plant diseases on important agricultural crops e.g. Cochliobolus heterostrophus , causing southern corn leaf blight on maize, Phaeosphaeria nodorum (Stagonospora nodorum) causing glume blotch on wheat and Leptosphaeria maculans causing a stem canker (called blackleg) on cabbage crops ( Brassica ). Some species of Pleosporales occur on animal dung, [6] and a small number occur as lichens [7] and rock-inhabiting fungi. [8]

Contents

Taxonomy

The order was proposed in 1955 as Dothideomycetes with perithecioid ascomata with pseudoparaphyses amongst the asci, at which time there were seven families (Botryosphaeriaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Herpotrichiellaceae, Lophiostomataceae, Mesnieraceae, Pleosporaceae, and Venturiaceae). Three further families were added in 1973 (Dimeriaceae, Mycoporaceae, and Sporormiaceae). Coniothyriaceae was added by W.B. Cooke in 1983. The order was only formally described in 1987 (Barr) with 21 families. Five families were added in 2009 (Aigialaceae, Amniculicolaceae, Lentitheciaceae, [9] Tetraplosphaeriaceae, and Trematosphaeriaceae). [1] The family Halojulellaceae was circumscribed in 2013, [10] as well as Salsugineaceae. [11] Roussoellaceae was introduced by Liu et al. (2014), [12] family Torulaceae was added in 2017, [13] as well as family Camarosporiaceae, [14] and Neocamarosporiaceae . [14] Then the family Tzeananaceae was added in 2018. [15]

Subdivision

Margaret E. Barr in 1979, originally accepted six suborders within which to arrange the families. [16] A suborder, Pleosporineae has been proposed, including four families (Didymellaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae, Phaeosphaeriaceae and Pleosporaceae). [1] Families Ascocylindricaceae, Coniothyriaceae, Cucurbitariaceae, Dothidotthiaceae, Halojulellaceae, Neopyrenochaetaceae, Neophaeosphaeriaceae, Parapyrenochaetaceae, Pseudopyrenochaetaceae, Pyrenochaetopsidaceae, Shiraiaceae and Tzeananiaceae joined them later in 2015. [17]

Also suborder Massarineae with five families (Lentitheciaceae, Massarinaceae, Montagnulaceae, Morosphaeriaceae and Trematosphaeriaceae). In 2015, with DNA analysis, the monophyletic status of the Dictyosporiaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Latoruaceae, Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, Massarinaceae, Morosphaeriaceae, and Trematosphaeriaceae was strongly supported, while the clades of the Bambusicolaceae and the Lentitheciaceae are only moderately supported. Two new families, Parabambusicolaceae and Sulcatisporaceae, were proposed in 2015. [18]

Phylogenetics

The Pleosporales form a well supported clade, with 17 subclades. [1] As a result of phylogenetic studies, the Pleosporales have undergone considerable reorganisation, particularly with reference to the very large genus Phoma and the family Didymellaceae. Consequently, a number of genera considered incertae sedis have now been placed within the latter family. [19]

Genera incertae sedis

These are genera of the Pleosporales of uncertain taxonomy that have not been placed in any family.

Although in 2009 when Lentitheciaceae was established it placed various genera such as Lentithecium and Tingoldiago , plus others. [9]

Evolution

The oldest members of Pleosporales are the fossil genera Margaretbarromyces , which was described from Eocene age strata on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, [20] and Cryptodidymosphaerites , described from the Ypresian Princeton chert in the British Columbian interior. [21]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dothideomycetes</span> Class of fungi

Dothideomycetes is the largest and most diverse class of ascomycete fungi. It comprises 11 orders 90 families, 1,300 genera and over 19,000 known species. Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more orders to the class.

<i>Stagonospora</i> Genus of fungi

Stagonospora is a genus of fungi clustering in the Phaeosphaeriaceae (Quaedvlieg). Several of the species in this genus are plant pathogens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dothideomycetidae</span> Subclass of fungi

Dothideomycetidae is a subclass of Dothideomycetes consisting of three orders: Dothideales, Myriangiales and Capnodiales. The cavities of the sexual structures do not have vertical cells growing between the sac-like cells bearing the sexual spores (asci).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Capnodiales</span> Order of fungi

Capnodiales is a diverse order of Dothideomycetes, initially based on the family Capnodiaceae, also known as sooty mold fungi. Sooty molds grow as epiphytes, forming masses of black cells on plant leaves and are often associated with the honeydew secreted by insects feeding on plant sap. This diverse order has been expanded by the addition of several families formerly thought unrelated and now also includes saprobes, endophytes, plant pathogens, lichens and rock-inhabiting fungi. The new additions include the genus Mycosphaerella containing the causal agents of several economically important crop and tree diseases. A small number of these fungi are also able to parasitise humans and animals, including species able to colonise human hair shafts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleosporomycetidae</span> Subclass of fungi

Pleosporomycetidae is a subclass of Dothideomycetes consisting of four orders: Pleosporales, Hysteriales, Mytilinidiales, and Jahnulales. One of its defining features is the presence of pseudoparaphyses. These are sterile cells extending down from the upper portion of the cavity inside sexual structures containing the sac-like asci with sexually produced spores (ascospores). Pseudoparaphyses are initially attached at both their ends, but sometimes the upper part may become free. Some orders and families where these cells are present remain outside the subclass since DNA based phylogenies cannot place them with confidence. However they could conceivably be included within Pleosporomycetidae in future.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleosporaceae</span> Family of fungi

Pleosporaceae is a family of sac fungi. They are pathogenic to humans or saprobic on woody and dead herbaceous stems or leaves.

