Coniothyriaceae | |
---|---|
Species Coniothyrium ilicis on a holly leaf from Commanster in Belgium | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Ascomycota |
Class: | Dothideomycetes |
Order: | Pleosporales |
Family: | Coniothyriaceae W.B. Cooke, Revta Biol., Lisb. 12: 289 (1983) |
Type genus | |
Coniothyrium Corda (1840) [1] |
Coniothyriaceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Pleosporales in the subclass Pleosporomycetidae and within the class Dothideomycetes. [2] [3] They are pathogenic (Necrotrophic (feeding on the dead tissues of plants they have killed) or causing leaf spot) or they can be saprobic on dead branches. [4] [5] They are generally a anamorphic species (having an asexual reproductive stage). [6]
According to Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021; [3]
The family was introduced in 1983 to accommodate genus Coniothyrium spp. By 1986, W.B. Cooke had placed the family in Blastopycnidineae suborder. [7]
Later Coniothyriaceae was synonymized to family Leptosphaeriaceae by Kirk et al. (2008). [8] [9] [10] Coniothyriaceae was then reinstated in order Pleosporales as de Gruyter et al. (2013) revealed the distinct phylogenetic relationship between Coniothyrium palmarum and family Leptosphaeriaceae. This was based on LSU and ITS sequence data and revealed that Coniothyrium palmarum was phylogenetically distant from family Leptosphaeriaceae. [11] Further de Gruyter et al. (2013) transferred some Phoma spp. to Coniothyrium as they claded in the Coniothyriaceae family. [11] Also Coniothyrium minitans and Coniothyrium sporulosum claded in former family Montagnulaceae, the two species were then included in the new genus Paraconiothyrium by Verkley et al. (2004b). [12] Both were later placed in the Paraphaeosphaeria genus, as Paraphaeosphaeria minitans and Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa respectively, both within the Didymosphaeriaceae family. [13] Cortinas et al. (2004) showed that Coniothyrium zuluense was accommodated in family Mycosphaerellaceae. Cortinas et al. (2006), [14] and Crous et al. (2009b) suggested that C. zuluense is well-accommodated in genus Colletogloeopsis (family Phaeosphaeriaceae). [15] Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) reported Colletogloeopsis under family Teratosphaeriaceae. [16] [4] On Species Fungorum, Colletogloeopsis zuluensis(M.J. Wingf., Crous & T.A. Cout.) M.-N. Cortinas, M.J. Wingf. & Crous (2006) is a synonym of Teratosphaeria zuluensis . [17] Both genus Coniothyrium and coniothyrium-like species were identified as polyphyletic within the Pleosporales order. [4] [18]
In 2021, while attempting to sort out the DNA evaluation of the fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana , strains of the fungus were isolated from wheat roots and leaves in China. Using protein-coding genes it confirmed the placement of Coniothyriaceae within order Pleosporales. [19]
Wijayawardene et al. 2022 then placed the genus HazslinszkyomycesCrous & R.K. Schumach. within the genus of Staurosphaeria. [3] This is supported by phylogenetic analysis. [20]
In 2023, Wijes., M.S. Calabon, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde added new genus Coniothyrioides (with one species Coniothyrioides thailandica [21] ) into the Coniothyriaceae family based on fresh fungal collection from salt marsh habitats in Thailand. [22] This has not yet been verified by other authors.
Genera and species within the Coniothyriaceae family have; an asexual morph which is characterized in having cucurbitaria-like, black and globose shaped ascomata (fruiting body). [5] It is sometimes scattered beneath the host periderm (bark) or on decorticated (debarked) wood. [23] They have a short central ostiole (small hole or opening), [5] [23] which is circular and sometimes papillate (covered in small hairs). [4] The conidiophores are reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity. [4]
The peridium (outer layer) is dark brown, 'textura angularis' (a parenchyma-like tissue of very densely packed cells that appear angular in cross section), [23] with thick-walled cells. [4] The hamathecium (i.e., all of the fungal hyphae or other tissues between asci) is branched, septate (divided into partitions) and it has cellular pseudoparaphyses (interascal hypha derived from an ascohymenial development). [23] The asci is 8-spored, cylindrical, bitunicate (double walled) and muriform (divided in regular chambers). The ellipsoidal shaped ascospores are initially hyaline (glass-like/transparent) and brown at maturity. [5] They are slightly paler, conical and narrow at the ends. [23] [4] Conidial morphology is varied between genera as macroconidia and microconidia. [23]
The Coniothyriaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution across the world, except parts of Canada and Russia. [24] This includes places such as Andalusia (Spain), [20] Iran, [25] China, [14] and Thailand. [22]
For example of widespread distribution; species Coniothyrium ferrarisianum has been isolated from leaves of Daphne mucronata Royle in Iran, [25] it was originally isolated from Acer pseudoplatanus L. in Italy in 1958, [26] and it was later found on Vitis vinifera L. in Canada in 2017, [27] as well as Prunus spp. in Germany in 2020, [28] and also from Olea europaea L. in South Africa in 2020. [29]
The Hypocreales are an order of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. In 2008, it was estimated that it contained some 237 genera, and 2647 species in seven families. Since then, a considerable number of further taxa have been identified, including an additional family, the Stachybotryaceae. Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more families and genera to the order. According to the Catalog of Life, As of April 2021 the Hypocreales contains 6 families, 137 genera, and 1411 species. Hyde et al. (2020a) listed 14 families under Hypocreales, while, Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 15 families in the order, where Cylindriaceae was additionally added. Earlier, Hyde et al. (2020a) had placed Cylindriaceae in class Xylariomycetidae. Samarakoon et al. (2022) agreed. Hence, Cylindriaceae should have been excluded from Hypocreales and placed in Xylariomycetidae. Xiao et al. (2022) recently introduced a new family Polycephalomycetaceae to Hypocreales.
