| Phoma | |
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| Phoma exigua spores | |
| Scientific classification | |
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| Genus: | Phoma |
| Type species | |
| Phoma herbarum | |
Phoma is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species.
| Phoma | |
|---|---|
| | |
| Phoma exigua spores | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Division: | |
| Class: | |
| Subclass: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | Phoma |
| Type species | |
| Phoma herbarum | |
Phoma is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species.
Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. Phoma is arbitrarily limited to those species in which the spores are less than 15 μm as the larger spored forms have been placed in the genus Macrophoma . The most important species include Phoma beta which is the cause of the heart rot and blight of beets, Phoma batata that produces a dry rot of sweet potato, and Phoma solani . [2]
About 140 Phoma taxa have been defined and recognized [3] which may be divided into two large groups: (i) plurivorous fungi, generally saprobic or weakly parasitic, mainly from temperate regions in Eurasia, but occasionally also found in other parts of the world (including areas with cool or warm climates); and (ii) specific pathogens of cultivated plants. [4] However other estimates place the number of taxa closer to 3000, making it one of the largest fungal genera. [5]
Traditionally nine sections (Phoma, Heterospora, Macrospora, Paraphoma, Peyronellaea, Phyllostictoides, Pilosa, Plenodomus and Sclerophomella) as described by Boerema (1997) have been recognised on morphological grounds. The number of taxa in each section varied widely, from 2 (Pilosa) to 70 (Phoma). Section Phoma itself was considered incertae sedis. [5]
However phylogenetic studies suggest the genus is highly polyphyletic containing six distinct clades. Furthermore, taxa identified as Phoma have been identified across several different families within Pleosporales, but most within Didymellaceae (type genus Didymella ). Furthermore, the Didymellaceae segregate into 18 clusters allowing many taxa to be distributed into separate genera. [5]
Consequently, there is little justification for retaining the sections, a number of which such as Peyronellaea are now elevated to genus rank, within Didymellaceae. [5]
Species include:
Coniothyrium glycines is a fungal plant pathogen infecting soybean.
Stagonospora is a genus of fungi clustering in the Phaeosphaeriaceae (Quaedvlieg). Several of the species in this genus are plant pathogens.
The Pleosporales is the largest order in the fungal class Dothideomycetes. By a 2008 estimate, it contained 23 families, 332 genera and more than 4700 species. The majority of species are saprobes on decaying plant material in fresh water, marine, or terrestrial environments, but several species are also associated with living plants as parasites, epiphytes or endophytes. The best studied species cause plant diseases on important agricultural crops e.g. Cochliobolus heterostrophus, causing southern corn leaf blight on maize, Phaeosphaeria nodorum causing glume blotch on wheat and Leptosphaeria maculans causing a stem canker on cabbage crops (Brassica). Some species of Pleosporales occur on animal dung, and a small number occur as lichens and rock-inhabiting fungi.
The Phaeosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Species in the family have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are generally nectrotrophic or saprobic on a wide range of plants.
The Massarinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Although taxa have a cosmopolitan distribution, they are better-known in temperate regions. They are thought to be saprobic in wood and bark; some species are weak pathogens.
Calophoma clematidina is a fungal plant pathogen and the most common cause of the disease clematis wilt affecting large-flowered varieties of Clematis. Symptoms of infection include leaf spotting, wilting of leaves, stems or the whole plant and internal blackening of the stem, often at soil level. Infected plants growing in containers may also develop root rot.
Stagonosporopsis is a genus of ascomycote fungi, containing several pathogens to plants.
Coniothyrium is a genus of fungi in the family Coniothyriaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Czech mycologist August Carl Joseph Corda in 1840. It was formerly placed in the Phaeosphaeriaceae family until 1983 when the family was established.
The Didymellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. They have a world-wide distribution.
Peyronellaea is a genus of fungi in the family Didymellaceae. It contains a number of plant pathogens.
Peyronellaea curtisii is a fungal plant pathogen first described by Miles Joseph Berkeley and received its current name in 2010. Formerly it was Stagonosporacurtisii. It is a cause of leaf blotch, and its substrates include Narcissus, Galanthus and Hippeastrum.
Phoma narcissi is a fungal plant pathogen of Narcissus, Hippeastrum and other Amaryllidaceae, where it causes a leaf scorch, neck rot and red leaf spot disease
Phoma wilt is a disease of the common hop plant caused by several species of fungal plant pathogens in the genus Phoma. These include Phoma herbarum and Phoma exigua, and possibly other as yet unidentified species. Phoma infection may cause decreased yields, but Phoma wilt is not considered to be a very common or destructive disease of the hop plant.
Aposphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1880 by Pier Andrea Saccardo, with Aposphaeria pulviscula selected as the type species.
Boeremia is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Didymellaceae. It was first described by M.M. Aveskamp, J. de Gruyter, J.H.C. Woudenberg, G.J.M. Verkley and P.W. Crous in 2010, and the type species is Boeremia exigua.
Boeremia exigua is the type species of the fungus genus, Boeremia, in the Didymellaceae family. It was first described as Phoma exigua by John Baptiste Henri Joseph Desmazières in 1849, and transferred to the genus, Boeremia, by M.M. Aveskamp, J. de Gruyter, J.H.C. Woudenberg, G.J.M. Verkley and P.W. Crous in 2010.
The Lentitheciaceae are a family of fungi in the order of Pleosporales. They are found world-wide with the greatest contributions found in Europe and Australia.
Coniothyriaceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Pleosporales in the subclass Pleosporomycetidae and within the class Dothideomycetes. They are pathogenic or they can be saprobic on dead branches. They are generally a anamorphic species.
Didymella aliena is a species of fungus belonging to the family Didymellaceae, that lives as an opportunistic pathogen on several species of plants worldwide. First described in 1823 by Swedish mycologist and botanist, Elias Magnus Fries, the species has undergone several name changes and been found worldwide.
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