<i>Phoma</i> Genus of fungi

Phoma is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species.

The Lophiostomataceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Taxa have a widespread distribution, especially in temperate regions, and are saprobic or necrotrophic on herbaceous and woody stems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phaeosphaeriaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Phaeosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Species in the family have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are generally nectrotrophic or saprobic on a wide range of plants.

The Didymosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. The family was erected by Anders Munk in 1953.

<i>Lophiostoma</i> Genus of fungi

Lophiostoma is a genus of ascomycetous fungi in the family Lophiostomataceae.

Salsuginea is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class was unknown in 2007. Until Kevin D. Hyde & Tibpromma, 2013 introduced family Salsugineaceae within the order of Pleosporales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Didymellaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Didymellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. They have a world-wide distribution.

Amniculicolaceae is a family of fungi belonging to the order Pleosporales. First described in 2009 by Y. Zhang ter, C.L. Schoch, J. Fournier, Crous & K.D. Hyde, the type genus is Amniculicola.

<i>Dictyosporium</i> Genus of fungi

Dictyosporium is the type genus of fungi belonging to the family Dictyosporiaceae. By an estimate in 2018 it is formed by 45 species.

The Lentitheciaceae are a family of fungi in the order of Pleosporales. They are found world-wide with the greatest contributions found in Europe and Australia.

The Trematosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi in the order of Pleosporales. They are found world-wide with the greatest contributions found in Europe and Australia. It includes taxa that are found in the marine environment, such as Falciformispora lignatis which can be found in freshwater and marine habitats. Most are saprobic species.

Juncigenaceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes. They are saprobic to intertidal wood, within mangrove forests and other herbaceous wood and roots, bark, leaves in various marine habitats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coniothyriaceae</span> Family of fungi

Coniothyriaceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Pleosporales in the subclass Pleosporomycetidae and within the class Dothideomycetes. They are pathogenic or they can be saprobic on dead branches. They are generally a anamorphic species.