Dothideomycetes is the largest and most diverse class of ascomycete fungi. It comprises 11 orders 90 families, 1,300 genera and over 19,000 known species. Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more orders to the class.
Coniothyrium glycines is a fungal plant pathogen infecting soybean.
The Pleosporales is the largest order in the fungal class Dothideomycetes. By a 2008 estimate, it contained 23 families, 332 genera and more than 4700 species. The majority of species are saprobes on decaying plant material in fresh water, marine, or terrestrial environments, but several species are also associated with living plants as parasites, epiphytes or endophytes. The best studied species cause plant diseases on important agricultural crops e.g. Cochliobolus heterostrophus, causing southern corn leaf blight on maize, Phaeosphaeria nodorum causing glume blotch on wheat and Leptosphaeria maculans causing a stem canker on cabbage crops (Brassica). Some species of Pleosporales occur on animal dung, and a small number occur as lichens and rock-inhabiting fungi.
The Botryosphaeriales are an order of sac fungi (Ascomycetes), placed under class Dothideomycetes. Some species are parasites, causing leaf spot, plant rot, die-back or cankers, but they can also be saprophytes or endophytes. They occur world-wide on many hosts. For example, in China, infections related to Botryosphaeriales have been recorded on numerous hosts such as grapes, Caragana arborescens,Cercis chinensis, Eucalyptus, Chinese hackberry, blueberry, forest trees, and various other woody hosts.
Phoma is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species.
The Lophiostomataceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Taxa have a widespread distribution, especially in temperate regions, and are saprobic or necrotrophic on herbaceous and woody stems.
The Phaeosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Species in the family have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are generally nectrotrophic or saprobic on a wide range of plants.
The Massarinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Although taxa have a cosmopolitan distribution, they are better-known in temperate regions. They are thought to be saprobic in wood and bark; some species are weak pathogens.
Paraphaeosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the Didymosphaeriaceae family. The genus has 23 species found in Europe and North America. Anamorph forms are found in the genus Paraconiothyrium. The genus was circumscribed by O.E. Eriksson in 1967.
Kalmusia is a genus of fungi in the family Didymosphaeriaceae. The genus was formerly placed in family Montagnulaceae, before that was dissolved. The widespread, genus was estimated to contain about 12 species in 2008, which has increased to 29 species in 2023.
The Trichosphaeriales are an order of sac fungi. It is monotypic, and consists of the single family, the Trichosphaeriaceae. In 2017, the family of Trichosphaeriaceae was placed in Diaporthomycetidae families incertae sedis, which was accepted by Wijayawardene et al. (2018), and Wijayawardene et al. 2020. The order of Trichosphaeriales was also unplaced. They are generally saprobic and pathogenic on plants, commonly isolated from herbivore dung.
The Leptosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. The family was circumscribed by mycologist Margaret E. Barr in 1987. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi, the family contained 8 genera and 302 species. The family has a widespread distribution, but is especially prevalent in temperate regions. Species are either saprobic or grow as nectrotrophs on the stems or leaves of plants.
The Didymellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. They have a world-wide distribution.
Camarosporium is a genus of fungi belonging to the order Pleosporales, and originally placed in family Coniothyriaceae. It was then placed in the family Camarosporiaceae Wanas., Wijayaw., K.D. Hyde & Crous, 2017 with another genus Camarosporomyces. This has been accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.
Xenodevriesia strelitziicola is a pathogenic ascomycete fungus in the class Dothideomycetes that infects the South African plant Strelitzia. It is the only species of the monotypic genus Xenodevriesia and family Xenodevriesiaceae.
Savoryella is a genus of freshwater and marine based fungi in the family Savoryellaceae and the order Savoryellales.
Pleurotheciaceae is a family of ascomycetous fungi within the monotypic order of Pleurotheciales in the subclass Savoryellomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes.
Pararamichloridium is a genus of fungi in the monotypic family Pararamichloridiaceae and within the monotypic order of Pararamichloridiales and also in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae. They are saprobic on wood in terrestrial and freshwater habitats.
Neocamarosporium is a genus of ascomycete fungi, as accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020. The species are typically halotolerant, being commonly found in saline environments like in saline water, hypersaline soils and especially in association with halophytes.
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