<i>Neocamarosporium</i> Genus of fungi

Neocamarosporium is a genus of ascomycete fungi, as accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020. The species are typically halotolerant, being commonly found in saline environments like in saline water, hypersaline soils and especially in association with halophytes.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Zhang Y, Schoch CL, Fournier J, Crous PW, Gruyter J De, Woudenberg JHC, Hirayama K, Tanaka K, Pointing SB, Hyde KD. 2009. Multi-locus phylogeny of the Pleosporales: a taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary re-evaluation. Studies in Mycology 64: 85–102.
  2. ↑ "Pleosporales". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved October 12, 2007.
  3. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 547. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  4. ↑ Shearer C.A., Raja H.A., Miller A.N., Nelson P, Tanaka K, Hirayama K, Marvanová L, Hyde K.D., Zhang Z. 2009. The molecular phylogeny of freshwater Dothideomycetes. Studies in Mycology 64: 145–153. Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ Suetrong S, Schoch C.L., Spatafora J.W., Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Sakayaroj J, Phongpaichit S, Tanaka K, Hirayama K, Jones E.B.G. 2009. Molecular systematics of the marine Dothideomycetes. Studies in Mycology 64: 155–173. Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ Kruys Å, Eriksson OE, Wedin M. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of coprophilous Pleosporales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota), and the classification of some bitunicate taxa of unknown position. Mycological Research 110:527–536
  7. ↑ Nelsen MP, Lücking R, Grube M, Mbatchou JS, Muggia L, Rivas Plata E, Lumbsch HT. 2009. Unravelling the phylogenetic relationships of lichenised fungi in Dothideomyceta. Studies in Mycology 64: 135–144. Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Ruibal C, Gueidan C, Selbmann L, Gorbushina AA, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Muggia L, Grube M, Isola D, Schoch CL, Staley JT, Lutzoni F, Hoog GS De. 2009. Phylogeny of rock-inhabiting fungi related to Dothideomycetes. Studies in Mycology 64: 123–133. Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
  9. 1 2 Zhang Y, Wang HK, Fournier J et al (2009b) Towards a phylogenetic clarification of Lophiostoma/Massarina and morphologically similar genera in the Pleosporales. Fungal Divers 38:225–251
  10. ↑ Ariyawansa HA, Jones EB, Suetrong S, Alias SA, Kang JC, Hyde KD (2013). "Halojulellaceae a new family of the order Pleosporales" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 130 (1): 14–24. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.130.1.2.
  11. ↑ Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; Liu, Jian-Kui; Ariyawansa, Hiran; Boehm, Eric; Boonmee, Saranyaphat; Braun, Uwe; Chomnunti, Putarak; Crous, Pedro W.; Dai, Dong-Qin; Diederich, Paul; Dissanayake, Asha; Doilom, Mingkhuan; Doveri, Francesco; Hongsanan, Singang; Jayawardena, Ruvishika; Lawrey, James D.; Li, Yan-Mei; Liu, Yong-Xiang; Lücking, Robert; Monkai, Jutamart; Muggia, Lucia; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Pang, Ka-Lai; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa; Senanayake, Indunil C.; Shearer, Carol A.; Suetrong, Satinee; Tanaka, Kazuaki; Thambugala, Kasun M.; Wijayawardene, Nalin N.; Wikee, Saowanee; Wu, Hai-Xia; Zhang, Ying; Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña; Alias, S. Aisyah; Aptroot, André; Bahkali, Ali H.; Bezerra, Jose L.; Bhat, D. Jayarama; Camporesi, Erio; Chukeatirote, Ekachai; Gueidan, Cécile; Hawksworth, David L.; Hirayama, Kazuyuki; De Hoog, Sybren; Kang, Ji-Chuan; Knudsen, Kerry; Li, Wen-Jing; Li, Xing-Hong; Liu, Zou-Yi; Mapook, Ausana; McKenzie, Eric H. C.; Miller, Andrew N.; Mortimer, Peter E.; Phillips, Alan J. L.; Raja, Huzefa A.; Scheuer, Christian; Schumm, Felix; Taylor, Joanne E.; Tian, Qing; Tibpromma, Saowaluck; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; Wang, Yong; Xu, Jian-Chu; Yacharoen, Supalak; Yan, Ji-Ye; Zhang, Min (2013). "Families of Dothideomycetes". Fungal Diversity . Kunming Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Springer). 63 (1): 1–313. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0263-4. ISSN   1560-2745. S2CID   207464100.
  12. ↑ Chethana, Thilini (20 September 2022). "Roussoellaceae - Facesoffungi number: FoF 08360". Faces Of Fungi. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  13. ↑ Li, Jun-Fu; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa; Jeewon, Rajesh; Bhat, Darbhe J.; Mapook, Ausana; Camporesi, Erio; Shang, Qiu-Ju; Chukeatirote, Ekachai; Bahkali, Ali H.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2017). "Molecular taxonomy and morphological characterization reveal new species and new host records of Torula species (Torulaceae, Pleosporales)". Mycological Progress. 16: 447–461.
  14. 1 2 Wanasinghe, D.N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jeewon, R.; Crous, P.W.; Wijayawardene, N.N.; Jones, E.B.G.; Bhat, D.J.; Phillips, A.J.L.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Dayarathne, M.C.; Phukhamsakda, C.; Thambugala, K.M.; Bulgakov, T.S.; Camporesi, E.; Gafforov, Y.S.; Mortimer, P.E.; Karunarathna, S.C. (1 June 2017). "Phylogenetic revision of Camarosporium (Pleosporineae, Dothideomycetes) and allied genera". Studies in Mycology. 87: 207–56. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2017.08.001. PMC   5607397 . PMID   28966419.
  15. ↑ Ariyawansa HA, Phillips A, Chuang WY, Tsai I (2018). "Tzeananiaceae, a new pleosporalean family associated with Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis fruiting bodies in Taiwan". MycoKeys. 37 (37): 1–17. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.37.27265 . PMC   6072833 . PMID   30100794.
  16. ↑ Barr ME (1979a) A classification of Loculoascomycetes. Mycologia 71:935–957
  17. ↑ Ariyawansa, H.A.; Hyde, K.D.; Jayasiri, S.C.; et al. (2015). "Fungal diversity notes 111–252—taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 75: 27–274. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0346-5. S2CID   256069350.
  18. ↑ Tanaka, K.; Hirayama, K.; Yonezawa, H.; Sato, G.; Toriyabe, A.; Kudo, H.; Hashimoto, A.; Matsumura, M.; Harada, Y.; Kurihara, Y.; Shirouzu, T.; Hosoya, T. (1 September 2015). "Revision of the Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes)". Studies in Mycology. 82 (1): 75–136. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2015.10.002. PMC   4774272 . PMID   26955201.
  19. ↑ Aveskamp, M.M.; de Gruyter, J.; Woudenberg, J.H.C.; Verkley, G.J.M.; Crous, P.W. (2010). "Highlights of the Didymellaceae: A polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera". Studies in Mycology. 65: 1–60. doi:10.3114/sim.2010.65.01. PMC   2836210 . PMID   20502538.
  20. ↑ Mindell, R.A.; Stockey, R.A.; Beard, G.; Currah, R.S. (2007). "Margaretbarromyces dictyosporus gen. sp. nov.: a permineralized corticolous ascomycete from the Eocene of Vancouver Island, British Columbia". Mycological Research. 111 (6): 680–684. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.010. PMID   17601718.
  21. ↑ Currah, R.S.; Stockey, R.A.; LePage, B.A. (1998). "An Eocene tar spot on a fossil palm and its fungal hyperparasite". Mycologia. 90 (4): 667–673. doi:10.1080/00275514.1998.12026955.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.